Skip to main content
PMC home page
American Journal of Human Genetics logoLink to American Journal of Human Genetics
. 1997 Jun;60(6):1276–1282. doi: 10.1086/515485

Genetic influences in childhood-onset psychiatric disorders: autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

S L Smalley 1
PMCID: PMC1716113  PMID: 9199546

Full text

PDF
1279

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bailey A., Phillips W., Rutter M. Autism: towards an integration of clinical, genetic, neuropsychological, and neurobiological perspectives. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1996 Jan;37(1):89–126. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01381.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Benjamin J., Li L., Patterson C., Greenberg B. D., Murphy D. L., Hamer D. H. Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of Novelty Seeking. Nat Genet. 1996 Jan;12(1):81–84. doi: 10.1038/ng0196-81. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Biederman J., Faraone S. V., Keenan K., Benjamin J., Krifcher B., Moore C., Sprich-Buckminster S., Ugaglia K., Jellinek M. S., Steingard R. Further evidence for family-genetic risk factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Patterns of comorbidity in probands and relatives psychiatrically and pediatrically referred samples. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992 Sep;49(9):728–738. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820090056010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Biederman J., Faraone S. V., Keenan K., Steingard R., Tsuang M. T. Familial association between attention deficit disorder and anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Feb;148(2):251–256. doi: 10.1176/ajp.148.2.251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bolton P. F., Griffiths P. D. Association of tuberous sclerosis of temporal lobes with autism and atypical autism. Lancet. 1997 Feb 8;349(9049):392–395. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)80012-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bolton P., Macdonald H., Pickles A., Rios P., Goode S., Crowson M., Bailey A., Rutter M. A case-control family history study of autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1994 Jul;35(5):877–900. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb02300.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Campbell M., Schopler E., Cueva J. E., Hallin A. Treatment of autistic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Feb;35(2):134–143. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199602000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Cantwell D. P. Attention deficit disorder: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Aug;35(8):978–987. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199608000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cardon L. R., Smith S. D., Fulker D. W., Kimberling W. J., Pennington B. F., DeFries J. C. Quantitative trait locus for reading disability on chromosome 6. Science. 1994 Oct 14;266(5183):276–279. doi: 10.1126/science.7939663. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Comings D. E. A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. VII. Summary: a common genetic disorder causing disinhibition of the limbic system. Am J Hum Genet. 1987 Nov;41(5):839–866. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Comings D. E., Comings B. G., Muhleman D., Dietz G., Shahbahrami B., Tast D., Knell E., Kocsis P., Baumgarten R., Kovacs B. W. The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA. 1991 Oct 2;266(13):1793–1800. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Comings D. E., Wu S., Chiu C., Muhleman D., Sverd J. Studies of the c-Harvey-Ras gene in psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Res. 1996 Jun 26;63(1):25–32. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(96)02829-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Cook E. H., Jr, Courchesne R., Lord C., Cox N. J., Yan S., Lincoln A., Haas R., Courchesne E., Leventhal B. L. Evidence of linkage between the serotonin transporter and autistic disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1997 May;2(3):247–250. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000266. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cook E. H., Jr, Lindgren V., Leventhal B. L., Courchesne R., Lincoln A., Shulman C., Lord C., Courchesne E. Autism or atypical autism in maternally but not paternally derived proximal 15q duplication. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Apr;60(4):928–934. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cook E. H., Jr, Stein M. A., Krasowski M. D., Cox N. J., Olkon D. M., Kieffer J. E., Leventhal B. L. Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Apr;56(4):993–998. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cook E. H., Leventhal B. L. The serotonin system in autism. Curr Opin Pediatr. 1996 Aug;8(4):348–354. doi: 10.1097/00008480-199608000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Daniels W. W., Warren R. P., Odell J. D., Maciulis A., Burger R. A., Warren W. L., Torres A. R. Increased frequency of the extended or ancestral haplotype B44-SC30-DR4 in autism. Neuropsychobiology. 1995;32(3):120–123. doi: 10.1159/000119223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. DeLong R., Nohria C. Psychiatric family history and neurological disease in autistic spectrum disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1994 May;36(5):441–448. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. DeMyer M. K., Hingtgen J. N., Jackson R. K. Infantile autism reviewed: a decade of research. Schizophr Bull. 1981;7(3):388–451. doi: 10.1093/schbul/7.3.388. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Ebstein R. P., Novick O., Umansky R., Priel B., Osher Y., Blaine D., Bennett E. R., Nemanov L., Katz M., Belmaker R. H. Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of Novelty Seeking. Nat Genet. 1996 Jan;12(1):78–80. doi: 10.1038/ng0196-78. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Faraone S. V., Biederman J., Lehman B. K., Keenan K., Norman D., Seidman L. J., Kolodny R., Kraus I., Perrin J., Chen W. J. Evidence for the independent familial transmission of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities: results from a family genetic study. Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Jun;150(6):891–895. doi: 10.1176/ajp.150.6.891. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Faraone S. V., Biederman J., Milberger S. An exploratory study of ADHD among second-degree relatives of ADHD children. Biol Psychiatry. 1994 Mar 15;35(6):398–402. doi: 10.1016/0006-3223(94)90006-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Flejter W. L., Bennett-Baker P. E., Ghaziuddin M., McDonald M., Sheldon S., Gorski J. L. Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of inv dup(15) chromosomes observed in two patients with autistic disorder and mental retardation. Am J Med Genet. 1996 Jan 11;61(2):182–187. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960111)61:2<182::AID-AJMG17>3.0.CO;2-Q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Folstein S., Rutter M. Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1977 Sep;18(4):297–321. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1977.tb00443.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Gillberg C., Coleman M. Autism and medical disorders: a review of the literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1996 Mar;38(3):191–202. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15081.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gillis J. J., Gilger J. W., Pennington B. F., DeFries J. C. Attention deficit disorder in reading-disabled twins: evidence for a genetic etiology. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1992 Jun;20(3):303–315. doi: 10.1007/BF00916694. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Giros B., Jaber M., Jones S. R., Wightman R. M., Caron M. G. Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Nature. 1996 Feb 15;379(6566):606–612. doi: 10.1038/379606a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Gjone H., Stevenson J., Sundet J. M. Genetic influence on parent-reported attention-related problems in a Norwegian general population twin sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 May;35(5):588–598. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199605000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gordon C. T., State R. C., Nelson J. E., Hamburger S. D., Rapoport J. L. A double-blind comparison of clomipramine, desipramine, and placebo in the treatment of autistic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 Jun;50(6):441–447. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820180039004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Grigorenko E. L., Wood F. B., Meyer M. S., Hart L. A., Speed W. C., Shuster A., Pauls D. L. Susceptibility loci for distinct components of developmental dyslexia on chromosomes 6 and 15. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Jan;60(1):27–39. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hallmayer J., Hebert J. M., Spiker D., Lotspeich L., McMahon W. M., Petersen P. B., Nicholas P., Pingree C., Lin A. A., Cavalli-Sforza L. L. Autism and the X chromosome. Multipoint sib-pair analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996 Nov;53(11):985–989. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830110021003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hechtman L. Genetic and neurobiological aspects of attention deficit hyperactive disorder: a review. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1994 May;19(3):193–201. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hill J. C., Schoener E. P. Age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1996 Sep;153(9):1143–1146. doi: 10.1176/ajp.153.9.1143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Hunziker M. H., Saldana R. L., Neuringer A. Behavioral variability in SHR and WKY rats as a function of rearing environment and reinforcement contingency. J Exp Anal Behav. 1996 Jan;65(1):129–144. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1996.65-129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Hérault J., Martineau J., Petit E., Perrot A., Sauvage D., Barthélémy C., Mallet J., Müh J. P., Lelord G. Genetic markers in autism: association study on short arm of chromosome 11. J Autism Dev Disord. 1994 Apr;24(2):233–236. doi: 10.1007/BF02172100. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Hérault J., Perrot A., Barthélémy C., Büchler M., Cherpi C., Leboyer M., Sauvage D., Lelord G., Mallet J., Müh J. P. Possible association of c-Harvey-Ras-1 (HRAS-1) marker with autism. Psychiatry Res. 1993 Mar;46(3):261–267. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(93)90094-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Jorde L. B., Hasstedt S. J., Ritvo E. R., Mason-Brothers A., Freeman B. J., Pingree C., McMahon W. M., Petersen B., Jenson W. R., Mo A. Complex segregation analysis of autism. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Nov;49(5):932–938. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. LaHoste G. J., Swanson J. M., Wigal S. B., Glabe C., Wigal T., King N., Kennedy J. L. Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1996 May;1(2):121–124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Lesch K. P., Bengel D., Heils A., Sabol S. Z., Greenberg B. D., Petri S., Benjamin J., Müller C. R., Hamer D. H., Murphy D. L. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science. 1996 Nov 29;274(5292):1527–1531. doi: 10.1126/science.274.5292.1527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. McDougle C. J., Naylor S. T., Cohen D. J., Volkmar F. R., Heninger G. R., Price L. H. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluvoxamine in adults with autistic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996 Nov;53(11):1001–1008. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830110037005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Nelson K. B. Prenatal and perinatal factors in the etiology of autism. Pediatrics. 1991 May;87(5 Pt 2):761–766. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Pauls D. L., Cohen D. J., Kidd K. K., Leckman J. F. Tourette syndrome and neuropsychiatric disorders: is there a genetic relationship? Am J Hum Genet. 1988 Aug;43(2):206–217. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Pauls D. L., Hurst C. R., Kruger S. D., Leckman J. F., Kidd K. K., Cohen D. J. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. Evidence against a genetic relationship. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986 Dec;43(12):1177–1179. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800120063012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Pauls D. L., Leckman J. F., Cohen D. J. Familial relationship between Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, attention deficit disorder, learning disabilities, speech disorders, and stuttering. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993 Sep;32(5):1044–1050. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199309000-00025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Pickles A., Bolton P., Macdonald H., Bailey A., Le Couteur A., Sim C. H., Rutter M. Latent-class analysis of recurrence risks for complex phenotypes with selection and measurement error: a twin and family history study of autism. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Sep;57(3):717–726. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Piven J., Chase G. A., Landa R., Wzorek M., Gayle J., Cloud D., Folstein S. Psychiatric disorders in the parents of autistic individuals. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1991 May;30(3):471–478. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199105000-00019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Piven J., Gayle J., Chase G. A., Fink B., Landa R., Wzorek M. M., Folstein S. E. A family history study of neuropsychiatric disorders in the adult siblings of autistic individuals. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990 Mar;29(2):177–183. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199003000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Rossi P. G., Parmeggiani A., Bach V., Santucci M., Visconti P. EEG features and epilepsy in patients with autism. Brain Dev. 1995 May-Jun;17(3):169–174. doi: 10.1016/0387-7604(95)00019-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Rutter M., Bailey A., Bolton P., Le Couteur A. Autism and known medical conditions: myth and substance. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1994 Feb;35(2):311–322. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01164.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Semrud-Clikeman M., Biederman J., Sprich-Buckminster S., Lehman B. K., Faraone S. V., Norman D. Comorbidity between ADDH and learning disability: a review and report in a clinically referred sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992 May;31(3):439–448. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199205000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Sherman S. L., DeFries J. C., Gottesman I. I., Loehlin J. C., Meyer J. M., Pelias M. Z., Rice J., Waldman I. Behavioral genetics '97: ASHG statement. Recent developments in human behavioral genetics: past accomplishments and future directions. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Jun;60(6):1265–1275. doi: 10.1086/515473. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Smalley S. L., Asarnow R. F., Spence M. A. Autism and genetics. A decade of research. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 Oct;45(10):953–961. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800340081013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Smalley S. L., McCracken J., Tanguay P. Autism, affective disorders, and social phobia. Am J Med Genet. 1995 Feb 27;60(1):19–26. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320600105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Spencer T., Biederman J., Wilens T., Harding M., O'Donnell D., Griffin S. Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life cycle. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Apr;35(4):409–432. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199604000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Stein M. A., Weiss R. E., Refetoff S. Neurocognitive characteristics of individuals with resistance to thyroid hormone: comparisons with individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1995 Dec;16(6):406–411. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Stevenson J. Evidence for a genetic etiology in hyperactivity in children. Behav Genet. 1992 May;22(3):337–344. doi: 10.1007/BF01066665. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Warren R. P., Margaretten N. C., Pace N. C., Foster A. Immune abnormalities in patients with autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 1986 Jun;16(2):189–197. doi: 10.1007/BF01531729. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Warren R. P., Singh V. K., Averett R. E., Odell J. D., Maciulis A., Burger R. A., Daniels W. W., Warren W. L. Immunogenetic studies in autism and related disorders. Mol Chem Neuropathol. 1996 May-Aug;28(1-3):77–81. doi: 10.1007/BF02815207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Warren R. P., Yonk L. J., Burger R. A., Cole P., Odell J. D., Warren W. L., White E., Singh V. K. Deficiency of suppressor-inducer (CD4+CD45RA+) T cells in autism. Immunol Invest. 1990 Jun;19(3):245–251. doi: 10.3109/08820139009041839. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Wolraich M. L., Hannah J. N., Pinnock T. Y., Baumgaertel A., Brown J. Comparison of diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a county-wide sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Mar;35(3):319–324. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199603000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Wozniak J., Biederman J., Mundy E., Mennin D., Faraone S. V. A pilot family study of childhood-onset mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995 Dec;34(12):1577–1583. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199512000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from American Journal of Human Genetics are provided here courtesy of American Society of Human Genetics

RESOURCES