Skip to main content
PMC home page
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy logoLink to Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
. 1989 Dec;33(12):2027–2033. doi: 10.1128/aac.33.12.2027

Biochemical characteristics and physiological significance of major DNA topoisomerases.

J A Sutcliffe 1, T D Gootz 1, J F Barrett 1
PMCID: PMC172816  PMID: 2559654

Full text

PDF
2030

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adachi T., Mizuuchi M., Robinson E. A., Appella E., O'Dea M. H., Gellert M., Mizuuchi K. DNA sequence of the E. coli gyrB gene: application of a new sequencing strategy. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jan 26;15(2):771–784. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.2.771. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aoyama H., Sato K., Fujii T., Fujimaki K., Inoue M., Mitsuhashi S. Purification of Citrobacter freundii DNA gyrase and inhibition by quinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988 Jan;32(1):104–109. doi: 10.1128/aac.32.1.104. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Baker T. A., Sekimizu K., Funnell B. E., Kornberg A. Extensive unwinding of the plasmid template during staged enzymatic initiation of DNA replication from the origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome. Cell. 1986 Apr 11;45(1):53–64. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90537-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Berrios M., Osheroff N., Fisher P. A. In situ localization of DNA topoisomerase II, a major polypeptide component of the Drosophila nuclear matrix fraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jun;82(12):4142–4146. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.12.4142. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bjornsti M. A., Wang J. C. Expression of yeast DNA topoisomerase I can complement a conditional-lethal DNA topoisomerase I mutation in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Dec;84(24):8971–8975. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.24.8971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bonven B. J., Gocke E., Westergaard O. A high affinity topoisomerase I binding sequence is clustered at DNAase I hypersensitive sites in Tetrahymena R-chromatin. Cell. 1985 Jun;41(2):541–551. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80027-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Brady G. W., Satkowski M., Foos D., Benham C. J. Environmental influences on DNA superhelicity. The effect of ionic strength on superhelix conformation in solution. J Mol Biol. 1987 May 5;195(1):185–191. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90335-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brill S. J., DiNardo S., Voelkel-Meiman K., Sternglanz R. Need for DNA topoisomerase activity as a swivel for DNA replication for transcription of ribosomal RNA. 1987 Mar 26-Apr 1Nature. 326(6111):414–416. doi: 10.1038/326414a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Brown P. O., Cozzarelli N. R. A sign inversion mechanism for enzymatic supercoiling of DNA. Science. 1979 Nov 30;206(4422):1081–1083. doi: 10.1126/science.227059. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Champoux J. J. Strand breakage by the DNA untwisting enzyme results in covalent attachment of the enzyme to DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Sep;74(9):3800–3804. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.9.3800. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cozzarelli N. R. DNA gyrase and the supercoiling of DNA. Science. 1980 Feb 29;207(4434):953–960. doi: 10.1126/science.6243420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. D'Arpa P., Machlin P. S., Ratrie H., 3rd, Rothfield N. F., Cleveland D. W., Earnshaw W. C. cDNA cloning of human DNA topoisomerase I: catalytic activity of a 67.7-kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Apr;85(8):2543–2547. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.8.2543. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Dean F., Krasnow M. A., Otter R., Matzuk M. M., Spengler S. J., Cozzarelli N. R. Escherichia coli type-1 topoisomerases: identification, mechanism, and role in recombination. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1983;47(Pt 2):769–777. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1983.047.01.088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. DiGate R. J., Marians K. J. Identification of a potent decatenating enzyme from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1988 Sep 15;263(26):13366–13373. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. DiNardo S., Voelkel K. A., Sternglanz R., Reynolds A. E., Wright A. Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I mutants have compensatory mutations in DNA gyrase genes. Cell. 1982 Nov;31(1):43–51. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90403-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. DiNardo S., Voelkel K., Sternglanz R. DNA topoisomerase II mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: topoisomerase II is required for segregation of daughter molecules at the termination of DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 May;81(9):2616–2620. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.9.2616. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Drake F. H., Zimmerman J. P., McCabe F. L., Bartus H. F., Per S. R., Sullivan D. M., Ross W. E., Mattern M. R., Johnson R. K., Crooke S. T. Purification of topoisomerase II from amsacrine-resistant P388 leukemia cells. Evidence for two forms of the enzyme. J Biol Chem. 1987 Dec 5;262(34):16739–16747. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Duguet M., Lavenot C., Harper F., Mirambeau G., De Recondo A. M. DNA topoisomerases from rat liver: physiological variations. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Feb 25;11(4):1059–1075. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.4.1059. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Durban E., Bramucci M., Cook R. Partial amino acid sequence of rat topoisomerase I: comparison with the predicted sequences for the human and yeast enzymes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1988 Jul 15;154(1):358–364. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(88)90693-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Earnshaw W. C., Halligan B., Cooke C. A., Heck M. M., Liu L. F. Topoisomerase II is a structural component of mitotic chromosome scaffolds. J Cell Biol. 1985 May;100(5):1706–1715. doi: 10.1083/jcb.100.5.1706. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Fisher L. M., Mizuuchi K., O'Dea M. H., Ohmori H., Gellert M. Site-specific interaction of DNA gyrase with DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jul;78(7):4165–4169. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.7.4165. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Fleischmann G., Pflugfelder G., Steiner E. K., Javaherian K., Howard G. C., Wang J. C., Elgin S. C. Drosophila DNA topoisomerase I is associated with transcriptionally active regions of the genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Nov;81(22):6958–6962. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.22.6958. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gellert M. DNA topoisomerases. Annu Rev Biochem. 1981;50:879–910. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.004311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gellert M., Fisher L. M., O'Dea M. H. DNA gyrase: purification and catalytic properties of a fragment of gyrase B protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Dec;76(12):6289–6293. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.12.6289. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Gellert M., Mizuuchi K., O'Dea M. H., Nash H. A. DNA gyrase: an enzyme that introduces superhelical turns into DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Nov;73(11):3872–3876. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.11.3872. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gellert M., O'Dea M. H., Itoh T., Tomizawa J. Novobiocin and coumermycin inhibit DNA supercoiling catalyzed by DNA gyrase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Dec;73(12):4474–4478. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.12.4474. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Giaever G. N., Snyder L., Wang J. C. DNA supercoiling in vivo. Biophys Chem. 1988 Feb;29(1-2):7–15. doi: 10.1016/0301-4622(88)87020-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Giaever G., Lynn R., Goto T., Wang J. C. The complete nucleotide sequence of the structural gene TOP2 of yeast DNA topoisomerase II. J Biol Chem. 1986 Sep 25;261(27):12448–12454. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gilmour D. S., Pflugfelder G., Wang J. C., Lis J. T. Topoisomerase I interacts with transcribed regions in Drosophila cells. Cell. 1986 Feb 14;44(3):401–407. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90461-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Goto T., Wang J. C. Yeast DNA topoisomerase II is encoded by a single-copy, essential gene. Cell. 1984 Apr;36(4):1073–1080. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90057-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Goto T., Wang J. C. Yeast DNA topoisomerase II. An ATP-dependent type II topoisomerase that catalyzes the catenation, decatenation, unknotting, and relaxation of double-stranded DNA rings. J Biol Chem. 1982 May 25;257(10):5866–5872. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Halligan B. D., Edwards K. A., Liu L. F. Purification and characterization of a type II DNA topoisomerase from bovine calf thymus. J Biol Chem. 1985 Feb 25;260(4):2475–2482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Higgins N. P., Cozzarelli N. R. The binding of gyrase to DNA: analysis by retention by nitrocellulose filters. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Nov 11;10(21):6833–6847. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.21.6833. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Higgins N. P., Peebles C. L., Sugino A., Cozzarelli N. R. Purification of subunits of Escherichia coli DNA gyrase and reconstitution of enzymatic activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Apr;75(4):1773–1777. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.4.1773. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Hirai K., Aoyama H., Suzue S., Irikura T., Iyobe S., Mitsuhashi S. Isolation and characterization of norfloxacin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K-12. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Aug;30(2):248–253. doi: 10.1128/aac.30.2.248. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Hooper D. C., Wolfson J. S., Souza K. S., Tung C., McHugh G. L., Swartz M. N. Genetic and biochemical characterization of norfloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Apr;29(4):639–644. doi: 10.1128/aac.29.4.639. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Hsieh T. Purification and properties of type II DNA topoisomerase from embryos of Drosophila melanogaster. Methods Enzymol. 1983;100:161–170. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)00052-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Ikeda H., Kawasaki I., Gellert M. Mechanism of illegitimate recombination: common sites for recombination and cleavage mediated by E. coli DNA gyrase. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;196(3):546–549. doi: 10.1007/BF00436208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Ikeda H., Moriya K., Matsumoto T. In vitro study of illegitimate recombination: involvement of DNA gyrase. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1981;45(Pt 1):399–408. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1981.045.01.054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Inoue Y., Sato K., Fujii T., Hirai K., Inoue M., Iyobe S., Mitsuhashi S. Some properties of subunits of DNA gyrase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and its nalidixic acid-resistant mutant. J Bacteriol. 1987 May;169(5):2322–2325. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.5.2322-2325.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Itoh T., Tomizawa J. Initiation of replication of plasmid ColE1 DNA by RNA polymerase, ribonuclease H, and DNA polymerase I. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1979;43(Pt 1):409–417. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1979.043.01.047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Kirkegaard K., Wang J. C. Bacterial DNA topoisomerase I can relax positively supercoiled DNA containing a single-stranded loop. J Mol Biol. 1985 Oct 5;185(3):625–637. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90075-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Kirkegaard K., Wang J. C. Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I catalyzed linking of single-stranded rings of complementary base sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 1978 Oct;5(10):3811–3820. doi: 10.1093/nar/5.10.3811. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kirkegaard K., Wang J. C. Mapping the topography of DNA wrapped around gyrase by nucleolytic and chemical probing of complexes of unique DNA sequences. Cell. 1981 Mar;23(3):721–729. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90435-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Lenny A. B., Margolin P. Locations of the opp and supX genes of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1980 Aug;143(2):747–752. doi: 10.1128/jb.143.2.747-752.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Liu L. F. DNA topoisomerases--enzymes that catalyse the breaking and rejoining of DNA. CRC Crit Rev Biochem. 1983;15(1):1–24. doi: 10.3109/10409238309102799. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Liu L. F., Depew R. E., Wang J. C. Knotted single-stranded DNA rings: a novel topological isomer of circular single-stranded DNA formed by treatment with Escherichia coli omega protein. J Mol Biol. 1976 Sep 15;106(2):439–452. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90095-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Liu L. F., Rowe T. C., Yang L., Tewey K. M., Chen G. L. Cleavage of DNA by mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. J Biol Chem. 1983 Dec 25;258(24):15365–15370. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Liu L. F., Wang J. C. DNA-DNA gyrase complex: the wrapping of the DNA duplex outside the enzyme. Cell. 1978 Nov;15(3):979–984. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90281-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Liu L. F., Wang J. C. Micrococcus luteus DNA gyrase: active components and a model for its supercoiling of DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 May;75(5):2098–2102. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.5.2098. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Liu L. F., Wang J. C. Supercoiling of the DNA template during transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Oct;84(20):7024–7027. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.20.7024. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Lynn R., Giaever G., Swanberg S. L., Wang J. C. Tandem regions of yeast DNA topoisomerase II share homology with different subunits of bacterial gyrase. Science. 1986 Aug 8;233(4764):647–649. doi: 10.1126/science.3014661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Maxwell A., Gellert M. Mechanistic aspects of DNA topoisomerases. Adv Protein Chem. 1986;38:69–107. doi: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60526-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Menzel R., Gellert M. Fusions of the Escherichia coli gyrA and gyrB control regions to the galactokinase gene are inducible by coumermycin treatment. J Bacteriol. 1987 Mar;169(3):1272–1278. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.3.1272-1278.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Menzel R., Gellert M. Regulation of the genes for E. coli DNA gyrase: homeostatic control of DNA supercoiling. Cell. 1983 Aug;34(1):105–113. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90140-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Miller R. V., Scurlock T. R. DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Jan 27;110(2):694–700. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91205-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Minden J. S., Marians K. J. Replication of pBR322 DNA in vitro with purified proteins. Requirement for topoisomerase I in the maintenance of template specificity. J Biol Chem. 1985 Aug 5;260(16):9316–9325. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Mizuuchi K., Mizuuchi M., O'Dea M. H., Gellert M. Cloning and simplified purification of Escherichia coli DNA gyrase A and B proteins. J Biol Chem. 1984 Jul 25;259(14):9199–9201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Mizuuchi K., O'Dea M. H., Gellert M. DNA gyrase: subunit structure and ATPase activity of the purified enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Dec;75(12):5960–5963. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.12.5960. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Morrison A., Cozzarelli N. R. Contacts between DNA gyrase and its binding site on DNA: features of symmetry and asymmetry revealed by protection from nucleases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Mar;78(3):1416–1420. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.3.1416. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Nakamura S., Nakamura M., Kojima T., Yoshida H. gyrA and gyrB mutations in quinolone-resistant strains of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989 Feb;33(2):254–255. doi: 10.1128/aac.33.2.254. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Orr E., Staudenbauer W. L. Bacillus subtilis DNA gyrase: purification of subunits and reconstitution of supercoiling activity. J Bacteriol. 1982 Jul;151(1):524–527. doi: 10.1128/jb.151.1.524-527.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Osheroff N. Biochemical basis for the interactions of type I and type II topoisomerases with DNA. Pharmacol Ther. 1989;41(1-2):223–241. doi: 10.1016/0163-7258(89)90108-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Osheroff N., Shelton E. R., Brutlag D. L. DNA topoisomerase II from Drosophila melanogaster. Relaxation of supercoiled DNA. J Biol Chem. 1983 Aug 10;258(15):9536–9543. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Osheroff N., Zechiedrich E. L. Calcium-promoted DNA cleavage by eukaryotic topoisomerase II: trapping the covalent enzyme-DNA complex in an active form. Biochemistry. 1987 Jul 14;26(14):4303–4309. doi: 10.1021/bi00388a018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Otter R., Cozzarelli N. R. Escherichia coli DNA gyrase. Methods Enzymol. 1983;100:171–180. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(83)00053-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Pruss G. J., Manes S. H., Drlica K. Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I mutants: increased supercoiling is corrected by mutations near gyrase genes. Cell. 1982 Nov;31(1):35–42. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90402-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Raji A., Zabel D. J., Laufer C. S., Depew R. E. Genetic analysis of mutations that compensate for loss of Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I. J Bacteriol. 1985 Jun;162(3):1173–1179. doi: 10.1128/jb.162.3.1173-1179.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Rau D. C., Gellert M., Thoma F., Maxwell A. Structure of the DNA gyrase-DNA complex as revealed by transient electric dichroism. J Mol Biol. 1987 Feb 5;193(3):555–569. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90266-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Richardson S. M., Higgins C. F., Lilley D. M. The genetic control of DNA supercoiling in Salmonella typhimurium. EMBO J. 1984 Aug;3(8):1745–1752. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02041.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Riou G. F., Gabillot M., Barrois M., Breitburd F., Orth G. A type-II DNA topoisomerase and a catenating protein from the transplantable VX2 carcinoma. Eur J Biochem. 1985 Feb 1;146(3):483–488. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08677.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Riou J. F., Gabillot M., Philippe M., Schrevel J., Riou G. Purification and characterization of Plasmodium berghei DNA topoisomerases I and II: drug action, inhibition of decatenation and relaxation, and stimulation of DNA cleavage. Biochemistry. 1986 Apr 8;25(7):1471–1479. doi: 10.1021/bi00355a001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Rowe T. C., Chen G. L., Hsiang Y. H., Liu L. F. DNA damage by antitumor acridines mediated by mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. Cancer Res. 1986 Apr;46(4 Pt 2):2021–2026. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Rowe T. C., Wang J. C., Liu L. F. In vivo localization of DNA topoisomerase II cleavage sites on Drosophila heat shock chromatin. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Apr;6(4):985–992. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.4.985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Sander M., Hsieh T. Double strand DNA cleavage by type II DNA topoisomerase from Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Chem. 1983 Jul 10;258(13):8421–8428. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Sato K., Inoue Y., Fujii T., Aoyama H., Inoue M., Mitsuhashi S. Purification and properties of DNA gyrase from a fluoroquinolone-resistant strain of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986 Nov;30(5):777–780. doi: 10.1128/aac.30.5.777. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Schomburg U., Grosse F. Purification and characterization of DNA topoisomerase II from calf thymus associated with polypeptides of 175 and 150 kDa. Eur J Biochem. 1986 Nov 3;160(3):451–457. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb10061.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Shelton E. R., Osheroff N., Brutlag D. L. DNA topoisomerase II from Drosophila melanogaster. Purification and physical characterization. J Biol Chem. 1983 Aug 10;258(15):9530–9535. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Shlomai J., Zadok A. Reversible decatenation of kinetoplast DNA by a DNA topoisomerase from trypanosomatids. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Jun 25;11(12):4019–4034. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.12.4019. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Srivenugopal K. S., Lockshon D., Morris D. R. Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase III: purification and characterization of a new type I enzyme. Biochemistry. 1984 Apr 24;23(9):1899–1906. doi: 10.1021/bi00304a002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Staudenbauer W. L., Orr E. DNA gyrase: affinity chromatography on novobiocin-Sepharose and catalytic properties. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Aug 11;9(15):3589–3603. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.15.3589. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Steck T. R., Drlica K. Bacterial chromosome segregation: evidence for DNA gyrase involvement in decatenation. Cell. 1984 Apr;36(4):1081–1088. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90058-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Sternglanz R., DiNardo S., Voelkel K. A., Nishimura Y., Hirota Y., Becherer K., Zumstein L., Wang J. C. Mutations in the gene coding for Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I affect transcription and transposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 May;78(5):2747–2751. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.5.2747. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Sugino A., Peebles C. L., Kreuzer K. N., Cozzarelli N. R. Mechanism of action of nalidixic acid: purification of Escherichia coli nalA gene product and its relationship to DNA gyrase and a novel nicking-closing enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Nov;74(11):4767–4771. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.11.4767. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Swanberg S. L., Wang J. C. Cloning and sequencing of the Escherichia coli gyrA gene coding for the A subunit of DNA gyrase. J Mol Biol. 1987 Oct 20;197(4):729–736. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90479-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Tabuchi H., Hirose S. DNA supercoiling facilitates formation of the transcription initiation complex on the fibroin gene promoter. J Biol Chem. 1988 Oct 25;263(30):15282–15287. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Takahata M., Nishino T. DNA gyrase of Staphylococcus aureus and inhibitory effect of quinolones on its activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988 Aug;32(8):1192–1195. doi: 10.1128/aac.32.8.1192. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Thiara A. S., Cundliffe E. Cloning and characterization of a DNA gyrase B gene from Streptomyces sphaeroides that confers resistance to novobiocin. EMBO J. 1988 Jul;7(7):2255–2259. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03065.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Thrash C., Bankier A. T., Barrell B. G., Sternglanz R. Cloning, characterization, and sequence of the yeast DNA topoisomerase I gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jul;82(13):4374–4378. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.13.4374. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Trucksis M., Depew R. E. Identification and localization of a gene that specifies production of Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Apr;78(4):2164–2168. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.4.2164. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Tsai-Pflugfelder M., Liu L. F., Liu A. A., Tewey K. M., Whang-Peng J., Knutsen T., Huebner K., Croce C. M., Wang J. C. Cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding human DNA topoisomerase II and localization of the gene to chromosome region 17q21-22. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Oct;85(19):7177–7181. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.19.7177. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Tse-Dinh Y. C. Regulation of the Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I gene by DNA supercoiling. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Jul 11;13(13):4751–4763. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.13.4751. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Tse-Dinh Y. C., Wang J. C. Complete nucleotide sequence of the topA gene encoding Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I. J Mol Biol. 1986 Oct 5;191(3):321–331. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90129-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Tse Y. C., Kirkegaard K., Wang J. C. Covalent bonds between protein and DNA. Formation of phosphotyrosine linkage between certain DNA topoisomerases and DNA. J Biol Chem. 1980 Jun 25;255(12):5560–5565. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Tse Y., Wang J. C. E. coli and M. luteus DNA topoisomerase I can catalyze catenation of decatenation of double-stranded DNA rings. Cell. 1980 Nov;22(1 Pt 1):269–276. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90174-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Uemura T., Morikawa K., Yanagida M. The nucleotide sequence of the fission yeast DNA topoisomerase II gene: structural and functional relationships to other DNA topoisomerases. EMBO J. 1986 Sep;5(9):2355–2361. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04504.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Uemura T., Morino K., Uzawa S., Shiozaki K., Yanagida M. Cloning and sequencing of Schizosaccharomyces pombe DNA topoisomerase I gene, and effect of gene disruption. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Dec 10;15(23):9727–9739. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.23.9727. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Uemura T., Ohkura H., Adachi Y., Morino K., Shiozaki K., Yanagida M. DNA topoisomerase II is required for condensation and separation of mitotic chromosomes in S. pombe. Cell. 1987 Sep 11;50(6):917–925. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90518-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Uemura T., Yanagida M. Isolation of type I and II DNA topoisomerase mutants from fission yeast: single and double mutants show different phenotypes in cell growth and chromatin organization. EMBO J. 1984 Aug;3(8):1737–1744. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02040.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Wang J. C. DNA topoisomerases. Annu Rev Biochem. 1985;54:665–697. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.003313. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Wang J. C. DNA topoisomerases: nature's solution to the topological ramifications of the double-helix structure of DNA. Harvey Lect. 1985 1986;81:93–110. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Wang J. C. Interaction between DNA and an Escherichia coli protein omega. J Mol Biol. 1971 Feb 14;55(3):523–533. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90334-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Wang J. C. Recent studies of DNA topoisomerases. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1987 Jun 6;909(1):1–9. doi: 10.1016/0167-4781(87)90040-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Wasserman S. A., Cozzarelli N. R. Biochemical topology: applications to DNA recombination and replication. Science. 1986 May 23;232(4753):951–960. doi: 10.1126/science.3010458. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Westerhoff H. V., O'Dea M. H., Maxwell A., Gellert M. DNA supercoiling by DNA gyrase. A static head analysis. Cell Biophys. 1988 Jan-Jun;12:157–181. doi: 10.1007/BF02918357. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Wu H. Y., Shyy S. H., Wang J. C., Liu L. F. Transcription generates positively and negatively supercoiled domains in the template. Cell. 1988 May 6;53(3):433–440. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90163-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Wyckoff E., Hsieh T. S. Functional expression of a Drosophila gene in yeast: genetic complementation of DNA topoisomerase II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Sep;85(17):6272–6276. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.17.6272. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Wyckoff E., Natalie D., Nolan J. M., Lee M., Hsieh T. Structure of the Drosophila DNA topoisomerase II gene. Nucleotide sequence and homology among topoisomerases II. J Mol Biol. 1989 Jan 5;205(1):1–13. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90361-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Yamagishi J., Furutani Y., Inoue S., Ohue T., Nakamura S., Shimizu M. New nalidixic acid resistance mutations related to deoxyribonucleic acid gyrase activity. J Bacteriol. 1981 Nov;148(2):450–458. doi: 10.1128/jb.148.2.450-458.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Yamagishi J., Yoshida H., Yamayoshi M., Nakamura S. Nalidixic acid-resistant mutations of the gyrB gene of Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet. 1986 Sep;204(3):367–373. doi: 10.1007/BF00331012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Yoshida H., Kojima T., Yamagishi J., Nakamura S. Quinolone-resistant mutations of the gyrA gene of Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet. 1988 Jan;211(1):1–7. doi: 10.1007/BF00338386. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Zechiedrich E. L., Christiansen K., Andersen A. H., Westergaard O., Osheroff N. Double-stranded DNA cleavage/religation reaction of eukaryotic topoisomerase II: evidence for a nicked DNA intermediate. Biochemistry. 1989 Jul 25;28(15):6229–6236. doi: 10.1021/bi00441a014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Zhang H., Wang J. C., Liu L. F. Involvement of DNA topoisomerase I in transcription of human ribosomal RNA genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Feb;85(4):1060–1064. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.4.1060. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES