Skip to main content
Clinical Microbiology Reviews logoLink to Clinical Microbiology Reviews
. 1996 Apr;9(2):235–272. doi: 10.1128/cmr.9.2.235

History of medical mycology in the united states.

A Espinel-Ingroff 1
PMCID: PMC172892  PMID: 8964037

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (527.4 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. AJELLO L., GEORG L. K. In vitro hair cultures for differentiating between atypical isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton rubrum. Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1957 Mar 25;8(1):3–17. doi: 10.1007/BF02053114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. AJELLO L., ZEIDBERG L. D. Isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum and Allescheria Boydii from soil. Science. 1951 Jun 8;113(2945):662–663. doi: 10.1126/science.113.2945.662. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ajello L., Cheng S. L. The perfect state of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Sabouraudia. 1967 Feb;5(3):230–234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Ajello L., Georg L. K., Steigbigel R. T., Wang C. J. A case of phaeohyphomycosis caused by a new species of Phialophora. Mycologia. 1974 May-Jun;66(3):490–498. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Artz R. P., Bullock W. E. Immunoregulatory responses in experimental disseminated histoplasmosis: depression of T-cell-dependent and T-effectory responses by activation of splenic suppressor cells. Infect Immun. 1979 Mar;23(3):893–902. doi: 10.1128/iai.23.3.893-902.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. BAUER H., AJELLO L., ADAMS E., HERNANDEZ D. U. Cerebral mucormycosis: pathogenesis of the disease; description of the fungus, Rhizopus oryzae, isolated from a fatal case. Am J Med. 1955 May;18(5):822–831. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(55)90194-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. BAUER H., FLANAGAN J. F., SHELDON W. H. Experimental cerebral mucormycosis in rabbits with alloxan diabetes. Yale J Biol Med. 1955 Sep;28(1):29–36. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. BENHAM R. W. Cryptococcosis and blastomycosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1950 Sep;50(10):1299–1314. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1950.tb39828.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. BENHAM R. W. Nutritional studies of the dermatophytes; effect on growth and morphology, with special reference to the production of macroconidia. Trans N Y Acad Sci. 1953 Feb;15(4):102–106. doi: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1953.tb00327.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. BINFORD C. H., THOMPSON R. K., GORHAM M. E. Mycotic brain abscess due to Cladosporium trichoides, a new species; report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol. 1952 Jun;22(6):535–542. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/22.6.535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. BLOOMFIELD N., GORDON M. A., ELMENDORF D. F., Jr DETECTION OF CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS ANTIGEN IN BODY FLUIDS BY LATEX PARTICLE AGGLUTINATION. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1963 Oct;114:64–67. doi: 10.3181/00379727-114-28586. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. BURKE R. C. Tinea versicolor: susceptibility factors and experimental infection in human beings. J Invest Dermatol. 1961 May;36:389–402. doi: 10.1038/jid.1961.60. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bacon W. S. Elizabeth Lee Hazen 1885-1975. Mycologia. 1976 Sep-Oct;68(5):961–969. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Beaman L., Benjamini E., Pappagianis D. Activation of macrophages by lymphokines: enhancement of phagosome-lysosome fusion and killing of Coccidioides immitis. Infect Immun. 1983 Mar;39(3):1201–1207. doi: 10.1128/iai.39.3.1201-1207.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Beaman L., Pappagianis D., Benjamini E. Significance of T cells in resistance to experimental murine coccidioidomycosis. Infect Immun. 1977 Sep;17(3):580–585. doi: 10.1128/iai.17.3.580-585.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Beneke E. S., Wilson R. W., Rogers A. L. Extracellular enzymes of Blastomyces dermatitidis. Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1969 Dec 29;39(3):325–328. doi: 10.1007/BF02052797. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bennett J. E., Dismukes W. E., Duma R. J., Medoff G., Sande M. A., Gallis H., Leonard J., Fields B. T., Bradshaw M., Haywood H. A comparison of amphotericin B alone and combined with flucytosine in the treatment of cryptoccal meningitis. N Engl J Med. 1979 Jul 19;301(3):126–131. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197907193010303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Berliner M. D., Reca M. E. Release of protoplasts in the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum without added enzyme. Science. 1970 Feb 27;167(3922):1255–1257. doi: 10.1126/science.167.3922.1255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bernard E. M., Wong B., Armstrong D. Stereoisomeric configuration of arabinitol in serum, urine, and tissues in invasive candidiasis. J Infect Dis. 1985 Apr;151(4):711–715. doi: 10.1093/infdis/151.4.711. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bille J., Stockman L., Roberts G. D., Horstmeier C. D., Ilstrup D. M. Evaluation of a lysis-centrifugation system for recovery of yeasts and filamentous fungi from blood. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Sep;18(3):469–471. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.3.469-471.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Blanchard D. K., Michelini-Norris M. B., Djeu J. Y. Production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by large granular lymphocytes stimulated with Candida albicans: role in activation of human neutrophil function. Blood. 1991 May 15;77(10):2259–2265. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Block E. R., Jennings A. E., Bennett J. E. 5-fluorocytosine resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1973 Jun;3(6):649–656. doi: 10.1128/aac.3.6.649. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Bodey G. P. Fungal infections complicating acute leukemia. J Chronic Dis. 1966 Jun;19(6):667–687. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(66)90066-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Bozzette S. A., Larsen R. A., Chiu J., Leal M. A., Jacobsen J., Rothman P., Robinson P., Gilbert G., McCutchan J. A., Tilles J. A placebo-controlled trial of maintenance therapy with fluconazole after treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. California Collaborative Treatment Group. N Engl J Med. 1991 Feb 28;324(9):580–584. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199102283240902. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Brummer E., Bhagavathula P. R., Hanson L. H., Stevens D. A. Synergy of itraconazole with macrophages in killing Blastomyces dermatitidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 Nov;36(11):2487–2492. doi: 10.1128/aac.36.11.2487. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Brummer E., Hanson L. H., Stevens D. A. IL-4, IgE, and interferon-gamma production in pulmonary blastomycosis: comparison in mice untreated, immunized, or treated with an antifungal (SCH 39304). Cell Immunol. 1993 Jul;149(2):258–267. doi: 10.1006/cimm.1993.1153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Brummer E., Kurita N., Yoshida S., Nishimura K., Miyaji M. A basis for resistance of Blastomyces dermatitidis killing by human neutrophils: inefficient generation of myeloperoxidase system products. J Med Vet Mycol. 1992;30(3):233–243. doi: 10.1080/02681219280000291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Brummer E., Stevens D. A. Activation of murine polymorphonuclear neutrophils for fungicidal activity with supernatants from antigen-stimulated immune spleen cell cultures. Infect Immun. 1984 Aug;45(2):447–452. doi: 10.1128/iai.45.2.447-452.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Buchman T. G., Rossier M., Merz W. G., Charache P. Detection of surgical pathogens by in vitro DNA amplification. Part I. Rapid identification of Candida albicans by in vitro amplification of a fungus-specific gene. Surgery. 1990 Aug;108(2):338–347. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Bulmer G. S., Sans M. D. Cryptococcus neoformans. II. Phagocytosis by human leukocytes. J Bacteriol. 1967 Nov;94(5):1480–1483. doi: 10.1128/jb.94.5.1480-1483.1967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Bulmer G. S., Sans M. D., Gunn C. M. Cryptococcus neoformans. I. Nonencapsulated mutants. J Bacteriol. 1967 Nov;94(5):1475–1479. doi: 10.1128/jb.94.5.1475-1479.1967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Burnie J. P., Williams J. D. Evaluation of the Ramco latex agglutination test in the early diagnosis of systemic candidiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Apr;4(2):98–101. doi: 10.1007/BF02013571. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. CONVERSE J. L. Effect of surface active agents on endosporulation of Coccidioides immitis in a chemically defined medium. J Bacteriol. 1957 Jul;74(1):106–107. doi: 10.1128/jb.74.1.106-107.1957. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. COONS A. H., KAPLAN M. H. Localization of antigen in tissue cells; improvements in a method for the detection of antigen by means of fluorescent antibody. J Exp Med. 1950 Jan 1;91(1):1–13. doi: 10.1084/jem.91.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. CREITZ J., HARRIS H. W. Isolation of Allescheria boydii from sputum. Am Rev Tuberc. 1955 Jan;71(1):126–130. doi: 10.1164/artpd.1955.71.1.126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Calderone R. A., Linehan L., Wadsworth E., Sandberg A. L. Identification of C3d receptors on Candida albicans. Infect Immun. 1988 Jan;56(1):252–258. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.1.252-258.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Campbell C. C. Reverting Histoplasma capsulatum to the Yeast Phase. J Bacteriol. 1947 Aug;54(2):263–264. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Caplan L. M., Merz W. G. Evaluation of two commercially prepared biphasic media for recovery of fungi from blood. J Clin Microbiol. 1978 Oct;8(4):469–470. doi: 10.1128/jcm.8.4.469-470.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Carle G. F., Frank M., Olson M. V. Electrophoretic separations of large DNA molecules by periodic inversion of the electric field. Science. 1986 Apr 4;232(4746):65–68. doi: 10.1126/science.3952500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Carle G. F., Olson M. V. Separation of chromosomal DNA molecules from yeast by orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jul 25;12(14):5647–5664. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.14.5647. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Caroline L., Rosner F., Kozinn P. J. Elevated serum iron, low unbound transferrin and candidiasis in acute leukemia. Blood. 1969 Oct;34(4):441–451. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Chezzi C. Dr. Libero Ajello. Eur J Epidemiol. 1992 May;8(3):319–320. doi: 10.1007/BF00158561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Christie A., Peterson J. C. Pulmonary Calcification in Negative Reactors to Tuberculin. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1945 Nov;35(11):1131–1147. doi: 10.2105/ajph.35.11.1131. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Chu G., Vollrath D., Davis R. W. Separation of large DNA molecules by contour-clamped homogeneous electric fields. Science. 1986 Dec 19;234(4783):1582–1585. doi: 10.1126/science.3538420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Cole G. T., Saha K., Seshan K. R., Lynn K. T., Franco M., Wong P. K. Retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency in mice exacerbates gastrointestinal candidiasis. Infect Immun. 1992 Oct;60(10):4168–4178. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.10.4168-4178.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Cole G. T., Zhu S. W., Hsu L. L., Kruse D., Seshan K. R., Wang F. Isolation and expression of a gene which encodes a wall-associated proteinase of Coccidioides immitis. Infect Immun. 1992 Feb;60(2):416–427. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.2.416-427.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Cooper C. R., Jr, Szaniszlo P. J. Evidence for two cell division cycle (CDC) genes that govern yeast bud emergence in the pathogenic fungus Wangiella dermatitidis. Infect Immun. 1993 May;61(5):2069–2081. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.5.2069-2081.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Cox R. A., Britt L. A. Antigenic identity of biologically active antigens in coccidioidin and spherulin. Infect Immun. 1987 Nov;55(11):2590–2596. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.11.2590-2596.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Currie B. P., Freundlich L. F., Casadevall A. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from environmental (pigeon excreta) and clinical sources in New York City. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 May;32(5):1188–1192. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.5.1188-1192.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Cutler J. E., Glee P. M., Horn H. L. Candida albicans- and Candida stellatoidea-specific DNA fragment. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Sep;26(9):1720–1724. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.9.1720-1724.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. DENTON J. F., McDONOUGH E. S., AJELLO L., AUSHERMAN R. J. Isolation of Blastomyces dermatitidis from soil. Science. 1961 Apr 14;133(3459):1126–1127. doi: 10.1126/science.133.3459.1126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. DONOVICK R., GOLD W., PAGANO J. F., STOUT H. A. Amphotericins A and B, antifungal antibiotics produced by a streptomycete. I. In vitro studies. Antibiot Annu. 1955;3:579–586. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Daimond R. D., Krzesicki R. Mechanisms of attachment of neutrophils to Candida albicans pseudohyphae in the absence of serum, and of subsequent damage to pseudohyphae by microbicidal processes of neutrophils in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1978 Feb;61(2):360–369. doi: 10.1172/JCI108946. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Deepe G. S., Jr Protective immunity in murine histoplasmosis: functional comparison of adoptively transferred T-cell clones and splenic T cells. Infect Immun. 1988 Sep;56(9):2350–2355. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.9.2350-2355.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Denning D. W., Lee J. Y., Hostetler J. S., Pappas P., Kauffman C. A., Dewsnup D. H., Galgiani J. N., Graybill J. R., Sugar A. M., Catanzaro A. NIAID Mycoses Study Group Multicenter Trial of Oral Itraconazole Therapy for Invasive Aspergillosis. Am J Med. 1994 Aug;97(2):135–144. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(94)90023-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Denning D. W., Tucker R. M., Hanson L. H., Hamilton J. R., Stevens D. A. Itraconazole therapy for cryptococcal meningitis and cryptococcosis. Arch Intern Med. 1989 Oct;149(10):2301–2308. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Denning D. W., Tucker R. M., Hanson L. H., Stevens D. A. Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with itraconazole. Am J Med. 1989 Jun;86(6 Pt 2):791–800. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(89)90475-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Diamond R. D., Allison A. C. Nature of the effector cells responsible for antibody-dependent cell-mediated killing of Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun. 1976 Sep;14(3):716–720. doi: 10.1128/iai.14.3.716-720.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Diamond R. D., Bennett J. E. Prognostic factors in cryptococcal meningitis. A study in 111 cases. Ann Intern Med. 1974 Feb;80(2):176–181. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-80-2-176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Diamond R. D. Effects of stimulation and suppression of cell-mediated immunity on experimental cryptococcosis. Infect Immun. 1977 Jul;17(1):187–194. doi: 10.1128/iai.17.1.187-194.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Diamond R. D., Krzesicki R., Epstein B., Jao W. Damage to hyphal forms of fungi by human leukocytes in vitro. A possible host defense mechanism in aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Am J Pathol. 1978 May;91(2):313–328. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Dickson E. C. "Valley Fever" of the San Joaquin Valley and Fungus Coccidioides. Cal West Med. 1937 Sep;47(3):151–155. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Dismukes W. E., Bradsher R. W., Jr, Cloud G. C., Kauffman C. A., Chapman S. W., George R. B., Stevens D. A., Girard W. M., Saag M. S., Bowles-Patton C. Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Am J Med. 1992 Nov;93(5):489–497. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(92)90575-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Dismukes W. E., Cloud G., Gallis H. A., Kerkering T. M., Medoff G., Craven P. C., Kaplowitz L. G., Fisher J. F., Gregg C. R., Bowles C. A. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis with combination amphotericin B and flucytosine for four as compared with six weeks. N Engl J Med. 1987 Aug 6;317(6):334–341. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198708063170602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Djeu J. Y., Blanchard D. K., Halkias D., Friedman H. Growth inhibition of Candida albicans by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils: activation by interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol. 1986 Nov 1;137(9):2980–2984. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Domer J. E., Garner R. E., Befidi-Mengue R. N. Mannan as an antigen in cell-mediated immunity (CMI) assays and as a modulator of mannan-specific CMI. Infect Immun. 1989 Mar;57(3):693–700. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.3.693-700.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Domer J. E. Monosaccharide and chitin content of cell walls of Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis. J Bacteriol. 1971 Sep;107(3):870–877. doi: 10.1128/jb.107.3.870-877.1971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Dong Z. M., Murphy J. W. Mobility of human neutrophils in response to Cryptococcus neoformans cells, culture filtrate antigen, and individual components of the antigen. Infect Immun. 1993 Dec;61(12):5067–5077. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.12.5067-5077.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Dorn G. L., Land G. A., Wilson G. E. Improved blood culture technique based on centrifugation: clinical evaluation. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Mar;9(3):391–396. doi: 10.1128/jcm.9.3.391-396.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Drutz D. J., Frey C. L. Intracellular and extracellular defenses of human phagocytes against Blastomyces dermatitidis conidia and yeasts. J Lab Clin Med. 1985 Jun;105(6):737–750. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Drutz D. J., Spickard A., Rogers D. E., Koenig M. G. Treatment of disseminated mycotic infectioons. A new approach to amphotericin B therapy. Am J Med. 1968 Sep;45(3):405–418. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(68)90075-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. EMMONS C. W. Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from soil. J Bacteriol. 1951 Dec;62(6):685–690. doi: 10.1128/jb.62.6.685-690.1951. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. EMMONS C. W. Saprophytic sources of Cryptococcus neoformans associated with the pigeon (Columba livia). Am J Hyg. 1955 Nov;62(3):227–232. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119775. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. EVANS E. E., KESSEL J. F. The antigenic composition of Cryptococcus neoformans. II. Serologic studies with the capsular polysaccharide. J Immunol. 1951 Aug;67(2):109–114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. EVANS E. E., THERIAULT R. J. The antigenic compostion of Cryptococcus neoformans. IV. The use of paper chromatography for following purification of the capsular polysaccharide. J Bacteriol. 1953 May;65(5):571–577. doi: 10.1128/jb.65.5.571-577.1953. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. EVANS E. E. The antigenic composition of Cryptococcus neoformans. I. A serologic classification by means of the capsular and agglutination reactions. J Immunol. 1950 May;64(5):423–430. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Edman J. C., Kwon-Chung K. J. Isolation of the URA5 gene from Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and its use as a selective marker for transformation. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;10(9):4538–4544. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.9.4538. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Espinel-Ingroff A., Kish C. W., Jr, Kerkering T. M., Fromtling R. A., Bartizal K., Galgiani J. N., Villareal K., Pfaller M. A., Gerarden T., Rinaldi M. G. Collaborative comparison of broth macrodilution and microdilution antifungal susceptibility tests. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Dec;30(12):3138–3145. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.12.3138-3145.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. FIESE M. J. Treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis with amphotericin B; report of a case. Calif Med. 1957 Feb;86(2):119–120. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Fidel P. L., Jr, Murphy J. W. Effects of cyclosporin A on the cells responsible for the anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune response and its regulation. Infect Immun. 1989 Apr;57(4):1158–1164. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.4.1158-1164.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Francis P., Lee J. W., Hoffman A., Peter J., Francesconi A., Bacher J., Shelhamer J., Pizzo P. A., Walsh T. J. Efficacy of unilamellar liposomal amphotericin B in treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis in persistently granulocytopenic rabbits: the potential role of bronchoalveolar D-mannitol and serum galactomannan as markers of infection. J Infect Dis. 1994 Feb;169(2):356–368. doi: 10.1093/infdis/169.2.356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Fromtling R. A., Galgiani J. N., Pfaller M. A., Espinel-Ingroff A., Bartizal K. F., Bartlett M. S., Body B. A., Frey C., Hall G., Roberts G. D. Multicenter evaluation of a broth macrodilution antifungal susceptibility test for yeasts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993 Jan;37(1):39–45. doi: 10.1128/aac.37.1.39. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Furcolow M. L., Chick E. W., Busey J. F., Menges R. W. Prevalence and incidence studies of human and canine blastomycosis. 1. Cases in the United States, 1885-1968. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1970 Jul;102(1):60–67. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1970.102.1.60. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. GENTLES J. C. Experimental ringworm in guinea pigs: oral treatment with griseofulvin. Nature. 1958 Aug 16;182(4633):476–477. doi: 10.1038/182476a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. GEORG L. K., AJELLO L., FRIEDMAN L., BRINKMAN S. A. A new species of Microsporum pathogenic to man and animals. Sabouraudia. 1962 Feb;1:189–196. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. GEORG L. K., AJELLO L., GORDON M. A. A selective medium for the isolation of Coccidioides immitis. Science. 1951 Oct 12;114(2963):387–389. doi: 10.1126/science.114.2963.387-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. GEORG L. K., CAMP L. B. Routine nutritional tests for the identification of dermatophytes. J Bacteriol. 1957 Aug;74(2):113–121. doi: 10.1128/jb.74.2.113-121.1957. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. GORDON M. A. Differentiation of yeasts by means of fluorescent antibody. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1958 Mar;97(3):694–698. doi: 10.3181/00379727-97-23849. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. GORDON M. A., LAPA E. SERUM PROTEIN ENHANCEMENT OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY IN CRYPTOCOCCOSIS. J Infect Dis. 1964 Oct;114:373–377. doi: 10.1093/infdis/114.4.373. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. GRIDLEY M. F. A stain for fungi in tissue sections. Am J Clin Pathol. 1953 Mar;23(3):303–307. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/23.3_ts.303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. GROCOTT R. G. A stain for fungi in tissue sections and smears using Gomori's methenamine-silver nitrate technic. Am J Clin Pathol. 1955 Aug;25(8):975–979. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/25.8_ts.0975. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Galgiani J. N., Catanzaro A., Cloud G. A., Higgs J., Friedman B. A., Larsen R. A., Graybill J. R. Fluconazole therapy for coccidioidal meningitis. The NIAID-Mycoses Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Jul 1;119(1):28–35. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-119-1-199307010-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Galgiani J. N., Isenberg R. A., Stevens D. A. Chemotaxigenic activity of extracts from the mycelial and spherule phases of Coccidioides immitis for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect Immun. 1978 Sep;21(3):862–865. doi: 10.1128/iai.21.3.862-865.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Gantz N. M., Medeiros A. A., Swain J. L., O'Brien T. F. Vacuum blood-culture bottles inhibiting growth of Candida and fostering growth of Bacteroides. Lancet. 1974 Nov 16;2(7890):1174–1176. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90813-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Geis P. A., Wheeler M. H., Szaniszlo P. J. Pentaketide metabolites of melanin synthesis in the dematiaceous fungus Wangiella dermatitidis. Arch Microbiol. 1984 Apr;137(4):324–328. doi: 10.1007/BF00410729. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Gentry L. O., Wilkinson I. D., Lea A. S., Price M. F. Latex agglutination test for detection of Candida antigen in patients with disseminated disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Apr;2(2):122–128. doi: 10.1007/BF02001577. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Graybill J. R., Stevens D. A., Galgiani J. N., Dismukes W. E., Cloud G. A. Itraconazole treatment of coccidioidomycosis. NAIAD Mycoses Study Group. Am J Med. 1990 Sep;89(3):282–290. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(90)90339-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Graybill J. R., Stevens D. A., Galgiani J. N., Sugar A. M., Craven P. C., Gregg C., Huppert M., Cloud G., Dismukes W. E. Ketoconazole treatment of coccidioidal meningitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;544:488–496. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb40446.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. HAGGERTY T. E., ZIMMERMAN L. E. Mycotic keratitis. South Med J. 1958 Feb;51(2):153–159. doi: 10.1097/00007611-195802000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. HARRELL E. R., CURTIS A. C. The treatment of North American blastomycosis with amphotericin B. AMA Arch Derm. 1957 Nov;76(5):561–569. doi: 10.1001/archderm.1957.01550230025004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. HASENCLEVER H. F., MITCHELL W. O. Antigenic studies of Candida. III. Comparative pathogenicity of Candida albicans group A, group B, and Candida stellatoidea. J Bacteriol. 1961 Oct;82:578–581. doi: 10.1128/jb.82.4.578-581.1961. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. HAZEN E. L., BROWN R. Two antifungal agents produced by a soil actinomycete. Science. 1950 Oct 13;112(2911):423–423. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. HEINER D. C. Diagnosis of histoplasmosis using precipitin reactions in agargel. Pediatrics. 1958 Oct;22(4 Pt 1):616–627. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. HOWARD D. H. Dimorphism of Sporotrichum schenckii. J Bacteriol. 1961 Mar;81:464–469. doi: 10.1128/jb.81.3.464-469.1961. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. HOWARD D. H. INTRACELLULAR GROWTH OF HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM. J Bacteriol. 1965 Feb;89:518–523. doi: 10.1128/jb.89.2.518-523.1965. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. HUPPERT M., KEENEY E. L. Immunization against superficial fungous infection. II. Studies on human volunteer subjects. J Invest Dermatol. 1959 Jan;32(1):15–19. doi: 10.1038/jid.1959.5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. HUTTER R. V., LIEBERMAN P. H., COLLINS H. S. ASPERGILLOSIS IN A CANCER HOSPITAL. Cancer. 1964 Jun;17:747–756. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(196406)17:6<747::aid-cncr2820170610>3.0.co;2-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Hall G. S., Pratt-Rippin K., Washington J. A. Evaluation of a chemiluminescent probe assay for identification of Histoplasma capsulatum isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Nov;30(11):3003–3004. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.11.3003-3004.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Hansmann G. H., Schenken J. R. A Unique Infection in Man Caused by a New Yeast-Like Organism, a Pathogenic Member of the Genus Sepedonium. Am J Pathol. 1934 Nov;10(6):731–738.7. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Hidore M. R., Nabavi N., Sonleitner F., Murphy J. W. Murine natural killer cells are fungicidal to Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun. 1991 May;59(5):1747–1754. doi: 10.1128/iai.59.5.1747-1754.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Hopfer R. L., Gröschel D. Six-hour pigmentation test for the identification of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Clin Microbiol. 1976 Aug;2(2):96–98. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Hopfer R. L., Mills K., Gröschel D. Improved blood culture medium for radiometric detection of yeasts. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Mar;9(3):448–449. doi: 10.1128/jcm.9.3.448-449.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Hopfer R. L., Walden P., Setterquist S., Highsmith W. E. Detection and differentiation of fungi in clinical specimens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and restriction enzyme analysis. J Med Vet Mycol. 1993;31(1):65–75. doi: 10.1080/02681219380000071. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Howard D. H., Otto V. Experiments on lymphocyte-mediated cellular immunity in murine histoplasmosis. Infect Immun. 1977 Apr;16(1):226–231. doi: 10.1128/iai.16.1.226-231.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Hube B., Turver C. J., Odds F. C., Eiffert H., Boulnois G. J., Köchel H., Rüchel R. Sequence of the Candida albicans gene encoding the secretory aspartate proteinase. J Med Vet Mycol. 1991;29(2):129–132. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Huppert M., Oliver D. J., Sun S. H. Combined methenamine-silver nitrate and hematoxylin & eosin stain for fungi in tissues. J Clin Microbiol. 1978 Nov;8(5):598–603. doi: 10.1128/jcm.8.5.598-603.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Huppert M., Peterson E. T., Sun S. H., Chitjian P. A., Derrevere W. J. Evaluation of a latex particle agglutination test for coccidioidomycosis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1968 Jan;49(1):96–102. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/49.1.96. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. JAMBOR W. P., STEINBERG B. A., SUYDAM L. O. Amphotericins A and B: two new antifungal antibiotics possessing high activity against deep-seated and superficial mycoses. Antibiot Annu. 1955;3:574–578. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Jacobson E. S., Ayers D. J., Harrell A. C., Nicholas C. C. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of capsule mutants of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Bacteriol. 1982 Jun;150(3):1292–1296. doi: 10.1128/jb.150.3.1292-1296.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Jacobson E. S., Emery H. S. Catecholamine uptake, melanization, and oxygen toxicity in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Bacteriol. 1991 Jan;173(1):401–403. doi: 10.1128/jb.173.1.401-403.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Jacobson E. S., Tinnell S. B. Antioxidant function of fungal melanin. J Bacteriol. 1993 Nov;175(21):7102–7104. doi: 10.1128/jb.175.21.7102-7104.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Johnson S. M., Zimmermann C. R., Pappagianis D. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the Coccidioides immitis chitinase/immunodiffusion-complement fixation protein. Infect Immun. 1993 Jul;61(7):3090–3092. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.7.3090-3092.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. KAPLAN W., CLIFFORD M. K. BLASTOMYCOSIS. I. A REVIEW OF 198 COLLECTED CASES IN VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HOSPITALS. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1964 May;89:659–672. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1964.89.5.659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. KAPLAN W., IVENS M. S. Fluorescent antibody staining of Sporotrichum schenckii in cultures and clinical materials. J Invest Dermatol. 1960 Sep;35:151–159. doi: 10.1038/jid.1960.99. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. KAUFMAN L., KAPLAN W. Preparation of a fluorescent antibody specific for the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum. J Bacteriol. 1961 Nov;82:729–735. doi: 10.1128/jb.82.5.729-735.1961. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. KESSLER G., NICKERSON W. J. Glucomannan-protein complexes from cell walls of yeasts. J Biol Chem. 1959 Sep;234:2281–2285. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. KEYE J. D., Jr, MAGEE W. E. Fungal diseases in a general hospital; a study of 88 patients. Am J Clin Pathol. 1956 Nov;26(11):1235–1253. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/26.11.1235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. KLIGMAN A. M., MESCON H., DeLAMATER E. D. The Hotchkiss-McManus stain for the histopathologic diagnosis of fungus diseases. Am J Clin Pathol. 1951 Jan;21(1):86–91. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/21.1_ts.86. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. KLIGMAN A. M. The pathogenesis of Tinea capitis due to Microsporum audouini and Microsporum canis. I. Gross observations following the inoculation of humans. J Invest Dermatol. 1952 Mar;18(3):231–246. doi: 10.1038/jid.1952.27. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. KLIGMAN A. M. Tinea capitis due to M. audouini and M. canis. II. Dynamics of the host-parasite relationship. AMA Arch Derm. 1955 Mar;71(3):313–337. doi: 10.1001/archderm.1955.01540270025004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Kanbe T., Li R. K., Wadsworth E., Calderone R. A., Cutler J. E. Evidence for expression of the C3d receptor of Candida albicans in vitro and in vivo obtained by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Infect Immun. 1991 May;59(5):1832–1838. doi: 10.1128/iai.59.5.1832-1838.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Kaplan W., Kraft D. E. Demonstration of pathogenic fungi in formalin-fixed tissues by immunofluorescence. Am J Clin Pathol. 1969 Oct;52(4):420–432. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/52.4.420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Kauffman C. A., Israel K. S., Smith J. W., White A. C., Schwarz J., Brooks G. F. Histoplasmosis in immunosuppressed patients. Am J Med. 1978 Jun;64(6):923–932. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(78)90445-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Kaufmann C. S., Merz W. G. Electrophoretic karyotypes of Torulopsis glabrata. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Oct;27(10):2165–2168. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.10.2165-2168.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Keath E. J., Spitzer E. D., Painter A. A., Travis S. J., Kobayashi G. S., Medoff G. DNA probe for the identification of Histoplasma capsulatum. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Oct;27(10):2369–2372. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.10.2369-2372.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Keddie F., Shadomy S. Etiological significance of Pityrosporum orbiculare in tinea versicolor. Sabouraudia. 1963 Oct;3(1):21–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Kerkering T. M., Duma R. J., Shadomy S. The evolution of pulmonary cryptococcosis: clinical implications from a study of 41 patients with and without compromising host factors. Ann Intern Med. 1981 May;94(5):611–616. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-94-5-611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Khakpour F. R., Murphy J. W. Characterization of a third-order suppressor T cell (Ts3) induced by cryptococcal antigen(s). Infect Immun. 1987 Jul;55(7):1657–1662. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.7.1657-1662.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Kiehn T. E., Bernard E. M., Gold J. W., Armstrong D. Candidiasis: detection by gas-liquid chromatography of D-arabinitol, a fungal metabolite, in human serum. Science. 1979 Nov 2;206(4418):577–580. doi: 10.1126/science.493963. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Kiessling R., Klein E., Wigzell H. "Natural" killer cells in the mouse. I. Cytotoxic cells with specificity for mouse Moloney leukemia cells. Specificity and distribution according to genotype. Eur J Immunol. 1975 Feb;5(2):112–117. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830050208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Kirkland T. N., Zhu S. W., Kruse D., Hsu L. L., Seshan K. R., Cole G. T. Coccidioides immitis fractions which are antigenic for immune T lymphocytes. Infect Immun. 1991 Nov;59(11):3952–3961. doi: 10.1128/iai.59.11.3952-3961.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Klein R. S., Harris C. A., Small C. B., Moll B., Lesser M., Friedland G. H. Oral candidiasis in high-risk patients as the initial manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1984 Aug 9;311(6):354–358. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198408093110602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Komorowski R. A., Farmer S. G. Rapid detection of candidemia. Am J Clin Pathol. 1973 Jan;59(1):56–61. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/59.1.56. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Kozel T. R., McGaw T. G. Opsonization of Cryptococcus neoformans by human immunoglobulin G: role of immunoglobulin G in phagocytosis by macrophages. Infect Immun. 1979 Jul;25(1):255–261. doi: 10.1128/iai.25.1.255-261.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Kozel T. R., Wilson M. A., Pfrommer G. S., Schlageter A. M. Activation and binding of opsonic fragments of C3 on encapsulated Cryptococcus neoformans by using an alternative complement pathway reconstituted from six isolated proteins. Infect Immun. 1989 Jul;57(7):1922–1927. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.7.1922-1927.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Kruse D., Cole G. T. A seroreactive 120-kilodalton beta-1,3-glucanase of Coccidioides immitis which may participate in spherule morphogenesis. Infect Immun. 1992 Oct;60(10):4350–4363. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.10.4350-4363.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Kumar V., Maresca B., Sacco M., Goewert R., Kobayashi G. S., Medoff G. Purification and characterization of a cysteine dioxygenase from the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum. Biochemistry. 1983 Feb 15;22(4):762–768. doi: 10.1021/bi00273a009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Kurtz M. B., Cortelyou M. W., Kirsch D. R. Integrative transformation of Candida albicans, using a cloned Candida ADE2 gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Jan;6(1):142–149. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.1.142. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Kwon-Chung K. J. A new genus, filobasidiella, the perfect state of Cryptococcus neoformans. Mycologia. 1975 Nov-Dec;67(6):1197–1200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Kwon-Chung K. J., Campbell C. C. Chester Wilson Emmons. J Med Vet Mycol. 1986 Feb;24(1):89–90. doi: 10.1080/02681218680000131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Kwon-Chung K. J., Edman J. C., Wickes B. L. Genetic association of mating types and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun. 1992 Feb;60(2):602–605. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.2.602-605.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Kwon-Chung K. J. Emmonsiella capsulata: perfect state of Histoplasma capsulatum. Science. 1972 Jul 28;177(4046):368–369. doi: 10.1126/science.177.4046.368. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Kwon-Chung K. J., Lehman D., Good C., Magee P. T. Genetic evidence for role of extracellular proteinase in virulence of Candida albicans. Infect Immun. 1985 Sep;49(3):571–575. doi: 10.1128/iai.49.3.571-575.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Kwon-Chung K. J. Perfect state (Emmonsiella capsulata) of the fungus causing large-form African histoplasmosis. Mycologia. 1975 Sep-Oct;67(5):980–990. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. LITTMAN M. L. Cryptococcosis (torulosis). Current concepts and therapy. Am J Med. 1959 Dec;27:976–998. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(59)90181-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. LITTMAN M. L., HOROWITZ P. L., SWADEY J. G. Coccidioidomycosis and its treatment with amphotericin B. Am J Med. 1958 Apr;24(4):568–592. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(58)90297-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. LOURIA D. B., BRAYTON R. G. BEHAVIOR OF CANDIDA CELLS WITHIN LEUKOCYTES. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1964 Jan;115:93–98. doi: 10.3181/00379727-115-28840. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. LOURIA D. B., FALLON N., BROWNE H. G. The influence of cortisone on experimental fungus infections in mice. J Clin Invest. 1960 Sep;39:1435–1449. doi: 10.1172/JCI104163. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. LOURIA D. B., FEDER N., EMMONS C. W. Amphotericin B in experimental histoplasmosis and Cryptococcosis. Antibiot Annu. 1956:870–877. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. LOURIA D. B. Some aspects of the absorption, distribution, and excretion of amphotericin B in man. Antibiotic Med Clin Ther (New York) 1958 May;5(5):295–301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Land G. A., Harrison B. A., Hulme K. L., Cooper B. H., Byrd J. C. Evaluation of the new API 20C strip for yeast identification against a conventional method. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Sep;10(3):357–364. doi: 10.1128/jcm.10.3.357-364.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Land G. A., McDonald W. C., Stjernholm R. L., Friedman L. Factors affecting filamentation in Candida albicans: changes in respiratory activity of Candida albicans during filamentation. Infect Immun. 1975 Jul;12(1):119–127. doi: 10.1128/iai.12.1.119-127.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Land G. A., Vinton E. C., Adcock G. B., Hopkins J. M. Improved auxanographic method for yeast assimilations: a comparison with other approaches. J Clin Microbiol. 1975 Sep;2(3):206–217. doi: 10.1128/jcm.2.3.206-217.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Lehmann P. F., Lin D., Lasker B. A. Genotypic identification and characterization of species and strains within the genus Candida by using random amplified polymorphic DNA. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 Dec;30(12):3249–3254. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.12.3249-3254.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Lehmann P. F., Reiss E. Invasive aspergillosis: antiserum for circulating antigen produced after immunization with serum from infected rabbits. Infect Immun. 1978 May;20(2):570–572. doi: 10.1128/iai.20.2.570-572.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Lehrer R. I., Cline M. J. Interaction of Candida albicans with human leukocytes and serum. J Bacteriol. 1969 Jun;98(3):996–1004. doi: 10.1128/jb.98.3.996-1004.1969. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Lehrer R. I., Ganz T., Szklarek D., Selsted M. E. Modulation of the in vitro candidacidal activity of human neutrophil defensins by target cell metabolism and divalent cations. J Clin Invest. 1988 Jun;81(6):1829–1835. doi: 10.1172/JCI113527. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Levine H. B., Gonzalez-Ochoa A., Ten Eyck D. R. Dermal sensitivity to Coccidioides immitis. A comparison of responses elicited in man by spherulin and coccidioidin. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1973 Mar;107(3):379–386. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1973.107.3.379. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Levitz S. M., Diamond R. D. Mechanisms of resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia to killing by neutrophils in vitro. J Infect Dis. 1985 Jul;152(1):33–42. doi: 10.1093/infdis/152.1.33. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Levitz S. M., Selsted M. E., Ganz T., Lehrer R. I., Diamond R. D. In vitro killing of spores and hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus oryzae by rabbit neutrophil cationic peptides and bronchoalveolar macrophages. J Infect Dis. 1986 Sep;154(3):483–489. doi: 10.1093/infdis/154.3.483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Lim T. S., Murphy J. W., Cauley L. K. Host-etiological agent interactions in intranasally and intraperitoneally induced Cryptococcosis in mice. Infect Immun. 1980 Aug;29(2):633–641. doi: 10.1128/iai.29.2.633-641.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Lockwood W. R., Allison F., Jr, Batson B. E., Busey J. F. The treatment of North American blastomycosis. Ten years' experience. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1969 Sep;100(3):314–320. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1969.100.3.314. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Lott T. J., Boiron P., Reiss E. An electrophoretic karyotype for Candida albicans reveals large chromosomes in multiples. Mol Gen Genet. 1987 Aug;209(1):170–174. doi: 10.1007/BF00329854. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Lott T. J., Kuykendall R. J., Welbel S. F., Pramanik A., Lasker B. A. Genomic heterogeneity in the yeast Candida parapsilosis. Curr Genet. 1993 May-Jun;23(5-6):463–467. doi: 10.1007/BF00312635. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Lott T. J., Page L. S., Boiron P., Benson J., Reiss E. Nucleotide sequence of the Candida albicans aspartyl proteinase gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Feb 25;17(4):1779–1779. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.4.1779. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Lupan D. M., Cazin J., Jr Pathogenicity of Allescheria boydii for mice. Infect Immun. 1973 Nov;8(5):743–751. doi: 10.1128/iai.8.5.743-751.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Lupan D. M., Cazin J., Jr Serological diagnosis of petriellidosis (allescheriosis). I. Isolation and characterization of soluble antigens from Allescheria boydu and Monosporium apiospermum. Mycopathologia. 1976 Jun 4;58(1):31–38. doi: 10.1007/BF00493591. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Lupan D. M., Nziramasanga P. Collagenolytic activity of Coccidioides immitis. Infect Immun. 1986 Jan;51(1):360–361. doi: 10.1128/iai.51.1.360-361.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Lurie H. I., Still W. J. The "capsule" of Sporotrichum schenckii and the evolution of the asteroid body. A light and electron microscopic study. Sabouraudia. 1969 Feb;7(1):64–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Magee B. B., Hube B., Wright R. J., Sullivan P. J., Magee P. T. The genes encoding the secreted aspartyl proteinases of Candida albicans constitute a family with at least three members. Infect Immun. 1993 Aug;61(8):3240–3243. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.8.3240-3243.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Magee B. B., Koltin Y., Gorman J. A., Magee P. T. Assignment of cloned genes to the seven electrophoretically separated Candida albicans chromosomes. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Nov;8(11):4721–4726. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.11.4721. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Magee B. B., Magee P. T. Electrophoretic karyotypes and chromosome numbers in Candida species. J Gen Microbiol. 1987 Feb;133(2):425–430. doi: 10.1099/00221287-133-2-425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Manning M., Mitchell T. G. Morphogenesis of Candida albicans and cytoplasmic proteins associated with differences in morphology, strain, or temperature. J Bacteriol. 1980 Oct;144(1):258–273. doi: 10.1128/jb.144.1.258-273.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Maresca B., Lambowitz A. M., Kumar V. B., Grant G. A., Kobayashi G. S., Medoff G. Role of cysteine in regulating morphogenesis and mitochondrial activity in the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jul;78(7):4596–4600. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.7.4596. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Maresca B., Medoff G., Schlessinger D., Kobayashi G. S. Regulation of dimorphism in the pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Nature. 1977 Mar 31;266(5601):447–448. doi: 10.1038/266447a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Mason A. B., Brandt M. E., Buckley H. R. Enolase activity associated with a C. albicans cytoplasmic antigen. Yeast. 1989 Apr;5(Spec No):S231–S239. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Mason M. M., Lasker B. A., Riggsby W. S. Molecular probe for identification of medically important Candida species and Torulopsis glabrata. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Mar;25(3):563–566. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.3.563-566.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. McDonough E. S., Lewis A. L. Blastomyces dermatitidis: production of the sexual stage. Science. 1967 Apr 28;156(3774):528–529. doi: 10.1126/science.156.3774.528. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. McGinnis M. R., Borelli D., Padhye A. A., Ajello L. Reclassification of Cladosporium bantianum in the genus Xylohypha. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Jun;23(6):1148–1151. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.6.1148-1151.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. McGinnis M. R. Chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis: new concepts, diagnosis, and mycology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983 Jan;8(1):1–16. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(83)70001-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. McGinnis M. R., Rinaldi M. G., Winn R. E. Emerging agents of phaeohyphomycosis: pathogenic species of Bipolaris and Exserohilum. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Aug;24(2):250–259. doi: 10.1128/jcm.24.2.250-259.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Medoff G., Comfort M., Kobayashi G. S. Synergistic action of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine against yeast-like organisms. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1971 Nov;138(2):571–574. doi: 10.3181/00379727-138-35943. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Medoff G., Kobayashi G. S., Kwan C. N., Schlessinger D., Venkov P. Potentiation of rifampicin and 5-fluorocytosine as antifungal antibiotics by amphotericin B (yeast-membrane permeability-ribosomal RNA-eukaryotic cell-synergism). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972 Jan;69(1):196–199. doi: 10.1073/pnas.69.1.196. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Mendoza L., Karuppayil S. M., Szaniszlo P. J. Calcium regulates in vitro dimorphism in chromoblastomycotic fungi. Mycoses. 1993 May-Jun;36(5-6):157–164. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1993.tb00744.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Meyer R. D., Young L. S., Armstrong D., Yu B. Aspergillosis complicating neoplastic disease. Am J Med. 1973 Jan;54(1):6–15. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(73)90077-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Meyer W., Mitchell T. G., Freedman E. Z., Vilgalys R. Hybridization probes for conventional DNA fingerprinting used as single primers in the polymerase chain reaction to distinguish strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Sep;31(9):2274–2280. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.9.2274-2280.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Miller B. L., Miller K. Y., Timberlake W. E. Direct and indirect gene replacements in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Jul;5(7):1714–1721. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.7.1714. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Miller G. G., Witwer M. W., Braude A. I., Davis C. E. Rapid identification of Candida albicans septicemia in man by gas-liquid chromatography. J Clin Invest. 1974 Nov;54(5):1235–1240. doi: 10.1172/JCI107867. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Monson T. P., Wilkinson K. P. Mannose in body fluids as an indicator of invasive candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Nov;14(5):557–562. doi: 10.1128/jcm.14.5.557-562.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Morrison C. J., Hurst S. F., Bragg S. L., Kuykendall R. J., Diaz H., Pohl J., Reiss E. Heterogeneity of the purified extracellular aspartyl proteinase from Candida albicans: characterization with monoclonal antibodies and N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. Infect Immun. 1993 May;61(5):2030–2036. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.5.2030-2036.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Morrow B., Srikantha T., Soll D. R. Transcription of the gene for a pepsinogen, PEP1, is regulated by white-opaque switching in Candida albicans. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Jul;12(7):2997–3005. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.7.2997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Mosley R. L., Murphy J. W., Cox R. A. Immunoadsorption of Cryptococcus-specific suppressor T-cell factors. Infect Immun. 1986 Mar;51(3):844–850. doi: 10.1128/iai.51.3.844-850.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Murphy J. W. Cytokine profiles associated with induction of the anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune response. Infect Immun. 1993 Nov;61(11):4750–4759. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.11.4750-4759.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Murphy J. W., Gregory J. A., Larsh H. W. Skin testing of guinea pigs and footpad testing of mice with a new antigen for detecting delayed hypersensitivity to Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun. 1974 Feb;9(2):404–409. doi: 10.1128/iai.9.2.404-409.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Murphy J. W., Hidore M. R., Wong S. C. Direct interactions of human lymphocytes with the yeast-like organism, Cryptococcus neoformans. J Clin Invest. 1993 Apr;91(4):1553–1566. doi: 10.1172/JCI116361. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Murphy J. W., McDaniel D. O. In vitro reactivity of natural killer (NK) cells against Cryptococcus neoformans. J Immunol. 1982 Apr;128(4):1577–1583. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Murphy J. W., Mosley R. L., Cherniak R., Reyes G. H., Kozel T. R., Reiss E. Serological, electrophoretic, and biological properties of Cryptococcus neoformans antigens. Infect Immun. 1988 Feb;56(2):424–431. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.2.424-431.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. NEILL J. M., SUGG J. Y., McCAULEY D. W. Serologically reactive material in spinal fluid, blood, and urine from a human case of cryptococcosis (torulosis). Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1951 Aug;77(4):775–778. doi: 10.3181/00379727-77-18924. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. NICKERSON W. J. An enzymatic locus participating in cellular division of a yeast. J Gen Physiol. 1954 Mar;37(4):483–494. doi: 10.1085/jgp.37.4.483. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. NICKERSON W. J. Reduction of inorganic substances by yeasts. I. Extracellular reduction of sulfite by species of Candida. J Infect Dis. 1953 Jul-Aug;93(1):43–56. doi: 10.1093/infdis/93.1.43. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Nabavi N., Murphy J. W. In vitro binding of natural killer cells to Cryptococcus neoformans targets. Infect Immun. 1985 Oct;50(1):50–57. doi: 10.1128/iai.50.1.50-57.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. Nakamura L. T., Wu-Hsieh B. A., Howard D. H. Recombinant murine gamma interferon stimulates macrophages of the RAW cell line to inhibit intracellular growth of Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect Immun. 1994 Feb;62(2):680–684. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.2.680-684.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  213. Ness M. J., Vaughan W. P., Woods G. L. Candida antigen latex test for detection of invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. J Infect Dis. 1989 Mar;159(3):495–502. doi: 10.1093/infdis/159.3.495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. Newberry W. M., Jr, Chandler J. W., Jr, Chin T. D., Kirkpatrick C. H. Immunology of the mycoses. I. Depressed lymphocyte transformation in chronic histoplasmosis. J Immunol. 1968 Feb;100(2):436–443. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Olaiya A. F., Sogin S. J. Ploidy determination of Canadida albicans. J Bacteriol. 1979 Dec;140(3):1043–1049. doi: 10.1128/jb.140.3.1043-1049.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Oxford A. E., Raistrick H., Simonart P. Studies in the biochemistry of micro-organisms: Griseofulvin, C(17)H(17)O(6)Cl, a metabolic product of Penicillium griseo-fulvum Dierckx. Biochem J. 1939 Feb;33(2):240–248. doi: 10.1042/bj0330240. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. PAPPAGIANIS D., MILLER R. L., SMITH C. E., KOBAYASHI G. S. Response of monkeys to respiratory challenge following subcutaneous inoculation with Coccidioides immitis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1960 Aug;82:244–250. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1960.82.2.244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. PINE L., PEACOCK C. L. Studies on the growth of Histoplasma capsulatum. IV. Factors influencing conversion of the mycelial phase to the yeast phase. J Bacteriol. 1958 Feb;75(2):167–174. doi: 10.1128/jb.75.2.167-174.1958. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. PINE L., WEBSTER R. E. Conversion in strains of Histoplasma capsulatum. J Bacteriol. 1962 Jan;83:149–157. doi: 10.1128/jb.83.1.149-157.1962. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Pappagianis D. Evaluation of the protective efficacy of the killed Coccidioides immitis spherule vaccine in humans. The Valley Fever Vaccine Study Group. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Sep;148(3):656–660. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.3.656. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Pappas P. G., Threlkeld M. G., Bedsole G. D., Cleveland K. O., Gelfand M. S., Dismukes W. E. Blastomycosis in immunocompromised patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1993 Sep;72(5):311–325. doi: 10.1097/00005792-199309000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. Perfect J. R., Magee B. B., Magee P. T. Separation of chromosomes of Cryptococcus neoformans by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Infect Immun. 1989 Sep;57(9):2624–2627. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.9.2624-2627.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. Pfaller M. A., Cabezudo I., Buschelman B., Bale M., Howe T., Vitug M., Linton H. J., Densel M. Value of the Hybritech ICON Candida Assay in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in high-risk patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1993 Jan;16(1):53–60. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(93)90130-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. Pfaller M. A., Rinaldi M. G., Galgiani J. N., Bartlett M. S., Body B. A., Espinel-Ingroff A., Fromtling R. A., Hall G. S., Hughes C. E., Odds F. C. Collaborative investigation of variables in susceptibility testing of yeasts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990 Sep;34(9):1648–1654. doi: 10.1128/aac.34.9.1648. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  225. Powderly W. G., Saag M. S., Cloud G. A., Robinson P., Meyer R. D., Jacobson J. M., Graybill J. R., Sugar A. M., McAuliffe V. J., Follansbee S. E. A controlled trial of fluconazole or amphotericin B to prevent relapse of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group and Mycoses Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992 Mar 19;326(12):793–798. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199203193261203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. Reiss E., Lehmann P. F. Galactomannan antigenemia in invasive aspergillosis. Infect Immun. 1979 Jul;25(1):357–365. doi: 10.1128/iai.25.1.357-365.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. Reiss E., Stone S. H., Hasenclever H. F. Serological and cellular immune activity of peptidoglucomannan fractions of Candida albicans cell walls. Infect Immun. 1974 May;9(5):881–890. doi: 10.1128/iai.9.5.881-890.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  228. Resnick S., Pappagianis D., McKerrow J. H. Proteinase production by the parasitic cycle of the pathogenic fungus Coccidioides immitis. Infect Immun. 1987 Nov;55(11):2807–2815. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.11.2807-2815.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Rifkind D., Marchioro T. L., Schneck S. A., Hill R. B., Jr Systemic fungal infections complicating renal transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy. Clinical, microbiologic, neurologic and pathologic features. Am J Med. 1967 Jul;43(1):28–38. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(67)90146-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Rippon J. W. Elastase: production by ringworm fungi. Science. 1967 Aug 25;157(3791):947–947. doi: 10.1126/science.157.3791.947. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  231. Rippon J. W. Extracellular collagenase from Trichophyton schoenleinii. J Bacteriol. 1968 Jan;95(1):43–46. doi: 10.1128/jb.95.1.43-46.1968. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Rippon J. W., Garber E. D. Dermatophyte pathogenicity as a function of mating type and associated enzymes. J Invest Dermatol. 1969 Dec;53(6):445–448. doi: 10.1038/jid.1969.173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Roberts G. D., Horstmeier C., Hall M., Washington J. A., 2nd Recovery of yeast from vented blood culture bottles. J Clin Microbiol. 1975 Jul;2(1):18–20. doi: 10.1128/jcm.2.1.18-20.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Roberts G. D., Wang H. S., Hollick G. E. Evaluation of the API 20 c microtube system for the identification of clinically important yeasts. J Clin Microbiol. 1976 Mar;3(3):302–305. doi: 10.1128/jcm.3.3.302-305.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. Roilides E., Holmes A., Blake C., Pizzo P. A., Walsh T. J. Impairment of neutrophil antifungal activity against hyphae of Aspergillus fumigatus in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 1993 Apr;167(4):905–911. doi: 10.1093/infdis/167.4.905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  236. Roilides E., Uhlig K., Venzon D., Pizzo P. A., Walsh T. J. Prevention of corticosteroid-induced suppression of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte-induced damage of Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and gamma interferon. Infect Immun. 1993 Nov;61(11):4870–4877. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.11.4870-4877.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  237. Rüchel R. Properties of a purified proteinase from the yeast Candida albicans. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 May 14;659(1):99–113. doi: 10.1016/0005-2744(81)90274-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  238. SALVIN S. B. Endotoxin in pathogenic q fungi. J Immunol. 1952 Jul;69(1):89–99. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  239. SCHOENBACH E. B., MILLER J. M., GINSBERG M., LONG P. H. Systemic blastomycosis treated with stilbamidine; a preliminary report. J Am Med Assoc. 1951 Aug 4;146(14):1317–1318. doi: 10.1001/jama.1951.63670140005011c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  240. SCHWARZ J., BAUM G. L. Blastomycosis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1951 Nov;21(11):999–1029. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/21.11.999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  241. SEABURY J. H., DASCOMB H. E. Experience with amphotericin B for the treatment of systemic mycoses. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1958 Dec;102(6):960–976. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1958.00260230106014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  242. SIDRANSKY H., FRIEDMAN L. The effect of cortisone and antibiotic agents on experimental pulmonary aspergillosis. Am J Pathol. 1959 Jan-Feb;35(1):169–183. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. SILVA M., BENHAM R. W. Nutritional studies of the dermatophytes with special reference to Trichophyton Megnini Blanchard 1896 and Trichophyton gallinae (Megnin 1881) comb. Nov. J Invest Dermatol. 1952 Jun;18(6):453–472. doi: 10.1038/jid.1952.55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  244. SILVA M., BENHAM R. W. Nutritional studies of the dermatophytes with special reference to the red-pigment-producing varieties of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. J Invest Dermatol. 1954 Apr;22(4):285–297. doi: 10.1038/jid.1954.41. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  245. SILVA M., KESTEN B. M., BENHAM R. W. Trichophyton rubrum infections: a clinical, mycologic and experimental study. J Invest Dermatol. 1955 Nov;25(5):311–328. doi: 10.1038/jid.1955.135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. SMITH C. E., SAITO M. T., BEARD R. R., KEPP R. M., CLARK R. W., EDDIE B. U. Serological tests in the diagnosis and prognosis of coccidioidomycosis. Am J Hyg. 1950 Jul;52(1):1–21. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. SNAPPER I., McVAY L. V., Jr The treatment of North American blastomycosis with 2-hydroxystilbamidine. Am J Med. 1953 Nov;15(5):603–623. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(53)90150-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  248. Saag M. S., Powderly W. G., Cloud G. A., Robinson P., Grieco M. H., Sharkey P. K., Thompson S. E., Sugar A. M., Tuazon C. U., Fisher J. F. Comparison of amphotericin B with fluconazole in the treatment of acute AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. The NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jan 9;326(2):83–89. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199201093260202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Salkin I. F. Further simplification of the Guizotia abyssinica seed medium for identification of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus bacillispora. Can J Microbiol. 1979 Sep;25(9):1116–1118. doi: 10.1139/m79-173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  250. Sarachek A., Rhoads D. D., Schwarzhoff R. H. Hybridization of Candida albicans through fusion of protoplasts. Arch Microbiol. 1981 Mar;129(1):1–8. doi: 10.1007/BF00417169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. Schaefer J. C., Yu B., Armstrong D. An aspergillus immunodiffusion test in the early diagnosis of aspergillosis in adult leukemia patients. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1976 Mar;113(3):325–329. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1976.113.3.325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. Scherer S., Davis R. W. Replacement of chromosome segments with altered DNA sequences constructed in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Oct;76(10):4951–4955. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.10.4951. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  253. Scherer S., Stevens D. A. A Candida albicans dispersed, repeated gene family and its epidemiologic applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(5):1452–1456. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.5.1452. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  254. Scherer S., Stevens D. A. Application of DNA typing methods to epidemiology and taxonomy of Candida species. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Apr;25(4):675–679. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.4.675-679.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Schwartz D. C., Cantor C. R. Separation of yeast chromosome-sized DNAs by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis. Cell. 1984 May;37(1):67–75. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90301-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  256. Segal E., Berg R. A., Pizzo P. A., Bennett J. E. Detection of Candida antigen in sera of patients with candidiasis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-inhibition technique. J Clin Microbiol. 1979 Jul;10(1):116–118. doi: 10.1128/jcm.10.1.116-118.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  257. Selsted M. E., Brown D. M., DeLange R. J., Harwig S. S., Lehrer R. I. Primary structures of six antimicrobial peptides of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils. J Biol Chem. 1985 Apr 25;260(8):4579–4584. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  258. Shadomy S. In vitro studies with 5-fluorocytosine. Appl Microbiol. 1969 Jun;17(6):871–877. doi: 10.1128/am.17.6.871-877.1969. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  259. Sharkey-Mathis P. K., Kauffman C. A., Graybill J. R., Stevens D. A., Hostetler J. S., Cloud G., Dismukes W. E. Treatment of sporotrichosis with itraconazole. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Am J Med. 1993 Sep;95(3):279–285. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(93)90280-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  260. Slutsky B., Buffo J., Soll D. R. High-frequency switching of colony morphology in Candida albicans. Science. 1985 Nov 8;230(4726):666–669. doi: 10.1126/science.3901258. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  261. Smith C. E. Epidemiology of Acute Coccidioidomycosis with Erythema Nodosum ("San Joaquin" or "Valley Fever"). Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1940 Jun;30(6):600–611. doi: 10.2105/ajph.30.6.600. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  262. Sokol-Anderson M. L., Brajtburg J., Medoff G. Amphotericin B-induced oxidative damage and killing of Candida albicans. J Infect Dis. 1986 Jul;154(1):76–83. doi: 10.1093/infdis/154.1.76. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. Soll D. R., Langtimm C. J., McDowell J., Hicks J., Galask R. High-frequency switching in Candida strains isolated from vaginitis patients. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Sep;25(9):1611–1622. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.9.1611-1622.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  264. Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  265. Spitzer E. D., Keath E. J., Travis S. J., Painter A. A., Kobayashi G. S., Medoff G. Temperature-sensitive variants of Histoplasma capsulatum isolated from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Infect Dis. 1990 Jul;162(1):258–261. doi: 10.1093/infdis/162.1.258. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  266. Spitzer E. D., Spitzer S. G. Use of a dispersed repetitive DNA element to distinguish clinical isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Clin Microbiol. 1992 May;30(5):1094–1097. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.5.1094-1097.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  267. Srikantha T., Soll D. R. A white-specific gene in the white-opaque switching system of Candida albicans. Gene. 1993 Sep 6;131(1):53–60. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90668-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  268. Staib F. Serum-proteins as nitrogen source for yeastlike fungi. Sabouraudia. 1965 Oct;4(3):187–193. doi: 10.1080/00362176685190421. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  269. Stamm A. M., Diasio R. B., Dismukes W. E., Shadomy S., Cloud G. A., Bowles C. A., Karam G. H., Espinel-Ingroff A. Toxicity of amphotericin B plus flucytosine in 194 patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Am J Med. 1987 Aug;83(2):236–242. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90691-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  270. Standard P. G., Kaufman L. Immunological procedure for the rapid and specific identification of Coccidioides immitis cultures. J Clin Microbiol. 1977 Feb;5(2):149–153. doi: 10.1128/jcm.5.2.149-153.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  271. Standard P. G., Kaufman L. Specific immunological test for the rapid identification of members of the genus Histoplasma. J Clin Microbiol. 1976 Feb;3(2):191–199. doi: 10.1128/jcm.3.2.191-199.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  272. Stern J. J., Hartman B. J., Sharkey P., Rowland V., Squires K. E., Murray H. W., Graybill J. R. Oral fluconazole therapy for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cryptococcosis: experience with 22 patients. Am J Med. 1988 Oct;85(4):477–480. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(88)80081-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  273. Stevens D. A., Greene S. I., Lang O. S. Thrush can be prevented in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 100-mg oral fluconazole daily. Arch Intern Med. 1991 Dec;151(12):2458–2464. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  274. Stockdale P. M. The Microsporum gypseum complex (Nannizzia incurvata Stockd., N. gypsea (Nann.) comb. nov., N. fulva sp. nov.). Sabouraudia. 1963 Oct;3(1):114–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  275. Stockman L., Clark K. A., Hunt J. M., Roberts G. D. Evaluation of commercially available acridinium ester-labeled chemiluminescent DNA probes for culture identification of Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Histoplasma capsulatum. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Apr;31(4):845–850. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.4.845-850.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  276. Storck R. Nucleotide composition of nucleic acids of fungi. II. Deoxyribonucleic acids. J Bacteriol. 1966 Jan;91(1):227–230. doi: 10.1128/jb.91.1.227-230.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  277. Sugar A. M., Picard M. Macrophage- and oxidant-mediated inhibition of the ability of live Blastomyces dermatitidis conidia to transform to the pathogenic yeast phase: implications for the pathogenesis of dimorphic fungal infections. J Infect Dis. 1991 Feb;163(2):371–375. doi: 10.1093/infdis/163.2.371. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  278. Sugar A. M., Saunders C. Oral fluconazole as suppressive therapy of disseminated cryptococcosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med. 1988 Oct;85(4):481–489. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(88)80082-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  279. Switchenko A. C., Miyada C. G., Goodman T. C., Walsh T. J., Wong B., Becker M. J., Ullman E. F. An automated enzymatic method for measurement of D-arabinitol, a metabolite of pathogenic Candida species. J Clin Microbiol. 1994 Jan;32(1):92–97. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.1.92-97.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  280. Syverson R. E., Buckley H. R., Campbell C. C. Cytoplasmic antigens unique to the mycelial or yeast phase of Candida albicans. Infect Immun. 1975 Nov;12(5):1184–1188. doi: 10.1128/iai.12.5.1184-1188.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  281. Szaniszlo P. J., Hsieh P. H., Marlowe J. D. Induction and ultrastructure of the multicellular (sclerotic) morphology in Phialophora dermatitidis. Mycologia. 1976 Jan-Feb;68(1):117–130. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  282. TORACK R. M. Fungus infections associated with antibiotic and steroid therapy. Am J Med. 1957 Jun;22(6):872–882. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(57)90023-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  283. Taplin D., Zaias N., Rebell G., Blank H. Isolation and recognition of dermatophytes on a new medium (DTM). Arch Dermatol. 1969 Feb;99(2):203–209. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  284. Tassel D., Madoff M. A. Treatment of Candida sepsis and Cryptococcus meningitis with 5-fluorocytosine. A new antifungal agent. JAMA. 1968 Oct 21;206(4):830–832. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  285. Titsworth E., Grunberg E. Chemotherapeutic activity of 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B against Candida albicans in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1973 Sep;4(3):306–308. doi: 10.1128/aac.4.3.306. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  286. Tompkins L. S., Plorde J. J., Falkow S. Molecular analysis of R-factors from multiresistant nosocomial isolates. J Infect Dis. 1980 May;141(5):625–636. doi: 10.1093/infdis/141.5.625. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  287. UTZ J. P., LOURIA D. B., FEDER N., EMMONS C. W., McCULLOUGH N. B. A report of clinical studies on the use of amphotericin in patients with systemic fungal diseases. Antibiot Annu. 1957;5:65–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  288. UTZ J. P., TREGER A., McCULLOUGH N. B., EMMONS C. W. Amphotericin B: intravenous use in 21 patients with systemic fungal diseases. Antibiot Annu. 1958;6:628–634. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  289. Utz J. P., Garriques I. L., Sande M. A., Warner J. F., Mandell G. L., McGehee R. F., Duma R. J., Shadomy S. Therapy of cryptococcosis with a combination of flucytosine and amphotericin B. J Infect Dis. 1975 Oct;132(4):368–373. doi: 10.1093/infdis/132.4.368. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  290. VOGEL R. A., PADULA J. F. Indirect staining reaction with fluorescent antibody for detection of antibodies to pathogenic fungi. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1958 May;98(1):135–139. doi: 10.3181/00379727-98-23965. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  291. Vazquez J. A., Beckley A., Donabedian S., Sobel J. D., Zervos M. J. Comparison of restriction enzyme analysis versus pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis as a typing system for Torulopsis glabrata and Candida species other than C. albicans. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Aug;31(8):2021–2030. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.8.2021-2030.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  292. Vogel R. A. The indirect fluorescent antibody test for the detection of antibody in human cryptococcal disease. J Infect Dis. 1966 Dec;116(5):573–580. doi: 10.1093/infdis/116.5.573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  293. Vollrath D., Davis R. W. Resolution of DNA molecules greater than 5 megabases by contour-clamped homogeneous electric fields. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Oct 12;15(19):7865–7876. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.19.7865. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  294. WILSON J. W., SMITH C. E., PLUNKETT O. A. Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis; the criteria for diagnosis and a report of a case. Calif Med. 1953 Sep;79(3):233–239. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  295. WINN W. A. COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS AND AMPHOTERICIN B. Med Clin North Am. 1963 Sep;47:1131–1148. doi: 10.1016/s0025-7125(16)33522-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  296. Wadsworth E., Prasad S. C., Calderone R. Analysis of mannoproteins from blastoconidia and hyphae of Candida albicans with a common epitope recognized by anti-complement receptor type 2 antibodies. Infect Immun. 1993 Nov;61(11):4675–4681. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.11.4675-4681.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  297. Waldorf A. R., Levitz S. M., Diamond R. D. In vivo bronchoalveolar macrophage defense against Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus fumigatus. J Infect Dis. 1984 Nov;150(5):752–760. doi: 10.1093/infdis/150.5.752. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  298. Walsh T. J., Hathorn J. W., Sobel J. D., Merz W. G., Sanchez V., Maret S. M., Buckley H. R., Pfaller M. A., Schaufele R., Sliva C. Detection of circulating candida enolase by immunoassay in patients with cancer and invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med. 1991 Apr 11;324(15):1026–1031. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199104113241504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  299. Walsh T. J., Lee J., Aoki S., Mechinaud F., Bacher J., Lecciones J., Thomas V., Rubin M., Pizzo P. A. Experimental basis for use of fluconazole for preventive or early treatment of disseminated candidiasis in granulocytopenic hosts. Rev Infect Dis. 1990 Mar-Apr;12 (Suppl 3):S307–S317. doi: 10.1093/clinids/12.supplement_3.s307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  300. Walsh T. J., Merz W. G., Lee J. W., Schaufele R., Sein T., Whitcomb P. O., Ruddel M., Burns W., Wingard J. R., Switchenko A. C. Diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive candidiasis by rapid enzymatic detection of serum D-arabinitol. Am J Med. 1995 Aug;99(2):164–172. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80136-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  301. Weiner M. H. Antigenemia detected by radioimmunoassay in systemic aspergillosis. Ann Intern Med. 1980 Jun;92(6):793–796. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-92-6-793. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  302. Weiner M. H. Antigenemia detected in human coccidioidomycosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Jul;18(1):136–142. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.1.136-142.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  303. Weiner M. H., Coats-Stephen M. Immunodiagnosis of systemic aspergillosis. I. Antigenemia detected by radioimmunoassay in experimental infection. J Lab Clin Med. 1979 Jan;93(1):111–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  304. Weiner M. H., Yount W. J. Mannan antigenemia in the diagnosis of invasive Candida infections. J Clin Invest. 1976 Nov;58(5):1045–1053. doi: 10.1172/JCI108555. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  305. Weitzman I. Variation in Microsporum gypseum. I. A genetic study of pleomorphism. Sabouraudia. 1964 Jun;3(3):195–204. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  306. Wheat J., Hafner R., Wulfsohn M., Spencer P., Squires K., Powderly W., Wong B., Rinaldi M., Saag M., Hamill R. Prevention of relapse of histoplasmosis with itraconazole in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Apr 15;118(8):610–616. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-118-8-199304150-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  307. Wheat L. J., Connolly-Stringfield P., Blair R., Connolly K., Garringer T., Katz B. P. Histoplasmosis relapse in patients with AIDS: detection using Histoplasma capsulatum variety capsulatum antigen levels. Ann Intern Med. 1991 Dec 15;115(12):936–941. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-115-12-936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  308. Wheat L. J., Kohler R. B., Tewari R. P. Diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis by detection of Histoplasma capsulatum antigen in serum and urine specimens. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jan 9;314(2):83–88. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198601093140205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  309. Whelan W. L., Partridge R. M., Magee P. T. Heterozygosity and segregation in Candida albicans. Mol Gen Genet. 1980;180(1):107–113. doi: 10.1007/BF00267358. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  310. Whittaker R. H. New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms. Science. 1969 Jan 10;163(3863):150–160. doi: 10.1126/science.163.3863.150. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  311. Wickerham L. J., Burton K. A. Carbon Assimilation Tests for the Classification of Yeasts. J Bacteriol. 1948 Sep;56(3):363–371. doi: 10.1128/jb.56.3.363-371.1948. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  312. Wickes B. L., Golin J. E., Kwon-Chung K. J. Chromosomal rearrangement in Candida stellatoidea results in a positive effect on phenotype. Infect Immun. 1991 May;59(5):1762–1771. doi: 10.1128/iai.59.5.1762-1771.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  313. Wickes B., Staudinger J., Magee B. B., Kwon-Chung K. J., Magee P. T., Scherer S. Physical and genetic mapping of Candida albicans: several genes previously assigned to chromosome 1 map to chromosome R, the rDNA-containing linkage group. Infect Immun. 1991 Jul;59(7):2480–2484. doi: 10.1128/iai.59.7.2480-2484.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  314. Williams J. G., Kubelik A. R., Livak K. J., Rafalski J. A., Tingey S. V. DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 Nov 25;18(22):6531–6535. doi: 10.1093/nar/18.22.6531. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  315. Wingard J. R., Merz W. G., Rinaldi M. G., Johnson T. R., Karp J. E., Saral R. Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole. N Engl J Med. 1991 Oct 31;325(18):1274–1277. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199110313251803. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  316. Wingard J. R., Merz W. G., Saral R. Candida tropicalis: a major pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Ann Intern Med. 1979 Oct;91(4):539–543. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-91-4-539. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  317. Wong B., Brauer K. L. Enantioselective measurement of fungal D-arabinitol in the sera of normal adults and patients with candidiasis. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Sep;26(9):1670–1674. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.9.1670-1674.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  318. Wong B., Murray J. S., Castellanos M., Croen K. D. D-arabitol metabolism in Candida albicans: studies of the biosynthetic pathway and the gene that encodes NAD-dependent D-arabitol dehydrogenase. J Bacteriol. 1993 Oct;175(19):6314–6320. doi: 10.1128/jb.175.19.6314-6320.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  319. Woods J. P., Kersulyte D., Goldman W. E., Berg D. E. Fast DNA isolation from Histoplasma capsulatum: methodology for arbitrary primer polymerase chain reaction-based epidemiological and clinical studies. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Feb;31(2):463–464. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.2.463-464.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  320. Wu-Hsieh B., Howard D. H. Inhibition of growth of Histoplasma capsulatum by lymphokine-stimulated macrophages. J Immunol. 1984 May;132(5):2593–2597. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  321. Young R. C., Bennett J. E., Vogel C. L., Carbone P. P., DeVita V. T. Aspergillosis. The spectrum of the disease in 98 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1970 Mar;49(2):147–173. doi: 10.1097/00005792-197003000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  322. Yuan L., Cole G. T. Isolation and characterization of an extracellular proteinase of Coccidioides immitis. Infect Immun. 1987 Sep;55(9):1970–1978. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.9.1970-1978.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  323. ZEIDBERG L. D., AJELLO L., DILLON A., RUNYON L. C. Isolation of histoplasma capsulatum from soil. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1952 Aug;42(8):930–935. doi: 10.2105/ajph.42.8.930. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  324. ZIMMERMAN L. E. Candida and Aspergillus endocarditis, with comments on the role of antibiotics in dissemination of fungus disease. AMA Arch Pathol. 1950 Nov;50(5):591–605. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  325. ZIMMERMAN L. E., RAPPAPORT H. Occurrence of Cryptococcosis in patients with malignant disease of reticuloendothelial system. Am J Clin Pathol. 1954 Sep;24(9):1050–1072. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/24.9.1050. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  326. de Hoog G. S., Guého E., Masclaux F., Gerrits van den Ende A. H., Kwon-Chung K. J., McGinnis M. R. Nutritional physiology and taxonomy of human-pathogenic Cladosporium-Xylohypha species. J Med Vet Mycol. 1995 Sep-Oct;33(5):339–347. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  327. de Repentigny L., Marr L. D., Keller J. W., Carter A. W., Kuykendall R. J., Kaufman L., Reiss E. Comparison of enzyme immunoassay and gas-liquid chromatography for the rapid diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in cancer patients. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 Jun;21(6):972–979. doi: 10.1128/jcm.21.6.972-979.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Microbiology Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES