Skip to main content
PMC home page
Clinical Microbiology Reviews logoLink to Clinical Microbiology Reviews
. 1997 Jul;10(3):369–400. doi: 10.1128/cmr.10.3.369

Yeast killer systems.

W Magliani 1, S Conti 1, M Gerloni 1, D Bertolotti 1, L Polonelli 1
PMCID: PMC172926  PMID: 9227858

Abstract

The killer phenomenon in yeasts has been revealed to be a multicentric model for molecular biologists, virologists, phytopathologists, epidemiologists, industrial and medical microbiologists, mycologists, and pharmacologists. The surprisingly widespread occurrence of the killer phenomenon among taxonomically unrelated microorganisms, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens, has engendered a new interest in its biological significance as well as its theoretical and practical applications. The search for therapeutic opportunities by using yeast killer systems has conceptually opened new avenues for the prevention and control of life-threatening fungal diseases through the idiotypic network that is apparently exploited by the immune system in the course of natural infections. In this review, the biology, ecology, epidemiology, therapeutics, serology, and idiotypy of yeast killer systems are discussed.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (1.2 MB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abdou N. I., Wall H., Lindsley H. B., Halsey J. F., Suzuki T. Network theory in autoimmunity. In vitro suppression of serum anti-DNA antibody binding to DNA by anti-idiotypic antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest. 1981 May;67(5):1297–1304. doi: 10.1172/JCI110158. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Aber R. C., Mackel D. C. Epidemiologic typing of nosocomial microorganisms. Am J Med. 1981 Apr;70(4):899–905. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90552-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Adler J., Wood H. A., Bozarth R. F. Virus-like particles from killer, neutral, and sensitive strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Virol. 1976 Feb;17(2):472–476. doi: 10.1128/jvi.17.2.472-476.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Al-Aidroos K., Bussey H. Chromosomal mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae affecting the cell wall binding site for killer factor. Can J Microbiol. 1978 Mar;24(3):228–237. doi: 10.1139/m78-041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Alter S. J., Farley J. Development of Hansenula anomala infection in a child receiving fluconazole therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994 Feb;13(2):158–159. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199402000-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Aly R., Maibach H. I., Shinefield H. R., Mandel A., Strauss W. G. Bacterial interference among strains of Staphylococcus aureus in man. J Infect Dis. 1974 Jun;129(6):720–724. doi: 10.1093/infdis/129.6.720. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. BODANSZKY M., PERLMAN D. ARE PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS SMALL PROTEINS? Nature. 1964 Nov 28;204:840–844. doi: 10.1038/204840a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. BRANCHE W. C., Jr, YOUNG V. M., ROBINET H. G., MASSEY E. D. EFFECT OF COLICINE PRODUCTION ON ESCHERICHIA COLI IN THE NORMAL HUMAN INTESTINE. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1963 Oct;114:198–201. doi: 10.3181/00379727-114-28624. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. BRAUDE A. I., SIEMIENSKI J. S. THE INFLUENCE OF BACTERIOCINS ON RESISTANCE TO INFECTION BY GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA. I. THE EFFECT OF COLICIN ON BACTERICIDAL POWER OF BLOOD. J Clin Invest. 1965 May;44:849–859. doi: 10.1172/JCI105197. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Badger C. C., Bernstein I. D. Prospects for monoclonal antibody therapy of leukemia and lymphoma. Cancer. 1986 Jul 15;58(2 Suppl):584–589. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19860715)58:2+<584::aid-cncr2820581329>3.0.co;2-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Ball S. G., Tirtiaux C., Wickner R. B. Genetic Control of L-a and L-(Bc) Dsrna Copy Number in Killer Systems of SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. Genetics. 1984 Jun;107(2):199–217. doi: 10.1093/genetics/107.2.199. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Banks G. T., Buck K. W., Chain E. B., Himmelweit F., Marks J. E., Tyler J. M., Hollings M., Last F. T., Stone O. M. Viruses in fungi and interferon stimulation. Nature. 1968 May 11;218(5141):542–545. doi: 10.1038/218542a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Barbas C. F., 3rd, Kang A. S., Lerner R. A., Benkovic S. J. Assembly of combinatorial antibody libraries on phage surfaces: the gene III site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Sep 15;88(18):7978–7982. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.18.7978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bauernfeind A., Petermüller C., Schneider R. Bacteriocins as tools in analysis of nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Jul;14(1):15–19. doi: 10.1128/jcm.14.1.15-19.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Berry E. A., Bevan E. A. A new species of double-stranded RNA from yeast. Nature. 1972 Sep 29;239(5370):279–280. doi: 10.1038/239279a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Betancourt S., Torres-Bauzá L. J., Rodríguez-Del Valle N. Molecular and cellular events during the yeast to mycelium transition in Sporothrix schenckii. Sabouraudia. 1985 Jun;23(3):207–218. doi: 10.1080/00362178585380311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Betremieux P., Chevrier S., Quindos G., Sullivan D., Polonelli L., Guiguen C. Use of DNA fingerprinting and biotyping methods to study a Candida albicans outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994 Oct;13(10):899–905. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199410000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bevan E. A., Herring A. J., Mitchell D. J. Preliminary characterization of two species of dsRNA in yeast and their relationship to the "killer" character. Nature. 1973 Sep 14;245(5420):81–86. doi: 10.1038/245081b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bevan E. A., Somers J. M. Somatic segregation of the killer (k) and neutral (n) cytoplasmic genetic determinants in yeast. Genet Res. 1969 Aug;14(1):71–77. doi: 10.1017/s0016672300001865. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bhattacharya-Chatterjee M., Foon K. A., Köhler H. Anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies as vaccines for human cancer. Int Rev Immunol. 1991;7(4):289–302. doi: 10.3109/08830189109114876. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bitter G. A., Chen K. K., Banks A. R., Lai P. H. Secretion of foreign proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae directed by alpha-factor gene fusions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Sep;81(17):5330–5334. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.17.5330. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Blaser K., Wetterwald A., Weber E., Gerber V. E., de Weck A. L. Immune networks in immediate type allergic diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1983;418:330–345. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb18083.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Boiron P., Provost F., Chevrier G., Dupont B. Review of nocardial infections in France 1987 to 1990. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992 Aug;11(8):709–714. doi: 10.1007/BF01989975. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Bolen P. L., Eastman E. M., Cihak P. L., Hayman G. T. Isolation and sequence analysis of a gene from the linear DNA plasmid pPacl-2 of Pichia acaciae that shows similarity to a killer toxin gene of Kluyveromyces lactis. Yeast. 1994 Mar;10(3):403–414. doi: 10.1002/yea.320100314. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Bona C., Moran T. Idiotype vaccines. Ann Inst Pasteur Immunol. 1985 May-Jun;136C(3):299–312. doi: 10.1016/s0769-2625(85)80002-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Boone C., Bussey H., Greene D., Thomas D. Y., Vernet T. Yeast killer toxin: site-directed mutations implicate the precursor protein as the immunity component. Cell. 1986 Jul 4;46(1):105–113. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90864-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Boone C., Sommer S. S., Hensel A., Bussey H. Yeast KRE genes provide evidence for a pathway of cell wall beta-glucan assembly. J Cell Biol. 1990 May;110(5):1833–1843. doi: 10.1083/jcb.110.5.1833. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Bostian K. A., Elliott Q., Bussey H., Burn V., Smith A., Tipper D. J. Sequence of the preprotoxin dsRNA gene of type I killer yeast: multiple processing events produce a two-component toxin. Cell. 1984 Mar;36(3):741–751. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90354-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Bostian K. A., Jayachandran S., Tipper D. J. A glycosylated protoxin in killer yeast: models for its structure and maturation. Cell. 1983 Jan;32(1):169–180. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90507-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Bostian K. A., Sturgeon J. A., Tipper D. J. Encapsidation of yeast killer double-stranded ribonucleic acids: dependence of M on L. J Bacteriol. 1980 Jul;143(1):463–470. doi: 10.1128/jb.143.1.463-470.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Bourbonnais Y., Ash J., Daigle M., Thomas D. Y. Isolation and characterization of S. cerevisiae mutants defective in somatostatin expression: cloning and functional role of a yeast gene encoding an aspartyl protease in precursor processing at monobasic cleavage sites. EMBO J. 1993 Jan;12(1):285–294. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05655.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Brennan S. O., Peach R. J., Bathurst I. C. Specificity of yeast KEX2 protease for variant human proalbumins is identical to the in vivo specificity of the hepatic proalbumin convertase. J Biol Chem. 1990 Dec 15;265(35):21494–21497. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Brown J. L., Kossaczka Z., Jiang B., Bussey H. A mutational analysis of killer toxin resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identifies new genes involved in cell wall (1-->6)-beta-glucan synthesis. Genetics. 1993 Apr;133(4):837–849. doi: 10.1093/genetics/133.4.837. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Bruck C., Co M. S., Slaoui M., Gaulton G. N., Smith T., Fields B. N., Mullins J. I., Greene M. I. Nucleic acid sequence of an internal image-bearing monoclonal anti-idiotype and its comparison to the sequence of the external antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Sep;83(17):6578–6582. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.17.6578. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Bruenn J., Bobek L., Brennan V., Held W. Yeast viral RNA polymerase is a transcriptase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Jul 11;8(13):2985–2997. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.13.2985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Bulawa C. E. Genetics and molecular biology of chitin synthesis in fungi. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1993;47:505–534. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.47.100193.002445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Bussey H. K1 killer toxin, a pore-forming protein from yeast. Mol Microbiol. 1991 Oct;5(10):2339–2343. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02079.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Bussey H. Physiology of killer factor in yeast. Adv Microb Physiol. 1981;22:93–122. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60326-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Bussey H., Saville D., Greene D., Tipper D. J., Bostian K. A. Secretion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer toxin: processing of the glycosylated precursor. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Aug;3(8):1362–1370. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.8.1362. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Bussey H., Saville D., Hutchins K., Palfree R. G. Binding of yeast killer toxin to a cell wall receptor on sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol. 1979 Dec;140(3):888–892. doi: 10.1128/jb.140.3.888-892.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Bussey H., Skipper N. Killing of Torulopsis glabrata by Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer factor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1976 Feb;9(2):352–354. doi: 10.1128/aac.9.2.352. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Bussey H., Skipper N. Membrane-mediated killing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by glycoproteins from Torulopsis glabrata. J Bacteriol. 1975 Oct;124(1):476–483. doi: 10.1128/jb.124.1.476-483.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Butler A. R., O'Donnell R. W., Martin V. J., Gooday G. W., Stark M. J. Kluyveromyces lactis toxin has an essential chitinase activity. Eur J Biochem. 1991 Jul 15;199(2):483–488. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16147.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Butler A. R., Porter M., Stark M. J. Intracellular expression of Kluyveromyces lactis toxin gamma subunit mimics treatment with exogenous toxin and distinguishes two classes of toxin-resistant mutant. Yeast. 1991 Aug-Sep;7(6):617–625. doi: 10.1002/yea.320070610. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Butler A. R., White J. H., Folawiyo Y., Edlin A., Gardiner D., Stark M. J. Two Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes which control sensitivity to G1 arrest induced by Kluyveromyces lactis toxin. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Sep;14(9):6306–6316. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.9.6306. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Cailliez J. C., Cantelli C., Séguy N., Conti S., Gerloni M., Morace G., Polonelli L. Killer toxin secretion through the cell wall of the yeast Pichia anomala. Mycopathologia. 1994 Jun;126(3):173–177. doi: 10.1007/BF01103772. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Cailliez J. C., Gerloni M., Morace G., Conti S., Cantelli C., Polonelli L. Ultrastructural immunodetection of a Pichia anomala killer toxin: a preliminary study. Biol Cell. 1992;75(1):19–23. doi: 10.1016/0248-4900(92)90120-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Cansado J., Longo E., Agrelo D., Villa T. G. Curing of the killer character of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with acridine orange. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1989 Nov;53(1-2):233–237. doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(89)90397-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Cansado J., Velázquez J. B., Calo P., Sieiro C., Longo E., Villa T. G. Characterization of killer-resistant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from spontaneous fermentations. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1992 Oct 1;76(1-2):13–17. doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(92)90356-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Cappell M. S., Mandell W., Grimes M. M., Neu H. C. Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis. Dig Dis Sci. 1988 Mar;33(3):353–360. doi: 10.1007/BF01535762. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Caprilli F., Prignano G., Latella C., Tavarozzi S. Amplification of the killer system for differentiation of Candida albicans strains. Mykosen. 1985 Nov;28(11):569–573. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1985.tb02088.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Carroll K., Wickner R. B. Translation and M1 double-stranded RNA propagation: MAK18 = RPL41B and cycloheximide curing. J Bacteriol. 1995 May;177(10):2887–2891. doi: 10.1128/jb.177.10.2887-2891.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Cassone A., Conti S., De Bernardis F., Polonelli L. Antibodies, killer toxins and antifungal immunoprotection: a lesson from nature? Immunol Today. 1997 Apr;18(4):164–169. doi: 10.1016/s0167-5699(97)84662-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Castillo A., Cifuentes V. Presence of double-stranded RNA and virus-like particles in Phaffia rhodozyma. Curr Genet. 1994 Oct;26(4):364–368. doi: 10.1007/BF00310502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Chang T. H., Banerjee N., Bruenn J., Held W., Peery T., Koltin Y. A very small viral double-stranded RNA. Virus Genes. 1989 Mar;2(2):195–206. doi: 10.1007/BF00315263. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Chanh T. C., Hewetson J. F. Polyclonal anti-idiotypes induce antibody responses protective against ricin cytotoxicity. Immunology. 1993 Aug;79(4):681–684. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Chanh T. C., Hewetson J. F. Polyclonal anti-idiotypes induce specific anti-saxitoxin antibody responses. Immunopharmacology. 1993 Nov-Dec;26(3):225–233. doi: 10.1016/0162-3109(93)90038-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Chanh T. C., Hewetson J. F. Protection against ricin intoxication in vivo by anti-idiotype vaccination. Vaccine. 1995 Apr;13(5):479–485. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(94)00020-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Chanh T. C., Kennedy R. C., Hewetson J. F. Anti-idiotype vaccines in toxicology. Int J Clin Lab Res. 1992;22(1):28–35. doi: 10.1007/BF02591390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Chanh T. C., Siwak E. B., Hewetson J. F. Anti-idiotype-based vaccines against biological toxins. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1991 Apr;108(2):183–193. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(91)90109-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Chen X. J., Wésolowski-Louvel M., Tanguy-Rougeau C., Bianchi M. M., Fabiani L., Saliola M., Falcone C., Frontali L., Fukuhara H. A gene-cloning system for Kluyveromyces lactis and isolation of a chromosomal gene required for killer toxin production. J Basic Microbiol. 1988;28(4):211–220. doi: 10.1002/jobm.3620280402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Clackson T., Hoogenboom H. R., Griffiths A. D., Winter G. Making antibody fragments using phage display libraries. Nature. 1991 Aug 15;352(6336):624–628. doi: 10.1038/352624a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Conti S., Cantelli C., Gerloni M., Fisicaro P., Magliani W., Bertolotti D., Mozzoni P., Sullivan D., Coleman D., Polonelli L. Killer factor interference in mixed opportunistic yeast cultures. Mycopathologia. 1996;135(1):1–8. doi: 10.1007/BF00436568. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Crawford J. T., Bates J. H. Phage typing of the Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare-scrofulaceum complex. A study of strains of diverse geographic and host origin. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985 Aug;132(2):386–389. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1985.132.2.386. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Dajani A. S., Wannamaker L. W. Experimental infection of the skin in the hamster simulating human impetigo. III. Interaction between staphylococci and group A streptococci. J Exp Med. 1971 Sep 1;134(3 Pt 1):588–599. doi: 10.1084/jem.134.3.588. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. De Stefano J. A., Cushion M. T., Puvanesarajah V., Walzer P. D. Analysis of Pneumocystis carinii cyst wall. II. Sugar composition. J Protozool. 1990 Sep-Oct;37(5):436–441. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1990.tb01168.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Denis C. M., Odberg-Ferragut C., Guyot K., Dei-Cas E., Camus D., Dive D. Manganese-cofactored superoxide dismutase activity in rat-derived Pneumocystis carinii. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 1996 Sep-Oct;43(5):26S–26S. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb04963.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Desmond E. P., Flores M. Mouse pathogenicity studies of Nocardia asteroides complex species and clinical correlation with human isolates. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1993 Jul 1;110(3):281–284. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06335.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Diamond M. E., Dowhanick J. J., Nemeroff M. E., Pietras D. F., Tu C. L., Bruenn J. A. Overlapping genes in a yeast double-stranded RNA virus. J Virol. 1989 Sep;63(9):3983–3990. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.3983-3990.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Dignard D., Whiteway M., Germain D., Tessier D., Thomas D. Y. Expression in yeast of a cDNA copy of the K2 killer toxin gene. Mol Gen Genet. 1991 May;227(1):127–136. doi: 10.1007/BF00260717. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Dinman J. D., Icho T., Wickner R. B. A -1 ribosomal frameshift in a double-stranded RNA virus of yeast forms a gag-pol fusion protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jan 1;88(1):174–178. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.1.174. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Dinman J. D., Wickner R. B. Ribosomal frameshifting efficiency and gag/gag-pol ratio are critical for yeast M1 double-stranded RNA virus propagation. J Virol. 1992 Jun;66(6):3669–3676. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.6.3669-3676.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Dinman J. D., Wickner R. B. Translational maintenance of frame: mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with altered -1 ribosomal frameshifting efficiencies. Genetics. 1994 Jan;136(1):75–86. doi: 10.1093/genetics/136.1.75. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Dmochowska A., Dignard D., Henning D., Thomas D. Y., Bussey H. Yeast KEX1 gene encodes a putative protease with a carboxypeptidase B-like function involved in killer toxin and alpha-factor precursor processing. Cell. 1987 Aug 14;50(4):573–584. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90030-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Douglas C. M., Sturley S. L., Bostian K. A. Role of protein processing, intracellular trafficking and endocytosis in production of and immunity to yeast killer toxin. Eur J Epidemiol. 1988 Dec;4(4):400–408. doi: 10.1007/BF00146389. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Dwyer D. S., Bradley R. J., Urquhart C. K., Kearney J. F. Naturally occurring anti-idiotypic antibodies in myasthenia gravis patients. Nature. 1983 Feb 17;301(5901):611–614. doi: 10.1038/301611a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Edman J. C., Kovacs J. A., Masur H., Santi D. V., Elwood H. J., Sogin M. L. Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi. Nature. 1988 Aug 11;334(6182):519–522. doi: 10.1038/334519a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Ekenna O., Sherertz R. J. Factors affecting colonization and dissemination of Candida albicans from the gastrointestinal tract of mice. Infect Immun. 1987 Jul;55(7):1558–1563. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.7.1558-1563.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. El-Sherbeini M., Tipper D. J., Mitchell D. J., Bostian K. A. Virus-like particle capsid proteins encoded by different L double-stranded RNAs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: their roles in maintenance of M double-stranded killer plasmids. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Dec;4(12):2818–2827. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.12.2818. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Eras P., Goldstein M. J., Sherlock P. Candida infection of the gastrointestinal tract. Medicine (Baltimore) 1972 Sep;51(5):367–379. doi: 10.1097/00005792-197209000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Esteban R., Wickner R. B. Three different M1 RNA-containing viruslike particle types in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: in vitro M1 double-stranded RNA synthesis. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 May;6(5):1552–1561. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.5.1552. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Fanti F., Conti S., Campani L., Morace G., Dettori G., Polonelli L. Studies on the epidemiology of Aspergillus fumigatus infections in a university hospital. Eur J Epidemiol. 1989 Mar;5(1):8–14. doi: 10.1007/BF00145038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Farid N. R., Lo T. C. Antiidiotypic antibodies as probes for receptor structure and function. Endocr Rev. 1985 Winter;6(1):1–23. doi: 10.1210/edrv-6-1-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Field L. J., Bobek L. A., Brennan V. E., Reilly J. D., Bruenn J. A. There are at least two yeast viral double-stranded RNAs of the same size: an explanation for viral exclusion. Cell. 1982 Nov;31(1):193–200. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90419-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Field L. J., Bruenn J. A., Chang T. H., Pinhasi O., Koltin Y. Two Ustilago maydis viral dsRNAs of different size code for the same product. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 May 11;11(9):2765–2778. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.9.2765. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Field M., Rao M. C., Chang E. B. Intestinal electrolyte transport and diarrheal disease (1). N Engl J Med. 1989 Sep 21;321(12):800–806. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198909213211206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Field M., Rao M. C., Chang E. B. Intestinal electrolyte transport and diarrheal disease (2) N Engl J Med. 1989 Sep 28;321(13):879–883. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198909283211307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Field S. K., Morrison D. C. An anti-idiotype antibody which mimics the inner-core region of lipopolysaccharide protects mice against a lethal challenge with endotoxin. Infect Immun. 1994 Sep;62(9):3994–3999. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.9.3994-3999.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Fields B. A., Goldbaum F. A., Ysern X., Poljak R. J., Mariuzza R. A. Molecular basis of antigen mimicry by an anti-idiotope. Nature. 1995 Apr 20;374(6524):739–742. doi: 10.1038/374739a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Finegold S. M. Infections due to anaerobes. Med Times. 1968 Feb;96(2):174–187. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Fink G. R., Styles C. A. Curing of a killer factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972 Oct;69(10):2846–2849. doi: 10.1073/pnas.69.10.2846. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Finkler A., Peery T., Tao J., Bruenn J., Koltin I. Immunity and resistance to the KP6 toxin of Ustilago maydis. Mol Gen Genet. 1992 Jun;233(3):395–403. doi: 10.1007/BF00265436. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Fujimura T., Esteban R., Esteban L. M., Wickner R. B. Portable encapsidation signal of the L-A double-stranded RNA virus of S. cerevisiae. Cell. 1990 Aug 24;62(4):819–828. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90125-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Fujimura T., Esteban R., Wickner R. B. In vitro L-A double-stranded RNA synthesis in virus-like particles from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Jun;83(12):4433–4437. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.12.4433. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Fujimura T., Wickner R. B. Gene overlap results in a viral protein having an RNA binding domain and a major coat protein domain. Cell. 1988 Nov 18;55(4):663–671. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90225-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Fujimura T., Wickner R. B. Interaction of two cis sites with the RNA replicase of the yeast L-A virus. J Biol Chem. 1992 Feb 5;267(4):2708–2713. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Fujimura T., Wickner R. B. L-A double-stranded RNA viruslike particle replication cycle in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: particle maturation in vitro and effects of mak10 and pet18 mutations. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jan;7(1):420–426. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.1.420. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Fujimura T., Wickner R. B. Replicase of L-A virus-like particles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In vitro conversion of exogenous L-A and M1 single-stranded RNAs to double-stranded form. J Biol Chem. 1988 Jan 5;263(1):454–460. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Fukuhara H. Linear DNA plasmids of yeasts. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1995 Aug 15;131(1):1–9. doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(95)00201-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Fukuhara H. The RF1 gene of the killer DNA of yeast may encode a DNA polymerase. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Dec 10;15(23):10046–10046. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.23.10046. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Fuller R. S., Sterne R. E., Thorner J. Enzymes required for yeast prohormone processing. Annu Rev Physiol. 1988;50:345–362. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ph.50.030188.002021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Fyfe J. A., Harris G., Govan J. R. Revised pyocin typing method for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Jul;20(1):47–50. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.1.47-50.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Ganesa C., Chang Y. J., Flurkey W. H., Randhawa Z. I., Bozarth R. F. Purification and molecular properties of the toxin coded by Ustilago maydis virus P4. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Jul 31;162(2):651–657. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92360-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Ganesa C., Flurkey W. H., Randhawa Z. I., Bozarth R. F. Ustilago maydis virus P4 killer toxin: characterization, partial amino terminus sequence, and evidence for glycosylation. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1991 Apr;286(1):195–200. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(91)90027-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Gedek B. R. Regulierung der Darmflora über die Nahrung. Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed. 1991 Mar;191(2-3):277–301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Geha R. S. Presence of circulating anti-idiotype-bearing cells after booster immunization with tetanus toxoid (TT) and inhibition of anti-TT antibody synthesis by auto-anti-idiotypic antibody. J Immunol. 1983 Apr;130(4):1634–1639. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Geha R. S., Quinti I., Austen K. F., Cicardi M., Sheffer A., Rosen F. S. Acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency associated with antiidiotypic antibody to monoclonal immunoglobulins. N Engl J Med. 1985 Feb 28;312(9):534–540. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198502283120902. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Georgatos S. D. Antiidiotypic antibodies: methods, applications, and critique. Methods Cell Biol. 1993;37:407–440. doi: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)60259-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Ghabrial S. A. New developments in fungal virology. Adv Virus Res. 1994;43:303–388. doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60052-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Golubev W., Shabalin Y. Microcin production by the yeast Cryptococcus humicola. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1994 Jun 1;119(1-2):105–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06875.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Goodfellow M. Numerical taxonomy of some nocardioform bacteria. J Gen Microbiol. 1971 Nov;69(1):33–80. doi: 10.1099/00221287-69-1-33. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Goss G., Grigg A., Rathbone P., Slavin M. Hansenula anomala infection after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1994 Dec;14(6):995–997. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Goto K., Fukuda H., Kichise K., Kitano K., Hara S. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the KHS killer gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Agric Biol Chem. 1991 Aug;55(8):1953–1958. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Goto K., Iwatuki Y., Kitano K., Obata T., Hara S. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the KHR killer gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Agric Biol Chem. 1990 Apr;54(4):979–984. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Govan J. R. In vivo significance of bacteriocins and bacteriocin receptors. Scand J Infect Dis Suppl. 1986;49:31–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Gunge N., Kitada K. Replication and maintenance of the Kluyveromyces linear pGKL plasmids. Eur J Epidemiol. 1988 Dec;4(4):409–414. doi: 10.1007/BF00146390. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Gunge N., Sakaguchi K. Intergeneric transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid killer plasmids, pGKl1 and pGKl2, from Kluyveromyces lactis into Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cell fusion. J Bacteriol. 1981 Jul;147(1):155–160. doi: 10.1128/jb.147.1.155-160.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Gunge N., Tamaru A., Ozawa F., Sakaguchi K. Isolation and characterization of linear deoxyribonucleic acid plasmids from Kluyveromyces lactis and the plasmid-associated killer character. J Bacteriol. 1981 Jan;145(1):382–390. doi: 10.1128/jb.145.1.382-390.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Guze L. B., Hubert E. G., Kalmanson G. M. Pyelonephritis. X. Microbial interference in streptococcal infections in the rat kidney. J Lab Clin Med. 1969 Aug;74(2):274–287. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Gyles C. L. Escherichia coli cytotoxins and enterotoxins. Can J Microbiol. 1992 Jul;38(7):734–746. doi: 10.1139/m92-120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. HALBERT S. P., SWICK L. S. In vivo antibiotic production by Escherichia coli. J Immunol. 1950 Dec;65(6):675–686. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. HAMON Y., PERON Y. QUELQUES REMARQUES SUR LES BACT'ERIOCINES PRODUITES PAR LES MICROBES GRAM-POSITIFS. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci. 1963 Jul 29;257:1191–1193. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Hanes S. D., Burn V. E., Sturley S. L., Tipper D. J., Bostian K. A. Expression of a cDNA derived from the yeast killer preprotoxin gene: implications for processing and immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Mar;83(6):1675–1679. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1675. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Hannig E. M., Leibowitz M. J. Structure and expression of the M2 genomic segment of a type 2 killer virus of yeast. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Jun 25;13(12):4379–4400. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.12.4379. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Hardy K. G. Colicinogeny and related phenomena. Bacteriol Rev. 1975 Dec;39(4):464–515. doi: 10.1128/br.39.4.464-515.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Haron E., Anaissie E., Dumphy F., McCredie K., Fainstein V. Hansenula anomala fungemia. Rev Infect Dis. 1988 Nov-Dec;10(6):1182–1186. doi: 10.1093/clinids/10.6.1182. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Harris M. S. Virus-like particles and double stranded RNA from killer and non-killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbios. 1978;21(85-86):161–176. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Hayman G. T., Bolen P. L. Linear DNA plasmids of Pichia inositovora are associated with a novel killer toxin activity. Curr Genet. 1991 May;19(5):389–393. doi: 10.1007/BF00309600. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Heard G. M., Fleet G. H. Growth of Natural Yeast Flora during the Fermentation of Inoculated Wines. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985 Sep;50(3):727–728. doi: 10.1128/aem.50.3.727-728.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Herlyn D., Wettendorff M., Koprowski H. Modulation of cancer patients' immune responses by anti-idiotypic antibodies. Int Rev Immunol. 1989;4(4):347–357. doi: 10.3109/08830188909044787. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Herring A. J., Bevan E. A. Virus-like particles associated with the double-stranded RNA species found in killer and sensitive strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Gen Virol. 1974 Mar;22(3):387–394. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-22-3-387. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Hill K., Boone C., Goebl M., Puccia R., Sdicu A. M., Bussey H. Yeast KRE2 defines a new gene family encoding probable secretory proteins, and is required for the correct N-glycosylation of proteins. Genetics. 1992 Feb;130(2):273–283. doi: 10.1093/genetics/130.2.273. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Hishinuma F., Nakamura K., Hirai K., Nishizawa R., Gunge N., Maeda T. Cloning and nucleotide sequences of the linear DNA killer plasmids from yeast. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Oct 11;12(19):7581–7597. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.19.7581. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Hodgson V. J., Button D., Walker G. M. Anti-Candida activity of a novel killer toxin from the yeast Williopsis mrakii. Microbiology. 1995 Aug;141(Pt 8):2003–2012. doi: 10.1099/13500872-141-8-2003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Hong Z., Mann P., Brown N. H., Tran L. E., Shaw K. J., Hare R. S., DiDomenico B. Cloning and characterization of KNR4, a yeast gene involved in (1,3)-beta-glucan synthesis. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Feb;14(2):1017–1025. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.2.1017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Hutchins K., Bussey H. Cell wall receptor for yeast killer toxin: involvement of (1 leads to 6)-beta-D-glucan. J Bacteriol. 1983 Apr;154(1):161–169. doi: 10.1128/jb.154.1.161-169.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Häusler A., Robbins P. W. Glycosylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: cloning and characterization of an alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase structural gene. Glycobiology. 1992 Feb;2(1):77–84. doi: 10.1093/glycob/2.1.77. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Icho T., Wickner R. B. The MAK11 protein is essential for cell growth and replication of M double-stranded RNA and is apparently a membrane-associated protein. J Biol Chem. 1988 Jan 25;263(3):1467–1475. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Icho T., Wickner R. B. The double-stranded RNA genome of yeast virus L-A encodes its own putative RNA polymerase by fusing two open reading frames. J Biol Chem. 1989 Apr 25;264(12):6716–6723. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Ikari N. S., Kenton D. M., Young V. M. Interaction in the germfree mouse intestine of colicinogenic and colicin-sensitive microorganisms. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1969 Apr;130(4):1280–1284. doi: 10.3181/00379727-130-33773. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Iwata K., Uchida K., Hamajima K., Kawamura A. Role of canditoxin in experimental Candida infection. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1974 Apr;27(2):130–133. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Janda J. M., Bottone E. J. Pseudomonas aeruginosa enzyme profiling: predictor of potential invasiveness and use as an epidemiological tool. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Jul;14(1):55–60. doi: 10.1128/jcm.14.1.55-60.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Javadekar V. S., SivaRaman H., Gokhale D. V. Industrial yeast strain improvement: construction of a highly flocculent yeast with a killer character by protoplast fusion. J Ind Microbiol. 1995 Aug;15(2):94–102. doi: 10.1007/BF01569806. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Jerne N. K. Towards a network theory of the immune system. Ann Immunol (Paris) 1974 Jan;125C(1-2):373–389. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Jiang B., Sheraton J., Ram A. F., Dijkgraaf G. J., Klis F. M., Bussey H. CWH41 encodes a novel endoplasmic reticulum membrane N-glycoprotein involved in beta 1,6-glucan assembly. J Bacteriol. 1996 Feb;178(4):1162–1171. doi: 10.1128/jb.178.4.1162-1171.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Jones W. D., Jr Bacteriophage typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures from incidents of suspected laboratory cross-contamination. Tubercle. 1988 Mar;69(1):43–46. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(88)90039-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Julius D., Brake A., Blair L., Kunisawa R., Thorner J. Isolation of the putative structural gene for the lysine-arginine-cleaving endopeptidase required for processing of yeast prepro-alpha-factor. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):1075–1089. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90442-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Jung G. H., Leavitt M. C., Ito J. Yeast killer plasmid pGKL1 encodes a DNA polymerase belonging to the family B DNA polymerases. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Nov 11;15(21):9088–9088. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.21.9088. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. KLEINSCHMIDT W. J., CLINE J. C., MURPHY E. B. INTERFERON PRODUCTION INDUCED BY STATOLON. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1964 Sep;52:741–744. doi: 10.1073/pnas.52.3.741. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Kagan B. L. Mode of action of yeast killer toxins: channel formation in lipid bilayer membranes. Nature. 1983 Apr 21;302(5910):709–711. doi: 10.1038/302709a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Kandel J. S., Stern T. A. Killer phenomenon in pathogenic yeast. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1979 Apr;15(4):568–571. doi: 10.1128/aac.15.4.568. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Karmali M. A. Infection by verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1989 Jan;2(1):15–38. doi: 10.1128/cmr.2.1.15. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Kasahara S., Ben Inoue S., Mio T., Yamada T., Nakajima T., Ichishima E., Furuichi Y., Yamada H. Involvement of cell wall beta-glucan in the action of HM-1 killer toxin. FEBS Lett. 1994 Jul 4;348(1):27–32. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00575-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Kasahara S., Yamada H., Mio T., Shiratori Y., Miyamoto C., Yabe T., Nakajima T., Ichishima E., Furuichi Y. Cloning of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene whose overexpression overcomes the effects of HM-1 killer toxin, which inhibits beta-glucan synthesis. J Bacteriol. 1994 Mar;176(5):1488–1499. doi: 10.1128/jb.176.5.1488-1499.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Kennedy R. C., Attanasio R. Concepts of idiotype-based vaccines for hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Can J Microbiol. 1990 Nov;36(11):811–816. doi: 10.1139/m90-140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Kikuchi Y., Hirai K., Hishinuma F. The yeast linear DNA killer plasmids, pGKL1 and pGKL2, possess terminally attached proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jul 25;12(14):5685–5692. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.14.5685. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Kimura T., Kitamoto N., Matsuoka K., Nakamura K., Iimura Y., Kito Y. Isolation and nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding killer toxins from Hansenula mrakii and H. saturnus. Gene. 1993 Dec 31;137(2):265–270. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90018-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Kinal H., Park C. M., Berry J. O., Koltin Y., Bruenn J. A. Processing and secretion of a virally encoded antifungal toxin in transgenic tobacco plants: evidence for a Kex2p pathway in plants. Plant Cell. 1995 Jun;7(6):677–688. doi: 10.1105/tpc.7.6.677. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Kitamoto H. K., Ohmomo S., Nakahara T. Selection of killer yeasts (Kluyveromyces lactis) to prevent aerobic deterioration in silage making. J Dairy Sci. 1993 Mar;76(3):803–811. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77404-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Koltin Y., Day P. R. Inheritance of killer phenotypes and double-stranded RNA in Ustilago maydis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Feb;73(2):594–598. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.2.594. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Koltin Y., Day P. R. Specificity of Ustilago maydis killer proteins. Appl Microbiol. 1975 Oct;30(4):694–696. doi: 10.1128/am.30.4.694-696.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Koltin Y., Kandel J. S. Killer Phenomenon in USTILAGO MAYDIS: The Organization of the Viral Genome. Genetics. 1978 Feb;88(2):267–276. doi: 10.1093/genetics/88.2.267. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Koltin Y., Levine R., Peery T. Assignment of functions to segments of the DsRNA genome of the Ustilago virus. Mol Gen Genet. 1980 Apr;178(1):173–178. doi: 10.1007/BF00267226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Koltin Y., Mayer I., Steinlauf R. Killer phenomenon in Ustilago maydis: mapping viral functions. Mol Gen Genet. 1978 Oct 30;166(2):181–186. doi: 10.1007/BF00285920. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Krolick K. A., Uhr J. W., Slavin S., Vitetta E. S. In vivo therapy of a murine B cell tumor (BCL1) using antibody-ricin A chain immunotoxins. J Exp Med. 1982 Jun 1;155(6):1797–1809. doi: 10.1084/jem.155.6.1797. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Kunkel H. G., Mannik M., Williams R. C. Individual Antigenic Specificity of Isolated Antibodies. Science. 1963 Jun 14;140(3572):1218–1219. doi: 10.1126/science.140.3572.1218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Kurtzman C. P. Synonomy of the yeast genera Hansenula and Pichia demonstrated through comparisons of deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1984;50(3):209–217. doi: 10.1007/BF02342132. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Kurup P. V., Schmitt J. A. Numerical taxonomy of Nocardia. Can J Microbiol. 1973 Aug;19(8):1035–1048. doi: 10.1139/m73-164. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Kurzweilová H., Sigler K. Comparison of three different methods for determining yeast killer toxin K1 activity and standardisation of units. Experientia. 1995 Jan 15;51(1):26–28. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Kurzweilová H., Sigler K. Fluorescent staining with bromocresol purple: a rapid method for determining yeast cell dead count developed as an assay of killer toxin activity. Yeast. 1993 Nov;9(11):1207–1211. doi: 10.1002/yea.320091107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Kurzweilová H., Sigler K. Kinetic studies of killer toxin K1 binding to yeast cells indicate two receptor populations. Arch Microbiol. 1994;162(3):211–214. doi: 10.1007/BF00314477. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Kékessy D. A., Piguet J. D. Bactériocinogénie et typisation de Streptococcus faecalis. Pathol Microbiol (Basel) 1971;37(2):113–121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Köhler G., Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature. 1975 Aug 7;256(5517):495–497. doi: 10.1038/256495a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Lafon-Lafourcade S., Geneix C., Ribéreau-Gayon P. Inhibition of alcoholic fermentation of grape must by Fatty acids produced by yeasts and their elimination by yeast ghosts. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1984 Jun;47(6):1246–1249. doi: 10.1128/aem.47.6.1246-1249.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Laplace J. M., Delgenes J. P., Moletta R., Navarro J. M. Alcoholic glucose and xylose fermentations by the coculture process: compatibility and typing of associated strains. Can J Microbiol. 1992 Jul;38(7):654–658. doi: 10.1139/m92-106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Lee Y. J., Wickner R. B. MAK10, a glucose-repressible gene necessary for replication of a dsRNA virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has T cell receptor alpha-subunit motifs. Genetics. 1992 Sep;132(1):87–96. doi: 10.1093/genetics/132.1.87. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Leu J. G., Chen B. X., Diamanduros A. W., Erlanger B. F. Idiotypic mimicry and the assembly of a supramolecular structure: an anti-idiotypic antibody that mimics taxol in its tubulin-microtubule interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Oct 25;91(22):10690–10694. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.22.10690. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Ligon J. M., Bolen P. L., Hill D. S., Bothast R. J., Kurtzman C. P. Physical and biological characterization of linear DNA plasmids of the yeast Pichia inositovora. Plasmid. 1989 May;21(3):185–194. doi: 10.1016/0147-619x(89)90042-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Lindberg R. B., Latta R. L. Phage typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: clinical and epidemiologic considerations. J Infect Dis. 1974 Nov;130 (Suppl)(0):S33–S42. doi: 10.1093/infdis/130.supplement.s33. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Linthicum D. S., Bolger M. B., Kussie P. H., Albright G. M., Linton T. A., Combs S., Marchetti D. Analysis of idiotypic and anti-idiotypic antibodies as models of receptor and ligand. Clin Chem. 1988 Sep;34(9):1676–1680. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Loessner M. J., Busse M. Bacteriophage typing of Listeria species. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990 Jun;56(6):1912–1918. doi: 10.1128/aem.56.6.1912-1918.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Lolle S. J., Bussey H. In vivo evidence for posttranslational translocation and signal cleavage of the killer preprotoxin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Dec;6(12):4274–4280. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.12.4274. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Lolle S., Skipper N., Bussey H., Thomas D. Y. The expression of cDNA clones of yeast M1 double-stranded RNA in yeast confers both killer and immunity phenotypes. EMBO J. 1984 Jun;3(6):1383–1387. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01981.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Lucas G. P., Cambiaso C. L., Vaerman J. P. An interspecies idiotope associated with the anti-cholera toxin response detected by a monoclonal auto-anti-idiotypic antibody. Immunology. 1993 Mar;78(3):498–504. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Magliani W., Conti S., de Bernardis F., Gerloni M., Bertolotti D., Mozzoni P., Cassone A., Polonelli L. Therapeutic potential of antiidiotypic single chain antibodies with yeast killer toxin activity. Nat Biotechnol. 1997 Feb;15(2):155–158. doi: 10.1038/nbt0297-155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Magnusson M., Mariat F. Delineation of Nocardia farcinica by delayed type skin reactions on guinea pigs. J Gen Microbiol. 1968 Apr;51(1):151–158. doi: 10.1099/00221287-51-1-151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Manser T., Huang S. Y., Gefter M. L. Influence of clonal selection on the expression of immunoglobulin variable region genes. Science. 1984 Dec 14;226(4680):1283–1288. doi: 10.1126/science.6334361. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Marsik F. J., Parisi J. T. Bacteriophage types and O antigen groups of Escherichia coli from urine. Appl Microbiol. 1971 Jul;22(1):26–31. doi: 10.1128/am.22.1.26-31.1971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Martinac B., Zhu H., Kubalski A., Zhou X. L., Culbertson M., Bussey H., Kung C. Yeast K1 killer toxin forms ion channels in sensitive yeast spheroplasts and in artificial liposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Aug;87(16):6228–6232. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.16.6228. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Masison D. C., Blanc A., Ribas J. C., Carroll K., Sonenberg N., Wickner R. B. Decoying the cap- mRNA degradation system by a double-stranded RNA virus and poly(A)- mRNA surveillance by a yeast antiviral system. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 May;15(5):2763–2771. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.5.2763. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Matsumoto Y., Fishel R., Wickner R. B. Circular single-stranded RNA replicon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(19):7628–7632. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7628. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Matsumoto Y., Matsuda S., Tegoshi T. Yeast glucan in the cyst wall of Pneumocystis carinii. J Protozool. 1989 Jan-Feb;36(1):21S–22S. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1989.tb02674.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Matsumoto Y., Sarkar G., Sommer S. S., Wickner R. B. A yeast antiviral protein, SKI8, shares a repeated amino acid sequence pattern with beta-subunits of G proteins and several other proteins. Yeast. 1993 Jan;9(1):43–51. doi: 10.1002/yea.320090106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. McCracken D. A., Martin V. J., Stark M. J., Bolen P. L. The linear-plasmid-encoded toxin produced by the yeast Pichia acaciae: characterization and comparison with the toxin of Kluyveromyces lactis. Microbiology. 1994 Feb;140(Pt 2):425–431. doi: 10.1099/13500872-140-2-425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. McGinnis M. R., Walker D. H., Folds J. D. Hansenula polymorpha infection in a child with chronic granulomatous disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1980 Jun;104(6):290–292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Meaden P., Hill K., Wagner J., Slipetz D., Sommer S. S., Bussey H. The yeast KRE5 gene encodes a probable endoplasmic reticulum protein required for (1----6)-beta-D-glucan synthesis and normal cell growth. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Jun;10(6):3013–3019. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.6.3013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Mellado R. P., Salas M. Initiation of phage phi 29 DNA replication by the terminal protein modified at the carboxyl end. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Nov 11;11(21):7397–7407. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.21.7397. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Meskauskas A., Citavicius D. The K2-type killer toxin- and immunity-encoding region from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: structure and expression in yeast. Gene. 1992 Feb 1;111(1):135–139. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90615-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Middelbeek E. J., Hermans J. M., Stumm C. Production, purification and properties of a Pichia kluyveri killer toxin. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1979;45(3):437–450. doi: 10.1007/BF00443282. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Middelbeek E. J., Stumm C., Vogels G. D. Effects of Pichia kluyveri killer toxin on sensitive cells. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1980;46(2):205–220. doi: 10.1007/BF00444075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Mizuno K., Nakamura T., Takada K., Sakakibara S., Matsuo H. A membrane-bound, calcium-dependent protease in yeast alpha-cell cleaving on the carboxyl side of paired basic residues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Apr 29;144(2):807–814. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(87)80036-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Morace G., Archibusacci C., Sestito M., Polonelli L. Strain differentiation of pathogenic yeasts by the killer system. Mycopathologia. 1984 Feb 15;84(2-3):81–85. doi: 10.1007/BF00436517. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Morace G., Dettori G., Sanguinetti M., Manzara S., Polonelli L. Biotyping of aerobic actinomycetes by modified killer system. Eur J Epidemiol. 1988 Mar;4(1):99–103. doi: 10.1007/BF00152699. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Morace G., Manzara S., Dettori G., Fanti F., Conti S., Campani L., Polonelli L., Chezzi C. Biotyping of bacterial isolates using the yeast killer system. Eur J Epidemiol. 1989 Sep;5(3):303–310. doi: 10.1007/BF00144830. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Moseley S. L., Huq I., Alim A. R., So M., Samadpour-Motalebi M., Falkow S. Detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by DNA colony hybridization. J Infect Dis. 1980 Dec;142(6):892–898. doi: 10.1093/infdis/142.6.892. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Moses A., Maayan S., Shvil Y., Dudin A., Ariel I., Thalji A., Polacheck I. Hansenula anomala infections in children: from asymptomatic colonization to tissue invasion. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991 May;10(5):400–402. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199105000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Murphy N., Buchanan C. R., Damjanovic V., Whitaker R., Hart C. A., Cooke R. W. Infection and colonisation of neonates by Hansenula anomala. Lancet. 1986 Feb 8;1(8476):291–293. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90827-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Nasu H., Chia D. S., Knutson D. W., Barnett E. V. Naturally occurring human antibodies to the F(ab')2 portion of IgG. Clin Exp Immunol. 1980 Nov;42(2):378–386. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Nemeroff M. E., Bruenn J. A. Conservative replication and transcription of Saccharomyces cerevisiae viral double-stranded RNA in vitro. J Virol. 1986 Mar;57(3):754–758. doi: 10.1128/jvi.57.3.754-758.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Newman A. M., Elliott S. G., McLaughlin C. S., Sutherland P. A., Warner R. C. Replication of double-stranded RNA of the virus-like particles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Virol. 1981 Apr;38(1):263–271. doi: 10.1128/jvi.38.1.263-271.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Nisonoff A., Lamoyi E. Implications of the presence of an internal image of the antigen in anti-idiotypic antibodies: possible application to vaccine production. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1981 Dec;21(3):397–406. doi: 10.1016/0090-1229(81)90228-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. Niwa O., Sakaguchi K., Gunge N. Curing of the killer deoxyribonucleic acid plasmids of Kluyveromyces lactis. J Bacteriol. 1981 Dec;148(3):988–990. doi: 10.1128/jb.148.3.988-990.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  213. Nohinek B., Zee-Cheng C. S., Barnes W. G., Dall L., Gibbs H. R. Infective endocarditis of a bicuspid aortic valve caused by Hansenula anomala. Am J Med. 1987 Jan;82(1):165–168. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90400-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. Novick P., Field C., Schekman R. Identification of 23 complementation groups required for post-translational events in the yeast secretory pathway. Cell. 1980 Aug;21(1):205–215. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90128-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. OUDIN J., MICHEL M. [A new allotype form of rabbit serum gamma-globulins, apparently associated with antibody function and specificity]. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci. 1963 Jul 17;257:805–808. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Ohtake Y., Wickner R. B. KRB1, a suppressor of mak7-1 (a mutant RPL4A), is RPL4B, a second ribosomal protein L4 gene, on a fragment of Saccharomyces chromosome XII. Genetics. 1995 May;140(1):129–137. doi: 10.1093/genetics/140.1.129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Ohtake Y., Wickner R. B. Yeast virus propagation depends critically on free 60S ribosomal subunit concentration. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 May;15(5):2772–2781. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.5.2772. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. Palpacelli V., Ciani M., Rosini G. Activity of different 'killer' yeasts on strains of yeast species undesirable in the food industry. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1991 Nov 1;68(1):75–78. doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(91)90398-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Park C. M., Bruenn J. A., Ganesa C., Flurkey W. F., Bozarth R. F., Koltin Y. Structure and heterologous expression of the Ustilago maydis viral toxin KP4. Mol Microbiol. 1994 Jan;11(1):155–164. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00297.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Peery T., Koltin Y., Tamarkin A. Mapping the immunity function of the ustilago maydis P1 virus. Plasmid. 1982 Jan;7(1):52–58. doi: 10.1016/0147-619x(82)90026-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Peery T., Shabat-Brand T., Steinlauf R., Koltin Y., Bruenn J. Virus-encoded toxin of Ustilago maydis: two polypeptides are essential for activity. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jan;7(1):470–477. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.1.470. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. Pestka S., Langer J. A., Zoon K. C., Samuel C. E. Interferons and their actions. Annu Rev Biochem. 1987;56:727–777. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.003455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. Petering J. E., Symons M. R., Langridge P., Henschke P. A. Determination of killer yeast activity in fermenting grape juice by using a marked Saccharomyces wine yeast strain. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1991 Nov;57(11):3232–3236. doi: 10.1128/aem.57.11.3232-3236.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. Petersson S., Schnürer J. Biocontrol of mold growth in high-moisture wheat stored under airtight conditions by Pichia anomala, Pichia guilliermondii, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Mar;61(3):1027–1032. doi: 10.1128/aem.61.3.1027-1032.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  225. Pettoello-Mantovani M., Nocerino A., Polonelli L., Morace G., Conti S., Di Martino L., De Ritis G., Iafusco M., Guandalini S. Hansenula anomala killer toxin induces secretion and severe acute injury in the rat intestine. Gastroenterology. 1995 Dec;109(6):1900–1906. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90757-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. Pfeiffer P., Radler F., Caspritz G., Hänel H. Effect of a killer toxin of yeast on eucaryotic systems. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1988 Apr;54(4):1068–1069. doi: 10.1128/aem.54.4.1068-1069.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. Philliskirk G., Young T. W. The occurrence of killer character in yeasts of various genera. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1975;41(2):147–151. doi: 10.1007/BF02565046. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  228. Pier A. C., Fichtner R. E. Distribution of serotypes of Nocardia asteroides from animal, human, and environmental sources. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Mar;13(3):548–553. doi: 10.1128/jcm.13.3.548-553.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Pixley F. J., Wakefield A. E., Banerji S., Hopkin J. M. Mitochondrial gene sequences show fungal homology for Pneumocystis carinii. Mol Microbiol. 1991 Jun;5(6):1347–1351. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb00781.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Polonelli L., Archibusacci C., Sestito M., Morace G. Killer system: a simple method for differentiating Candida albicans strains. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 May;17(5):774–780. doi: 10.1128/jcm.17.5.774-780.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  231. Polonelli L., Castagnola M., Rossetti D. V., Morace G. Use of killer toxins for computer-aided differentiation of Candida albicans strains. Mycopathologia. 1985 Sep;91(3):175–179. doi: 10.1007/BF00446297. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Polonelli L., Conti S., Campani L., Gerloni M., Morace G., Chezzi C. Differential toxinogenesis in the genus Pichia detected by an anti-yeast killer toxin monoclonal antibody. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1991 Apr;59(3):139–145. doi: 10.1007/BF00580653. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Polonelli L., Conti S., Campani L., Morace G., Fanti F. Yeast killer toxins and dimorphism. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Jun;27(6):1423–1425. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.6.1423-1425.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Polonelli L., Conti S., Gerloni M., Campani L., Mantovani M. P., Morace G. Production of yeast killer toxin in experimentally infected animals. Mycopathologia. 1990 Jun;110(3):169–175. doi: 10.1007/BF00437542. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. Polonelli L., Conti S., Gerloni M., Magliani W., Castagnola M., Morace G., Chezzi C. 'Antibiobodies': antibiotic-like anti-idiotypic antibodies. J Med Vet Mycol. 1991;29(4):235–242. doi: 10.1080/02681219180000351. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  236. Polonelli L., Conti S., Gerloni M., Magliani W., Chezzi C., Morace G. Interfaces of the yeast killer phenomenon. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1991;18(1):47–87. doi: 10.3109/10408419109113509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  237. Polonelli L., De Bernadis F., Conti S., Boccanera M., Magliani W., Gerloni M., Cantelli C., Cassone A. Human natural yeast killer toxin-like candidacidal antibodies. J Immunol. 1996 Mar 1;156(5):1880–1885. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  238. Polonelli L., De Bernardis F., Conti S., Boccanera M., Gerloni M., Morace G., Magliani W., Chezzi C., Cassone A. Idiotypic intravaginal vaccination to protect against candidal vaginitis by secretory, yeast killer toxin-like anti-idiotypic antibodies. J Immunol. 1994 Mar 15;152(6):3175–3182. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  239. Polonelli L., Dettori G., Cattel C., Morace G. Biotyping of micelial fungus cultures by the killer system. Eur J Epidemiol. 1987 Sep;3(3):237–242. doi: 10.1007/BF00149730. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  240. Polonelli L., Fanti F., Conti S., Campani L., Gerloni M., Castagnola M., Morace G., Chezzi C. Detection by immunofluorescent anti-idiotypic antibodies of yeast killer toxin cell wall receptors of Candida albicans. J Immunol Methods. 1990 Sep 14;132(2):205–209. doi: 10.1016/0022-1759(90)90031-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  241. Polonelli L., Lorenzini R., De Bernardis F., Gerloni M., Conti S., Morace G., Magliani W., Chezzi C. Idiotypic vaccination: immunoprotection mediated by anti-idiotypic antibodies with antibiotic activity. Scand J Immunol. 1993 Jan;37(1):105–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb01671.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  242. Polonelli L., Lorenzini R., De Bernardis F., Morace G. Potential therapeutic effect of yeast killer toxin. Mycopathologia. 1986 Nov;96(2):103–107. doi: 10.1007/BF00436668. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. Polonelli L., Manzara S., Conti S., Dettori G., Morace G., Chezzi C. Serological study of yeast killer toxins by monoclonal antibodies. Mycopathologia. 1989 Dec;108(3):211–215. doi: 10.1007/BF00436228. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  244. Polonelli L., Menozzi M. G., Campani L., Gerloni M., Conti S., Morace G., Chezzi C. Anaerobic yeast killer systems. Eur J Epidemiol. 1992 May;8(3):471–476. doi: 10.1007/BF00158584. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  245. Polonelli L., Morace G. Production and characterization of yeast killer toxin monoclonal antibodies. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Feb;25(2):460–462. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.2.460-462.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. Polonelli L., Morace G. Reevaluation of the yeast killer phenomenon. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Nov;24(5):866–869. doi: 10.1128/jcm.24.5.866-869.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. Polonelli L., Morace G. Yeast killer toxin-like anti-idiotypic antibodies. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Mar;26(3):602–604. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.3.602-604.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  248. Polonelli L., Séguy N., Conti S., Gerloni M., Bertolotti D., Cantelli C., Magliani W., Cailliez J. C. Monoclonal yeast killer toxin-like candidacidal anti-idiotypic antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1997 Mar;4(2):142–146. doi: 10.1128/cdli.4.2.142-146.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Provost F., Polonelli L., Conti S., Fisicaro P., Gerloni M., Boiron P. Use of yeast killer system to identify species of the Nocardia asteroides complex. J Clin Microbiol. 1995 Jan;33(1):8–10. doi: 10.1128/jcm.33.1.8-10.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  250. Radler F., Herzberger S., Schönig I., Schwarz P. Investigation of a killer strain of Zygosaccharomyces bailii. J Gen Microbiol. 1993 Mar;139(3):495–500. doi: 10.1099/00221287-139-3-495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. Radler F., Schmitt M. J., Meyer B. Killer toxin of Hanseniaspora uvarum. Arch Microbiol. 1990;154(2):175–178. doi: 10.1007/BF00423329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. Rankin E. M., Hekman A. Mouse monoclonal antibodies against the idiotype of human B cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: production, characterization and use to monitor the progress of disease. Eur J Immunol. 1984 Dec;14(12):1119–1126. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830141211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  253. Rekosh D. M., Russell W. C., Bellet A. J., Robinson A. J. Identification of a protein linked to the ends of adenovirus DNA. Cell. 1977 Jun;11(2):283–295. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90045-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  254. Rhee S. K., Icho T., Wickner R. B. Structure and nuclear localization signal of the SKI3 antiviral protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast. 1989 May-Jun;5(3):149–158. doi: 10.1002/yea.320050304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Ribas J. C., Wickner R. B. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase consensus sequence of the L-A double-stranded RNA virus: definition of essential domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Mar 15;89(6):2185–2189. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.6.2185. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  256. Rodkey L. S. Studies of idiotypic antibodies. Production and characterization of autoantiidiotypic antisera. J Exp Med. 1974 Mar 1;139(3):712–720. doi: 10.1084/jem.139.3.712. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  257. Roemer T., Bussey H. Yeast beta-glucan synthesis: KRE6 encodes a predicted type II membrane protein required for glucan synthesis in vivo and for glucan synthase activity in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 15;88(24):11295–11299. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11295. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  258. Roemer T., Delaney S., Bussey H. SKN1 and KRE6 define a pair of functional homologs encoding putative membrane proteins involved in beta-glucan synthesis. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jul;13(7):4039–4048. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.7.4039. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  259. Romanos M. A., Boyd A. A transcriptional barrier to expression of cloned toxin genes of the linear plasmid k1 of Kluyveromyces lactis: evidence that native k1 has novel promoters. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Aug 11;16(15):7333–7350. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.15.7333. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  260. SEARS H. J., BROWNLEE I., UCHIYAMA J. K. Persistence of individual strains of Escherichia coli in the intestinal tract of man. J Bacteriol. 1950 Feb;59(2):293–301. doi: 10.1128/jb.59.2.293-301.1950. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  261. Sacks D. L. Molecular mimicry of parasite antigens using anti-idiotypic antibodies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1985;119:45–55. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-70675-2_4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  262. Salek A., Schnettler R., Zimmermann U. Stably inherited killer activity in industrial yeast strains obtained by electrotransformation. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1992 Sep 15;75(2-3):103–109. doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(92)90387-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. Samonis G., Bafaloukos D. Fungal infections in cancer patients: an escalating problem. In Vivo. 1992 Mar-Apr;6(2):183–193. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  264. Sanders E. Bacterial interference. I. Its occurrence among the respiratory tract flora and characterization of inhibition of group A streptococci by viridans streptococci. J Infect Dis. 1969 Dec;120(6):698–707. doi: 10.1093/infdis/120.6.698. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  265. Sawant A. D., Abdelal A. T., Ahearn D. G. Anti-Candida albicans activity of Pichia anomala as determined by a growth rate reduction assay. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1988 May;54(5):1099–1103. doi: 10.1128/aem.54.5.1099-1103.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  266. Sawant A. D., Abdelal A. T., Ahearn D. G. Purification and characterization of the anti-Candida toxin of Pichia anomala WC 65. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989 Jan;33(1):48–52. doi: 10.1128/aac.33.1.48. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  267. Sawant A. D., Ahearn D. G. Involvement of a cell wall receptor in the mode of action of an anti-Candida toxin of Pichia anomala. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990 Jul;34(7):1331–1335. doi: 10.1128/aac.34.7.1331. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  268. Schaffrath R., Meacock P. A. Kluyveromyces lactis killer plasmid pGKL2: molecular analysis of an essential gene, ORF5. Yeast. 1995 Jun 15;11(7):615–628. doi: 10.1002/yea.320110703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  269. Schaffrath R., Stark M. J., Gunge N., Meinhardt F. Kluyveromyces lactis killer system: ORF1 of pGKL2 has no function in immunity expression and is dispensable for killer plasmid replication and maintenance. Curr Genet. 1992 Apr;21(4-5):357–363. doi: 10.1007/BF00351695. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  270. Schmitt M. J., Compain P. Killer-toxin-resistant kre12 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: genetic and biochemical evidence for a secondary K1 membrane receptor. Arch Microbiol. 1995 Dec;164(6):435–443. doi: 10.1007/BF02529742. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  271. Schmitt M. J., Neuhausen F. Killer toxin-secreting double-stranded RNA mycoviruses in the yeasts Hanseniaspora uvarum and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. J Virol. 1994 Mar;68(3):1765–1772. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.3.1765-1772.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  272. Schmitt M. J., Tipper D. J. Genetic analysis of maintenance and expression of L and M double-stranded RNAs from yeast killer virus K28. Yeast. 1992 May;8(5):373–384. doi: 10.1002/yea.320080505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  273. Schmitt M. J., Tipper D. J. K28, a unique double-stranded RNA killer virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;10(9):4807–4815. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.9.4807. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  274. Schmitt M. J., Tipper D. J. Sequence of the M28 dsRNA: preprotoxin is processed to an alpha/beta heterodimeric protein toxin. Virology. 1995 Nov 10;213(2):341–351. doi: 10.1006/viro.1995.0007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  275. Schmitt M., Radler F. Mannoprotein of the yeast cell wall as primary receptor for the killer toxin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 28. J Gen Microbiol. 1987 Dec;133(12):3347–3354. doi: 10.1099/00221287-133-12-3347. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  276. Schmitt M., Radler F. Molecular structure of the cell wall receptor for killer toxin KT28 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol. 1988 May;170(5):2192–2196. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.5.2192-2196.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  277. Schultz M. C., Brill S. J., Ju Q., Sternglanz R., Reeder R. H. Topoisomerases and yeast rRNA transcription: negative supercoiling stimulates initiation and topoisomerase activity is required for elongation. Genes Dev. 1992 Jul;6(7):1332–1341. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.7.1332. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  278. Sclafani R. A., Fangman W. L. Conservative replication of double-stranded RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by displacement of progeny single strands. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Aug;4(8):1618–1626. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.8.1618. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  279. Sege K., Peterson P. A. Use of anti-idiotypic antibodies as cell-surface receptor probes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 May;75(5):2443–2447. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.5.2443. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  280. Sekhon A. S., Kowalewska-Grochowska K., Garg A. K., Vaudry W. Hansenula anomala fungemia in an infant with gastric and cardiac complications with a review of the literature. Eur J Epidemiol. 1992 Mar;8(2):305–308. doi: 10.1007/BF00144819. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  281. Seki T., Choi E. H., Ryu D. Construction of killer wine yeast strain. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1985 May;49(5):1211–1215. doi: 10.1128/aem.49.5.1211-1215.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  282. Sharpe A. H., Gaulton G. N., McDade K. K., Fields B. N., Greene M. I. Syngeneic monoclonal antiidiotype can induce cellular immunity to reovirus. J Exp Med. 1984 Oct 1;160(4):1195–1205. doi: 10.1084/jem.160.4.1195. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  283. Shechter Y., Elias D., Maron R., Cohen I. R. Mouse antibodies to the insulin receptor developing spontaneously as anti-idiotypes. I. Characterization of the antibodies. J Biol Chem. 1984 May 25;259(10):6411–6415. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  284. Skipper N., Thomas D. Y., Lau P. C. Cloning and sequencing of the preprotoxin-coding region of the yeast M1 double-stranded RNA. EMBO J. 1984 Jan;3(1):107–111. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01769.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  285. Somers J. M., Bevan E. A. The inheritance of the killer character in yeast. Genet Res. 1969 Feb;13(1):71–83. doi: 10.1017/s0016672300002743. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  286. Sommer S. S., Wickner R. B. Gene disruption indicates that the only essential function of the SKI8 chromosomal gene is to protect Saccharomyces cerevisiae from viral cytopathology. Virology. 1987 Mar;157(1):252–256. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90338-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  287. Sor F., Wésolowski M., Fukuhara H. Inverted terminal repetitions of the two linear DNA associated with the killer character of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Aug 11;11(15):5037–5044. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.15.5037. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  288. Stark M. J., Boyd A., Mileham A. J., Romanos M. A. The plasmid-encoded killer system of Kluyveromyces lactis: a review. Yeast. 1990 Jan-Feb;6(1):1–29. doi: 10.1002/yea.320060102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  289. Stark M. J., Boyd A. The killer toxin of Kluyveromyces lactis: characterization of the toxin subunits and identification of the genes which encode them. EMBO J. 1986 Aug;5(8):1995–2002. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04455.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  290. Stark M. J., Mileham A. J., Romanos M. A., Boyd A. Nucleotide sequence and transcription analysis of a linear DNA plasmid associated with the killer character of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Aug 10;12(15):6011–6030. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.15.6011. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  291. Stark M. J. Resolution of sequence discrepancies in the ORF1 region of the Kluyveromyces lactis plasmid k1. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jan 25;16(2):771–771. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.2.771. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  292. Starmer W. T., Ganter P. F., Aberdeen V. Geographic distribution and genetics of killer phenotypes for the yeast Pichia kluyveri across the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1992 Mar;58(3):990–997. doi: 10.1128/aem.58.3.990-997.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  293. Starmer W. T., Ganter P. F., Aberdeen V., Lachance M. A., Phaff H. J. The ecological role of killer yeasts in natural communities of yeasts. Can J Microbiol. 1987 Sep;33(9):783–796. doi: 10.1139/m87-134. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  294. Stevenson F. K., Elliott E. V., Stevenson G. T. Some effects on leukaemic B lymphocytes of antibodies to defined regions of their surface immunoglobulin. Immunology. 1977 Apr;32(4):549–557. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  295. Stratford M. Another brick in the wall? Recent developments concerning the yeast cell envelope. Yeast. 1994 Dec;10(13):1741–1752. doi: 10.1002/yea.320101307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  296. Stringer J. R., Edman J. C., Cushion M. T., Richards F. F., Watanabe J. The fungal nature of Pneumocystis. J Med Vet Mycol. 1992;30 (Suppl 1):271–278. doi: 10.1080/02681219280000961. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  297. Stringer S. L., Stringer J. R., Blase M. A., Walzer P. D., Cushion M. T. Pneumocystis carinii: sequence from ribosomal RNA implies a close relationship with fungi. Exp Parasitol. 1989 May;68(4):450–461. doi: 10.1016/0014-4894(89)90130-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  298. Stumm C., Hermans J. M., Middelbeek E. J., Croes A. F., de Vries G. J. Killer-sensitive relationships in yeasts from natural habitats. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1977;43(2):125–128. doi: 10.1007/BF00395667. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  299. Sturley S. L., Elliot Q., LeVitre J., Tipper D. J., Bostian K. A. Mapping of functional domains within the Saccharomyces cerevisiae type 1 killer preprotoxin. EMBO J. 1986 Dec 1;5(12):3381–3389. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04654.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  300. Suciu-Foca N., Reed E., Rohowsky C., Kung P., King D. W. Anti-idiotypic antibodies to anti-HLA receptors induced by pregnancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Feb;80(3):830–834. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.3.830. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  301. Sugisaki Y., Gunge N., Sakaguchi K., Yamasaki M., Tamura G. Kluyveromyces lactis killer toxin inhibits adenylate cyclase of sensitive yeast cells. Nature. 1983 Aug 4;304(5925):464–466. doi: 10.1038/304464a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  302. Sulo P., Michalcáková S. The K3 type killer strains of genus Saccharomyces for wine production. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1992;37(4):289–294. doi: 10.1007/BF02814566. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  303. Suzuki C., Nikkuni S. The primary and subunit structure of a novel type killer toxin produced by a halotolerant yeast, Pichia farinosa. J Biol Chem. 1994 Jan 28;269(4):3041–3046. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  304. Séguy N., Aliouat E. M., Dei-Cas E., Polonelli L., Camus D., Cailliez J. C. Susceptibility of Pneumocystis carinii to a Pichia anomala killer toxin. J Eukaryot Microbiol. 1994 Sep-Oct;41(5):109S–109S. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  305. Séguy N., Cailliez J. C., Polonelli L., Dei-Cas E., Camus D. Inhibitory effect of a Pichia anomala killer toxin on Pneumocystis carinii infectivity to the SCID mouse. Parasitol Res. 1996;82(2):114–116. doi: 10.1007/s004360050080. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  306. Tagg J. R. Production of bacteriocin-like inhibitors by group A streptococci of nephritogenic M types. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Jun;19(6):884–887. doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.6.884-887.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  307. Takasuka T., Komiyama T., Furuichi Y., Watanabe T. Cell wall synthesis specific cytocidal effect of Hansenula mrakii toxin-1 on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell Mol Biol Res. 1995;41(6):575–581. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  308. Takeya K., Tokiwa H. Bacteriocin-typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1974 Feb;109(2):304–305. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1974.109.2.304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  309. Takita M. A., Castilho-Valavicius B. Absence of cell wall chitin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae leads to resistance to Kluyveromyces lactis killer toxin. Yeast. 1993 Jun;9(6):589–598. doi: 10.1002/yea.320090605. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  310. Tao J., Ginsberg I., Banerjee N., Held W., Koltin Y., Bruenn J. A. Ustilago maydis KP6 killer toxin: structure, expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and relationship to other cellular toxins. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Apr;10(4):1373–1381. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.4.1373. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  311. Tao J., Ginzberg I., Koltin Y., Bruenn J. A. Mutants of Ustilago maydis defective in production of one of two polypeptides of KP6 toxin from the preprotoxin. Mol Gen Genet. 1993 Apr;238(1-2):234–240. doi: 10.1007/BF00279552. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  312. Tawfik O. W., Papasian C. J., Dixon A. Y., Potter L. M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae pneumonia in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Jul;27(7):1689–1691. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.7.1689-1691.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  313. Taylor G. D., Buchanan-Chell M., Kirkland T., McKenzie M., Wiens R. Trends and sources of nosocomial fungaemia. Mycoses. 1994 Jun-Jul;37(5-6):187–190. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1994.tb00298.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  314. Tercero J. C., Dinman J. D., Wickner R. B. Yeast MAK3 N-acetyltransferase recognizes the N-terminal four amino acids of the major coat protein (gag) of the L-A double-stranded RNA virus. J Bacteriol. 1993 May;175(10):3192–3194. doi: 10.1128/jb.175.10.3192-3194.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  315. Tercero J. C., Wickner R. B. MAK3 encodes an N-acetyltransferase whose modification of the L-A gag NH2 terminus is necessary for virus particle assembly. J Biol Chem. 1992 Oct 5;267(28):20277–20281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  316. Thrash C., Voelkel K., DiNardo S., Sternglanz R. Identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants deficient in DNA topoisomerase I activity. J Biol Chem. 1984 Feb 10;259(3):1375–1377. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  317. Tipper D. J., Bostian K. A. Double-stranded ribonucleic acid killer systems in yeasts. Microbiol Rev. 1984 Jun;48(2):125–156. doi: 10.1128/mr.48.2.125-156.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  318. Tipper D. J., Schmitt M. J. Yeast dsRNA viruses: replication and killer phenotypes. Mol Microbiol. 1991 Oct;5(10):2331–2338. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb02078.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  319. Toh-E A., Guerry P., Wickner R. B. Chromosomal superkiller mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol. 1978 Dec;136(3):1002–1007. doi: 10.1128/jb.136.3.1002-1007.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  320. Tokunaga M., Kawamura A., Omori A., Hishinuma F. Structure of yeast pGKL 128-kDa killer-toxin secretion signal sequence. Processing of the 128-kDa killer-toxin-secretion-signal-alpha-amylase fusion protein. Eur J Biochem. 1992 Feb 1;203(3):415–423. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16565.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  321. Tokunaga M., Wada N., Hishinuma F. Expression and identification of immunity determinants on linear DNA killer plasmids pGKL1 and pGKL2 in Kluyveromyces lactis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Feb 11;15(3):1031–1046. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.3.1031. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  322. Tommasino M., Ricci S., Galeotti C. L. Genome organization of the killer plasmid pGK12 from Kluyveromyces lactis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jul 11;16(13):5863–5878. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.13.5863. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  323. Tompkins L. S., Plorde J. J., Falkow S. Molecular analysis of R-factors from multiresistant nosocomial isolates. J Infect Dis. 1980 May;141(5):625–636. doi: 10.1093/infdis/141.5.625. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  324. Torosantucci A., Bromuro C., Gomez M. J., Ausiello C. M., Urbani F., Cassone A. Identification of a 65-kDa mannoprotein as a main target of human cell-mediated immune response to Candida albicans. J Infect Dis. 1993 Aug;168(2):427–435. doi: 10.1093/infdis/168.2.427. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  325. Tsubouchi A., Yoshioka K., Kakumu S. Naturally occurring serum antiidiotypic antibody against antiliver-specific membrane lipoprotein in patients with hepatitis. Hepatology. 1985 Sep-Oct;5(5):752–757. doi: 10.1002/hep.1840050508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  326. Tsukamura M. Numerical taxonomy of the genus Nocardia. J Gen Microbiol. 1969 Jun;56(3):265–287. doi: 10.1099/00221287-56-3-265. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  327. Uemura H., Wickner R. B. Suppression of chromosomal mutations affecting M1 virus replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a variant of a viral RNA segment (L-A) that encodes coat protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Feb;8(2):938–944. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.2.938. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  328. Vagnoli P., Musmanno R. A., Cresti S., Di Maggio T., Coratza G. Occurrence of killer yeasts in spontaneous wine fermentations from the tuscany region of Italy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993 Dec;59(12):4037–4043. doi: 10.1128/aem.59.12.4037-4043.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  329. Valle R. P., Wickner R. B. Elimination of L-A double-stranded RNA virus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expression of gag and gag-pol from an L-A cDNA clone. J Virol. 1993 May;67(5):2764–2771. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.5.2764-2771.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  330. Vodkin M. H., Fink G. R. A nucleic acid associated with a killer strain of yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 Apr;70(4):1069–1072. doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.4.1069. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  331. Vodkin M., Katterman F., Fink G. R. Yeast killer mutants with altered double-stranded ribonucleic acid. J Bacteriol. 1974 Feb;117(2):681–686. doi: 10.1128/jb.117.2.681-686.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  332. Volkert F. C., Wilson D. W., Broach J. R. Deoxyribonucleic acid plasmids in yeasts. Microbiol Rev. 1989 Sep;53(3):299–317. doi: 10.1128/mr.53.3.299-317.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  333. WANG C. J., SCHWARZ J. The etiology of interstitial pneumonia identification as Hansenula anomala of a yeast isolated from lungs of infants. Mycopathol Mycol Appl. 1958 Sep 29;9(4):299–306. doi: 10.1007/BF02051534. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  334. Wakefield A. E., Pixley F. J., Banerji S., Sinclair K., Miller R. F., Moxon E. R., Hopkin J. M. Amplification of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA sequences from Pneumocystis carinii DNA of rat and human origin. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1990 Nov;43(1):69–76. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(90)90131-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  335. Walker G. M., McLeod A. H., Hodgson V. J. Interactions between killer yeasts and pathogenic fungi. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1995 Apr 1;127(3):213–222. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07476.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  336. Wallace R. J., Jr, Brown B. A., Tsukamura M., Brown J. M., Onyi G. O. Clinical and laboratory features of Nocardia nova. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Nov;29(11):2407–2411. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.11.2407-2411.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  337. Wallace R. J., Jr, Tsukamura M., Brown B. A., Brown J., Steingrube V. A., Zhang Y. S., Nash D. R. Cefotaxime-resistant Nocardia asteroides strains are isolates of the controversial species Nocardia farcinica. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Dec;28(12):2726–2732. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.12.2726-2732.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  338. Watanabe K., Sakai Y., Takezaki T., Ogawa A. Bacterial interference in mixed infection in the rat bladder. Urol Int. 1988;43(1):2–6. doi: 10.1159/000281292. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  339. Watanabe T., Oyanagi W., Suzuki K., Ohnishi K., Tanaka H. Structure of the gene encoding chitinase D of Bacillus circulans WL-12 and possible homology of the enzyme to other prokaryotic chitinases and class III plant chitinases. J Bacteriol. 1992 Jan;174(2):408–414. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.2.408-414.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  340. Weinstein L. A., Capaldo-Kimball F., Leibowitz M. J. Genetics of heat-curability of killer virus of yeast. Yeast. 1993 Apr;9(4):411–418. doi: 10.1002/yea.320090411. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  341. Wesolowski-Louvel M., Tanguy-Rougeau C., Fukuhara H. A nuclear gene required for the expression of the linear DNA-associated killer system in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Yeast. 1988 Mar;4(1):71–81. doi: 10.1002/yea.320040108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  342. Wickner R. B. "Killer character" of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: curing by growth at elevated temperature. J Bacteriol. 1974 Mar;117(3):1356–1357. doi: 10.1128/jb.117.3.1356-1357.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  343. Wickner R. B. Double-stranded RNA replication in yeast: the killer system. Annu Rev Biochem. 1986;55:373–395. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.55.070186.002105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  344. Wickner R. B. Double-stranded RNA viruses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Rev. 1996 Mar;60(1):250–265. doi: 10.1128/mr.60.1.250-265.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  345. Wickner R. B. Double-stranded and single-stranded RNA viruses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1992;46:347–375. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.46.100192.002023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  346. Wickner R. B. Host control of yeast dsRNA virus propagation and expression. Trends Microbiol. 1993 Nov;1(8):294–299. doi: 10.1016/0966-842x(93)90005-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  347. Wickner R. B. Host function of MAK16: G1 arrest by a mak16 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(16):6007–6011. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.16.6007. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  348. Wickner R. B. Killer systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: three distinct modes of exclusion of M2 double-stranded RNA by three species of double-stranded RNA, M1, L-A-E, and L-A-HN. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Apr;3(4):654–661. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.4.654. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  349. Wickner R. B. Killer yeasts. Curr Top Med Mycol. 1985;1:286–312. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9547-8_11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  350. Wickner R. B., Ridley S. P., Fried H. M., Ball S. G. Ribosomal protein L3 is involved in replication or maintenance of the killer double-stranded RNA genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Aug;79(15):4706–4708. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.15.4706. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  351. Widner W. R., Wickner R. B. Evidence that the SKI antiviral system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae acts by blocking expression of viral mRNA. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Jul;13(7):4331–4341. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.7.4331. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  352. Williams T. L., Leibowitz M. J. Conservative mechanism of the in vitro transcription of killer virus of yeast. Virology. 1987 May;158(1):231–234. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90258-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  353. Wilson D. W., Meacock P. A. Extranuclear gene expression in yeast: evidence for a plasmid-encoded RNA polymerase of unique structure. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Aug 25;16(16):8097–8112. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  354. Woods D. R., Bevan E. A. Studies on the nature of the killer factor produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Gen Microbiol. 1968 Apr;51(1):115–126. doi: 10.1099/00221287-51-1-115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  355. Worsham P. L., Bolen P. L. Killer toxin production in Pichia acaciae is associated with linear DNA plasmids. Curr Genet. 1990 Jul;18(1):77–80. doi: 10.1007/BF00321119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  356. Yabe T., Yamada-Okabe T., Kasahara S., Furuichi Y., Nakajima T., Ichishima E., Arisawa M., Yamada-Okabe H. HKR1 encodes a cell surface protein that regulates both cell wall beta-glucan synthesis and budding pattern in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol. 1996 Jan;178(2):477–483. doi: 10.1128/jb.178.2.477-483.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  357. Yamada S., Maruoka T., Nagai K., Tsumura N., Yamada T., Sakata Y., Tominaga K., Motohiro T., Kato H., Makimura K. Catheter-related infections by Hansenula anomala in children. Scand J Infect Dis. 1995;27(1):85–87. doi: 10.3109/00365549509018982. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  358. Yamaguchi H., Hiratani T., Iwata K., Yamamoto Y. Studies on the mechanism of antifungal action of aculeacin A. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1982 Feb;35(2):210–219. doi: 10.7164/antibiotics.35.210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  359. Yamamoto T., Hiratani T., Hirata H., Imai M., Yamaguchi H. Killer toxin from Hansenula mrakii selectively inhibits cell wall synthesis in a sensitive yeast. FEBS Lett. 1986 Mar 3;197(1-2):50–54. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)80296-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  360. Yamamoto T., Imai M., Tachibana K., Mayumi M. Application of monoclonal antibodies to the isolation and characterization of a killer toxin secreted by Hansenula mrakii. FEBS Lett. 1986 Jan 20;195(1-2):253–257. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)80170-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  361. Yamamoto T., Uchida K., Hiratani T., Miyazaki T., Yagiu J., Yamaguchi H. In vitro activity of the killer toxin from yeast Hansenula mrakii against yeasts and molds. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1988 Mar;41(3):398–403. doi: 10.7164/antibiotics.41.398. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  362. Yoshikawa H., Ito J. Terminal proteins and short inverted terminal repeats of the small Bacillus bacteriophage genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Apr;78(4):2596–2600. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.4.2596. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  363. Young T. W., Yagiu M. A comparison of the killer character in different yeasts and its classification. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1978;44(1):59–77. doi: 10.1007/BF00400077. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  364. Zhu H., Bussey H. Mutational analysis of the functional domains of yeast K1 killer toxin. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Jan;11(1):175–181. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.1.175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  365. Zhu H., Bussey H., Thomas D. Y., Gagnon J., Bell A. W. Determination of the carboxyl termini of the alpha and beta subunits of yeast K1 killer toxin. Requirement of a carboxypeptidase B-like activity for maturation. J Biol Chem. 1987 Aug 5;262(22):10728–10732. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  366. Zhu Hong, Bussey Howard. The K1 Toxin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kills Spheroplasts of Many Yeast Species. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1989 Aug;55(8):2105–2107. doi: 10.1128/aem.55.8.2105-2107.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  367. Zhu Y. S., Kane J., Zhang X. Y., Zhang M., Tipper D. J. Role of the gamma component of preprotoxin in expression of the yeast K1 killer phenotype. Yeast. 1993 Mar;9(3):251–266. doi: 10.1002/yea.320090305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  368. Zhu Y. S., Zhang X. Y., Cartwright C. P., Tipper D. J. Kex2-dependent processing of yeast K1 killer preprotoxin includes cleavage at ProArg-44. Mol Microbiol. 1992 Feb;6(4):511–520. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01496.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  369. de la Peña P., Barros F., Gascón S., Lazo P. S., Ramos S. Effect of yeast killer toxin on sensitive cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem. 1981 Oct 25;256(20):10420–10425. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  370. el-Sherbeini M., Bostian K. A. Viruses in fungi: infection of yeast with the K1 and K2 killer viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Jun;84(12):4293–4297. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.12.4293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  371. van der Westhuizen T. J., Pretorius I. S. The value of electrophoretic fingerprinting and karyotyping in wine yeast breeding programmes. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1992 May;61(4):249–257. doi: 10.1007/BF00713932. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Microbiology Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES