Skip to main content
PMC home page
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences logoLink to Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
. 2002 Dec 29;357(1428):1659–1673. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2002.1168

Thalamic circuitry and thalamocortical synchrony.

Edward G Jones 1
PMCID: PMC1693077  PMID: 12626002

Abstract

The corticothalamic system has an important role in synchronizing the activities of thalamic and cortical neurons. Numerically, its synapses dominate the inputs to relay cells and to the gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic cells of the reticular nucleus (RTN). The capacity of relay neurons to operate in different voltage-dependent functional modes determines that the inputs from the cortex have the capacity directly to excite the relay cells, or indirectly to inhibit them via the RTN, serving to synchronize high- or low-frequency oscillatory activity respectively in the thalamocorticothalamic network. Differences in the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) subunit composition of receptors at synapses formed by branches of the same corticothalamic axon in the RTN and dorsal thalamus are an important element in the capacity of the cortex to synchronize low-frequency oscillations in the network. Interactions of focused corticothalamic axons arising from layer VI cortical cells and diffuse corticothalamic axons arising from layer V cortical cells, with the specifically projecting core relay cells and diffusely projecting matrix cells of the dorsal thalamus, form a substrate for synchronization of widespread populations of cortical and thalamic cells during high-frequency oscillations that underlie discrete conscious events.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (2.3 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bal T., von Krosigk M., McCormick D. A. Synaptic and membrane mechanisms underlying synchronized oscillations in the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus in vitro. J Physiol. 1995 Mar 15;483(Pt 3):641–663. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020612. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Benson D. L., Isackson P. J., Gall C. M., Jones E. G. Contrasting patterns in the localization of glutamic acid decarboxylase and Ca2+/calmodulin protein kinase gene expression in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience. 1992;46(4):825–849. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90188-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Benson D. L., Isackson P. J., Hendry S. H., Jones E. G. Differential gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase and type II calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase in basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus of the monkey. J Neurosci. 1991 Jun;11(6):1540–1564. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-06-01540.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Blumenfeld H., McCormick D. A. Corticothalamic inputs control the pattern of activity generated in thalamocortical networks. J Neurosci. 2000 Jul 1;20(13):5153–5162. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-13-05153.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bourassa J., Pinault D., Deschênes M. Corticothalamic projections from the cortical barrel field to the somatosensory thalamus in rats: a single-fibre study using biocytin as an anterograde tracer. Eur J Neurosci. 1995 Jan 1;7(1):19–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb01016.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Castelo-Branco M., Neuenschwander S., Singer W. Synchronization of visual responses between the cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus, and retina in the anesthetized cat. J Neurosci. 1998 Aug 15;18(16):6395–6410. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-16-06395.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Contreras D., Destexhe A., Sejnowski T. J., Steriade M. Control of spatiotemporal coherence of a thalamic oscillation by corticothalamic feedback. Science. 1996 Nov 1;274(5288):771–774. doi: 10.1126/science.274.5288.771. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Contreras D., Steriade M. Synchronization of low-frequency rhythms in corticothalamic networks. Neuroscience. 1997 Jan;76(1):11–24. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00393-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Desmedt J. E., Tomberg C. Transient phase-locking of 40 Hz electrical oscillations in prefrontal and parietal human cortex reflects the process of conscious somatic perception. Neurosci Lett. 1994 Feb 28;168(1-2):126–129. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90432-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Destexhe A., Contreras D., Steriade M. Mechanisms underlying the synchronizing action of corticothalamic feedback through inhibition of thalamic relay cells. J Neurophysiol. 1998 Feb;79(2):999–1016. doi: 10.1152/jn.1998.79.2.999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Diamond I. T., Fitzpatrick D., Schmechel D. Calcium binding proteins distinguish large and small cells of the ventral posterior and lateral geniculate nuclei of the prosimian galago and the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Feb 15;90(4):1425–1429. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.4.1425. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Engel A. K., Roelfsema P. R., Fries P., Brecht M., Singer W. Role of the temporal domain for response selection and perceptual binding. Cereb Cortex. 1997 Sep;7(6):571–582. doi: 10.1093/cercor/7.6.571. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Erişir A., Van Horn S. C., Sherman S. M. Relative numbers of cortical and brainstem inputs to the lateral geniculate nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Feb 18;94(4):1517–1520. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.4.1517. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Golshani P., Jones E. G. Synchronized paroxysmal activity in the developing thalamocortical network mediated by corticothalamic projections and "silent" synapses. J Neurosci. 1999 Apr 15;19(8):2865–2875. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-08-02865.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Golshani P., Liu X. B., Jones E. G. Differences in quantal amplitude reflect GluR4- subunit number at corticothalamic synapses on two populations of thalamic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Feb 27;98(7):4172–4177. doi: 10.1073/pnas.061013698. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Golshani P., Warren R. A., Jones E. G. Progression of change in NMDA, non-NMDA, and metabotropic glutamate receptor function at the developing corticothalamic synapse. J Neurophysiol. 1998 Jul;80(1):143–154. doi: 10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Gray C. M., König P., Engel A. K., Singer W. Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature. 1989 Mar 23;338(6213):334–337. doi: 10.1038/338334a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gray Charles M., Engel Andreas K., König Peter, Singer Wolf. Stimulus-Dependent Neuronal Oscillations in Cat Visual Cortex: Receptive Field Properties and Feature Dependence. Eur J Neurosci. 1990;2(7):607–619. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1990.tb00450.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hendry S. H., Calkins D. J. Neuronal chemistry and functional organization in the primate visual system. Trends Neurosci. 1998 Aug;21(8):344–349. doi: 10.1016/s0166-2236(98)01245-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hoogland P. V., Welker E., Van der Loos H. Organization of the projections from barrel cortex to thalamus in mice studied with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin and HRP. Exp Brain Res. 1987;68(1):73–87. doi: 10.1007/BF00255235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Huntsman M. M., Porcello D. M., Homanics G. E., DeLorey T. M., Huguenard J. R. Reciprocal inhibitory connections and network synchrony in the mammalian thalamus. Science. 1999 Jan 22;283(5401):541–543. doi: 10.1126/science.283.5401.541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Jones E. G., Hendry S. H. C. Differential Calcium Binding Protein Immunoreactivity Distinguishes Classes of Relay Neurons in Monkey Thalamic Nuclei. Eur J Neurosci. 1989 May;1(3):222–246. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1989.tb00791.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Jones E. G. Some aspects of the organization of the thalamic reticular complex. J Comp Neurol. 1975 Aug 1;162(3):285–308. doi: 10.1002/cne.901620302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Jones E. G. The thalamic matrix and thalamocortical synchrony. Trends Neurosci. 2001 Oct;24(10):595–601. doi: 10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01922-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Jones E. G. Viewpoint: the core and matrix of thalamic organization. Neuroscience. 1998 Jul;85(2):331–345. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00581-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Jones Edward G. Thalamic organization and function after Cajal. Prog Brain Res. 2002;136:333–357. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6123(02)36029-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Kao C. Q., Coulter D. A. Physiology and pharmacology of corticothalamic stimulation-evoked responses in rat somatosensory thalamic neurons in vitro. J Neurophysiol. 1997 May;77(5):2661–2676. doi: 10.1152/jn.1997.77.5.2661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Kim U., Bal T., McCormick D. A. Spindle waves are propagating synchronized oscillations in the ferret LGNd in vitro. J Neurophysiol. 1995 Sep;74(3):1301–1323. doi: 10.1152/jn.1995.74.3.1301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Liu X. B., Honda C. N., Jones E. G. Distribution of four types of synapse on physiologically identified relay neurons in the ventral posterior thalamic nucleus of the cat. J Comp Neurol. 1995 Jan 30;352(1):69–91. doi: 10.1002/cne.903520106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Liu X. B., Jones E. G. Localization of alpha type II calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase at glutamatergic but not gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) synapses in thalamus and cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jul 9;93(14):7332–7336. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.14.7332. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Liu X. B., Jones E. G. Predominance of corticothalamic synaptic inputs to thalamic reticular nucleus neurons in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1999 Nov 8;414(1):67–79. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Liu X. B., Jones E. G. The fine structure of serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive terminals in the ventral posterior thalamic nucleus of cat and monkey. Exp Brain Res. 1991;85(3):507–518. doi: 10.1007/BF00231734. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Liu X. B., Warren R. A., Jones E. G. Synaptic distribution of afferents from reticular nucleus in ventroposterior nucleus of cat thalamus. J Comp Neurol. 1995 Feb 6;352(2):187–202. doi: 10.1002/cne.903520203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Llinás R. R., Paré D. Of dreaming and wakefulness. Neuroscience. 1991;44(3):521–535. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(91)90075-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Llinás R., Ribary U., Contreras D., Pedroarena C. The neuronal basis for consciousness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998 Nov 29;353(1377):1841–1849. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1998.0336. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Lumer E. D., Edelman G. M., Tononi G. Neural dynamics in a model of the thalamocortical system. II. The role of neural synchrony tested through perturbations of spike timing. Cereb Cortex. 1997 Apr-May;7(3):228–236. doi: 10.1093/cercor/7.3.228. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Martin P. R., White A. J., Goodchild A. K., Wilder H. D., Sefton A. E. Evidence that blue-on cells are part of the third geniculocortical pathway in primates. Eur J Neurosci. 1997 Jul;9(7):1536–1541. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01509.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. McCormick D. A., von Krosigk M. Corticothalamic activation modulates thalamic firing through glutamate "metabotropic" receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Apr 1;89(7):2774–2778. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.7.2774. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Murphy P. C., Sillito A. M. Functional morphology of the feedback pathway from area 17 of the cat visual cortex to the lateral geniculate nucleus. J Neurosci. 1996 Feb 1;16(3):1180–1192. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-03-01180.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Murthy V. N., Fetz E. E. Coherent 25- to 35-Hz oscillations in the sensorimotor cortex of awake behaving monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Jun 15;89(12):5670–5674. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5670. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Murthy V. N., Fetz E. E. Oscillatory activity in sensorimotor cortex of awake monkeys: synchronization of local field potentials and relation to behavior. J Neurophysiol. 1996 Dec;76(6):3949–3967. doi: 10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.3949. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Murthy V. N., Fetz E. E. Synchronization of neurons during local field potential oscillations in sensorimotor cortex of awake monkeys. J Neurophysiol. 1996 Dec;76(6):3968–3982. doi: 10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.3968. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Neuenschwander S., Singer W. Long-range synchronization of oscillatory light responses in the cat retina and lateral geniculate nucleus. Nature. 1996 Feb 22;379(6567):728–732. doi: 10.1038/379728a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Nuñez A., Amzica F., Steriade M. Voltage-dependent fast (20-40 Hz) oscillations in long-axoned neocortical neurons. Neuroscience. 1992 Nov;51(1):7–10. doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(92)90464-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Ojima H., Honda C. N., Jones E. G. Characteristics of intracellularly injected infragranular pyramidal neurons in cat primary auditory cortex. Cereb Cortex. 1992 May-Jun;2(3):197–216. doi: 10.1093/cercor/2.3.197. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Ojima H. Terminal morphology and distribution of corticothalamic fibers originating from layers 5 and 6 of cat primary auditory cortex. Cereb Cortex. 1994 Nov-Dec;4(6):646–663. doi: 10.1093/cercor/4.6.646. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Pedroarena C., Llinás R. Dendritic calcium conductances generate high-frequency oscillation in thalamocortical neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jan 21;94(2):724–728. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.2.724. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Pinault D., Smith Y., Deschênes M. Dendrodendritic and axoaxonic synapses in the thalamic reticular nucleus of the adult rat. J Neurosci. 1997 May 1;17(9):3215–3233. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-09-03215.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Rager G., Singer W. The response of cat visual cortex to flicker stimuli of variable frequency. Eur J Neurosci. 1998 May;10(5):1856–1877. doi: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00197.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Rausell E., Bae C. S., Viñuela A., Huntley G. W., Jones E. G. Calbindin and parvalbumin cells in monkey VPL thalamic nucleus: distribution, laminar cortical projections, and relations to spinothalamic terminations. J Neurosci. 1992 Oct;12(10):4088–4111. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.12-10-04088.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Rausell E., Jones E. G. Chemically distinct compartments of the thalamic VPM nucleus in monkeys relay principal and spinal trigeminal pathways to different layers of the somatosensory cortex. J Neurosci. 1991 Jan;11(1):226–237. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-01-00226.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Rausell E., Jones E. G. Histochemical and immunocytochemical compartments of the thalamic VPM nucleus in monkeys and their relationship to the representational map. J Neurosci. 1991 Jan;11(1):210–225. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-01-00210.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Sanes J. N., Donoghue J. P. Oscillations in local field potentials of the primate motor cortex during voluntary movement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 May 15;90(10):4470–4474. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.10.4470. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Sillito A. M., Jones H. E., Gerstein G. L., West D. C. Feature-linked synchronization of thalamic relay cell firing induced by feedback from the visual cortex. Nature. 1994 Jun 9;369(6480):479–482. doi: 10.1038/369479a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Singer W., Gray C. M. Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1995;18:555–586. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.003011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Singer W. Neuronal synchrony: a versatile code for the definition of relations? Neuron. 1999 Sep;24(1):49-65, 111-25. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80821-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Sohal V. S., Huntsman M. M., Huguenard J. R. Reciprocal inhibitory connections regulate the spatiotemporal properties of intrathalamic oscillations. J Neurosci. 2000 Mar 1;20(5):1735–1745. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-05-01735.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Steriade M., Amzica F., Contreras D. Synchronization of fast (30-40 Hz) spontaneous cortical rhythms during brain activation. J Neurosci. 1996 Jan;16(1):392–417. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-01-00392.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Steriade M., Amzica F. Intracortical and corticothalamic coherency of fast spontaneous oscillations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Mar 19;93(6):2533–2538. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.6.2533. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Steriade M., Contreras D., Amzica F., Timofeev I. Synchronization of fast (30-40 Hz) spontaneous oscillations in intrathalamic and thalamocortical networks. J Neurosci. 1996 Apr 15;16(8):2788–2808. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-08-02788.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Steriade M. Corticothalamic resonance, states of vigilance and mentation. Neuroscience. 2000;101(2):243–276. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00353-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Steriade M., Timofeev I., Dürmüller N., Grenier F. Dynamic properties of corticothalamic neurons and local cortical interneurons generating fast rhythmic (30-40 Hz) spike bursts. J Neurophysiol. 1998 Jan;79(1):483–490. doi: 10.1152/jn.1998.79.1.483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Tononi G., Edelman G. M. Consciousness and complexity. Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1846–1851. doi: 10.1126/science.282.5395.1846. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Tononi G., Sporns O., Edelman G. M. Reentry and the problem of integrating multiple cortical areas: simulation of dynamic integration in the visual system. Cereb Cortex. 1992 Jul-Aug;2(4):310–335. doi: 10.1093/cercor/2.4.310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Tsumoto T., Suda K. Three groups of cortico-geniculate neurons and their distribution in binocular and monocular segments of cat striate cortex. J Comp Neurol. 1980 Sep 1;193(1):223–236. doi: 10.1002/cne.901930115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Turner J. P., Salt T. E. Characterization of sensory and corticothalamic excitatory inputs to rat thalamocortical neurones in vitro. J Physiol. 1998 Aug 1;510(Pt 3):829–843. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.829bj.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Tóth T. I., Crunelli V. Simulation of intermittent action potential firing in thalamocortical neurons. Neuroreport. 1997 Sep 8;8(13):2889–2892. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199709080-00017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Usrey W. M., Reid R. C. Synchronous activity in the visual system. Annu Rev Physiol. 1999;61:435–456. doi: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.435. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Van Horn S. C., Erişir A., Sherman S. M. Relative distribution of synapses in the A-laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat. J Comp Neurol. 2000 Jan 24;416(4):509–520. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Wang S., Bickford M. E., Van Horn S. C., Erisir A., Godwin D. W., Sherman S. M. Synaptic targets of thalamic reticular nucleus terminals in the visual thalamus of the cat. J Comp Neurol. 2001 Nov 26;440(4):321–341. doi: 10.1002/cne.1389. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Warren R. A., Agmon A., Jones E. G. Oscillatory synaptic interactions between ventroposterior and reticular neurons in mouse thalamus in vitro. J Neurophysiol. 1994 Oct;72(4):1993–2003. doi: 10.1152/jn.1994.72.4.1993. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Warren R. A., Jones E. G. Maturation of neuronal form and function in a mouse thalamo-cortical circuit. J Neurosci. 1997 Jan 1;17(1):277–295. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00277.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Wilson J. R., Friedlander M. J., Sherman S. M. Fine structural morphology of identified X- and Y-cells in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1984 Jun 22;221(1225):411–436. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1984.0042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Yen C. T., Conley M., Hendry S. H., Jones E. G. The morphology of physiologically identified GABAergic neurons in the somatic sensory part of the thalamic reticular nucleus in the cat. J Neurosci. 1985 Aug;5(8):2254–2268. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.05-08-02254.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. von Krosigk M., Bal T., McCormick D. A. Cellular mechanisms of a synchronized oscillation in the thalamus. Science. 1993 Jul 16;261(5119):361–364. doi: 10.1126/science.8392750. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. von Krosigk M., Monckton J. E., Reiner P. B., McCormick D. A. Dynamic properties of corticothalamic excitatory postsynaptic potentials and thalamic reticular inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in thalamocortical neurons of the guinea-pig dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Neuroscience. 1999;91(1):7–20. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00557-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences are provided here courtesy of The Royal Society

RESOURCES