Skip to main content
PMC home page
Clinical Microbiology Reviews logoLink to Clinical Microbiology Reviews
. 1997 Oct;10(4):611–636. doi: 10.1128/cmr.10.4.611

Interleukin-12 in infectious diseases.

L Romani 1, P Puccetti 1, F Bistoni 1
PMCID: PMC172937  PMID: 9336665

Abstract

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent immunoregulatory cytokine that is crucially involved in a wide range of infectious diseases. In several experimental models of bacterial, parasitic, viral, and fungal infection, endogenous IL-12 is required for early control of infection and for generation and perhaps maintenance of acquired protective immunity, directed by T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and mediated by phagocytes. Although the relative roles of IL-12 and gamma interferon in Th1-cell priming may be to a significant extent pathogen dependent, common to most infections is that IL-12 regulates the magnitude of the gamma interferon response at the initiation of infection, thus potentiating natural resistance, favoring Th1-cell development; and inhibiting Th2 responses. Treatment of animals with IL-12, either alone or as a vaccine adjuvant, has been shown to prevent disease by many of the same infectious agents, by stimulating innate resistance or promoting specific reactivity. Although IL-12 may enhance protective memory responses in vaccination or in combination with antimicrobial chemotherapy, it is yet unclear whether exogenous IL-12 can alter established responses in humans. Continued investigation into the possible application of IL-12 therapy to human infections is warranted by the role of the cytokine in inflammation, immunopathology, and autoimmunity.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (430.6 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Afonso L. C., Scharton T. M., Vieira L. Q., Wysocka M., Trinchieri G., Scott P. The adjuvant effect of interleukin-12 in a vaccine against Leishmania major. Science. 1994 Jan 14;263(5144):235–237. doi: 10.1126/science.7904381. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Akridge R. E., Reed S. G. Interleukin-12 decreases human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in human macrophage cultures reconstituted with autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Infect Dis. 1996 Mar;173(3):559–564. doi: 10.1093/infdis/173.3.559. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Aliberti J. C., Cardoso M. A., Martins G. A., Gazzinelli R. T., Vieira L. Q., Silva J. S. Interleukin-12 mediates resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi in mice and is produced by murine macrophages in response to live trypomastigotes. Infect Immun. 1996 Jun;64(6):1961–1967. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.6.1961-1967.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Allendoerfer R., Biovin G. P., Deepe G. S., Jr Modulation of immune responses in murine pulmonary histoplasmosis. J Infect Dis. 1997 Apr;175(4):905–914. doi: 10.1086/513989. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Anguita J., Persing D. H., Rincon M., Barthold S. W., Fikrig E. Effect of anti-interleukin 12 treatment on murine lyme borreliosis. J Clin Invest. 1996 Feb 15;97(4):1028–1034. doi: 10.1172/JCI118494. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Appelberg R., Castro A. G., Pedrosa J., Silva R. A., Orme I. M., Minóprio P. Role of gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha during T-cell-independent and -dependent phases of Mycobacterium avium infection. Infect Immun. 1994 Sep;62(9):3962–3971. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.9.3962-3971.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Arai T., Hiromatsu K., Nishimura H., Kimura Y., Kobayashi N., Ishida H., Nimura Y., Yoshikai Y. Effects of in vivo administration of anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody on the host defence mechanism against murine Salmonella infection. Immunology. 1995 Jul;85(3):381–388. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Autenrieth I. B., Beer M., Bohn E., Kaufmann S. H., Heesemann J. Immune responses to Yersinia enterocolitica in susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice: an essential role for gamma interferon. Infect Immun. 1994 Jun;62(6):2590–2599. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.6.2590-2599.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Autenrieth I. B., Heesemann J. In vivo neutralization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma abrogates resistance to Yersinia enterocolitica infection in mice. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1992;181(6):333–338. doi: 10.1007/BF00191545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Autenrieth I. B., Tingle A., Reske-Kunz A., Heesemann J. T lymphocytes mediate protection against Yersinia enterocolitica in mice: characterization of murine T-cell clones specific for Y. enterocolitica. Infect Immun. 1992 Mar;60(3):1140–1149. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.3.1140-1149.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bacellar O., Brodskyn C., Guerreiro J., Barral-Netto M., Costa C. H., Coffman R. L., Johnson W. D., Carvalho E. M. Interleukin-12 restores interferon-gamma production and cytotoxic responses in visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis. 1996 Jun;173(6):1515–1518. doi: 10.1093/infdis/173.6.1515. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bacon C. M., McVicar D. W., Ortaldo J. R., Rees R. C., O'Shea J. J., Johnston J. A. Interleukin 12 (IL-12) induces tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 and TYK2: differential use of Janus family tyrosine kinases by IL-2 and IL-12. J Exp Med. 1995 Jan 1;181(1):399–404. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.1.399. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Badaro R., Falcoff E., Badaro F. S., Carvalho E. M., Pedral-Sampaio D., Barral A., Carvalho J. S., Barral-Netto M., Brandely M., Silva L. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis with pentavalent antimony and interferon gamma. N Engl J Med. 1990 Jan 4;322(1):16–21. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199001043220104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Balter M. AIDS research. Cytokines move from the margins into the spotlight. Science. 1995 Apr 14;268(5208):205–206. doi: 10.1126/science.7716511. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Barnes P. F., Chatterjee D., Abrams J. S., Lu S., Wang E., Yamamura M., Brennan P. J., Modlin R. L. Cytokine production induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan. Relationship to chemical structure. J Immunol. 1992 Jul 15;149(2):541–547. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Barnes P. F., Lu S., Abrams J. S., Wang E., Yamamura M., Modlin R. L. Cytokine production at the site of disease in human tuberculosis. Infect Immun. 1993 Aug;61(8):3482–3489. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.8.3482-3489.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Barthold S. W., Beck D. S., Hansen G. M., Terwilliger G. A., Moody K. D. Lyme borreliosis in selected strains and ages of laboratory mice. J Infect Dis. 1990 Jul;162(1):133–138. doi: 10.1093/infdis/162.1.133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Barthold S. W., Persing D. H., Armstrong A. L., Peeples R. A. Kinetics of Borrelia burgdorferi dissemination and evolution of disease after intradermal inoculation of mice. Am J Pathol. 1991 Aug;139(2):263–273. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bellone G., Trinchieri G. Dual stimulatory and inhibitory effect of NK cell stimulatory factor/IL-12 on human hematopoiesis. J Immunol. 1994 Aug 1;153(3):930–937. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bendelac A., Fearon D. T. Innate pathways that control acquired immunity. Curr Opin Immunol. 1997 Feb;9(1):1–3. doi: 10.1016/s0952-7915(97)80151-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bermudez L. E., Wu M., Young L. S. Interleukin-12-stimulated natural killer cells can activate human macrophages to inhibit growth of Mycobacterium avium. Infect Immun. 1995 Oct;63(10):4099–4104. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.10.4099-4104.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Bernhisel-Broadbent J., Camargo E. E., Jaffe H. S., Lederman H. M. Recombinant human interferon-gamma as adjunct therapy for Aspergillus infection in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. J Infect Dis. 1991 Apr;163(4):908–911. doi: 10.1093/infdis/163.4.908. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Bi Z., Quandt P., Komatsu T., Barna M., Reiss C. S. IL-12 promotes enhanced recovery from vesicular stomatitis virus infection of the central nervous system. J Immunol. 1995 Dec 15;155(12):5684–5689. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Biron C. A. Cytokines in the generation of immune responses to, and resolution of, virus infection. Curr Opin Immunol. 1994 Aug;6(4):530–538. doi: 10.1016/0952-7915(94)90137-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Biron C. A., Gazzinelli R. T. Effects of IL-12 on immune responses to microbial infections: a key mediator in regulating disease outcome. Curr Opin Immunol. 1995 Aug;7(4):485–496. doi: 10.1016/0952-7915(95)80093-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Biron C. A., Orange J. S. IL12 in acute viral infectious disease. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):590–600. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83036-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Blanden R. V., Lefford M. J., Mackaness G. B. The host response to Calmette-Guérin bacillus infection in mice. J Exp Med. 1969 May 1;129(5):1079–1107. doi: 10.1084/jem.129.5.1079. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Bliss J., Van Cleave V., Murray K., Wiencis A., Ketchum M., Maylor R., Haire T., Resmini C., Abbas A. K., Wolf S. F. IL-12, as an adjuvant, promotes a T helper 1 cell, but does not suppress a T helper 2 cell recall response. J Immunol. 1996 Feb 1;156(3):887–894. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Bodey G. P., Anaissie E. J. Chronic systemic candidiasis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1989 Oct;8(10):855–857. doi: 10.1007/BF01963770. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Bogdan C., Gessner A., Solbach W., Röllinghoff M. Invasion, control and persistence of Leishmania parasites. Curr Opin Immunol. 1996 Aug;8(4):517–525. doi: 10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80040-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Bohn E., Autenrieth I. B. IL-12 is essential for resistance against Yersinia enterocolitica by triggering IFN-gamma production in NK cells and CD4+ T cells. J Immunol. 1996 Feb 15;156(4):1458–1468. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Boom W. H., Wallis R. S., Chervenak K. A. Human Mycobacterium tuberculosis-reactive CD4+ T-cell clones: heterogeneity in antigen recognition, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity for mononuclear phagocytes. Infect Immun. 1991 Aug;59(8):2737–2743. doi: 10.1128/iai.59.8.2737-2743.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Bost K. L., Clements J. D. In vivo induction of interleukin-12 mRNA expression after oral immunization with Salmonella dublin or the B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Infect Immun. 1995 Mar;63(3):1076–1083. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.3.1076-1083.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Brunda M. J. Interleukin-12. J Leukoc Biol. 1994 Feb;55(2):280–288. doi: 10.1002/jlb.55.2.280. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Brunda M. J. Role of IL12 as an anti-tumour agent: current status and future directions. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):622–628. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83040-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Capron M., Capron A. Immunoglobulin E and effector cells in schistosomiasis. Science. 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1876–1877. doi: 10.1126/science.8009216. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Cardillo F., Voltarelli J. C., Reed S. G., Silva J. S. Regulation of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice by gamma interferon and interleukin 10: role of NK cells. Infect Immun. 1996 Jan;64(1):128–134. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.1.128-134.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Carrera L., Gazzinelli R. T., Badolato R., Hieny S., Muller W., Kuhn R., Sacks D. L. Leishmania promastigotes selectively inhibit interleukin 12 induction in bone marrow-derived macrophages from susceptible and resistant mice. J Exp Med. 1996 Feb 1;183(2):515–526. doi: 10.1084/jem.183.2.515. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Carter L. L., Dutton R. W. Type 1 and type 2: a fundamental dichotomy for all T-cell subsets. Curr Opin Immunol. 1996 Jun;8(3):336–342. doi: 10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80122-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Cassatella M. A., Meda L., Gasperini S., D'Andrea A., Ma X., Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 production by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Eur J Immunol. 1995 Jan;25(1):1–5. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830250102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Castro A. G., Silva R. A., Appelberg R. Endogenously produced IL-12 is required for the induction of protective T cells during Mycobacterium avium infections in mice. J Immunol. 1995 Aug 15;155(4):2013–2019. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Cauwels A., Fiers W., Brouckaert P. Murine IL-12 is involved in Calmette-Guérin bacillus-induced sensitization and is by itself sufficient to sensitize mice to the lethal effects of human TNF1. J Immunol. 1996 Jun 15;156(12):4686–4690. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Cavanaugh V. J., Guidotti L. G., Chisari F. V. Interleukin-12 inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in transgenic mice. J Virol. 1997 Apr;71(4):3236–3243. doi: 10.1128/jvi.71.4.3236-3243.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Cella M., Scheidegger D., Palmer-Lehmann K., Lane P., Lanzavecchia A., Alber G. Ligation of CD40 on dendritic cells triggers production of high levels of interleukin-12 and enhances T cell stimulatory capacity: T-T help via APC activation. J Exp Med. 1996 Aug 1;184(2):747–752. doi: 10.1084/jem.184.2.747. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Cellier M., Govoni G., Vidal S., Kwan T., Groulx N., Liu J., Sanchez F., Skamene E., Schurr E., Gros P. Human natural resistance-associated macrophage protein: cDNA cloning, chromosomal mapping, genomic organization, and tissue-specific expression. J Exp Med. 1994 Nov 1;180(5):1741–1752. doi: 10.1084/jem.180.5.1741. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Cellier M., Privé G., Belouchi A., Kwan T., Rodrigues V., Chia W., Gros P. Nramp defines a family of membrane proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Oct 24;92(22):10089–10093. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.22.10089. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Cenci E., Perito S., Enssle K. H., Mosci P., Latgé J. P., Romani L., Bistoni F. Th1 and Th2 cytokines in mice with invasive aspergillosis. Infect Immun. 1997 Feb;65(2):564–570. doi: 10.1128/iai.65.2.564-570.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Chan S. H., Kobayashi M., Santoli D., Perussia B., Trinchieri G. Mechanisms of IFN-gamma induction by natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF/IL-12). Role of transcription and mRNA stability in the synergistic interaction between NKSF and IL-2. J Immunol. 1992 Jan 1;148(1):92–98. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Chan S. H., Perussia B., Gupta J. W., Kobayashi M., Pospísil M., Young H. A., Wolf S. F., Young D., Clark S. C., Trinchieri G. Induction of interferon gamma production by natural killer cell stimulatory factor: characterization of the responder cells and synergy with other inducers. J Exp Med. 1991 Apr 1;173(4):869–879. doi: 10.1084/jem.173.4.869. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Chehimi J., Paganin C., Frank I., Chouaib S., Starr S., Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 in the pathogenesis and therapy of HIV disease. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):605–614. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83038-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Chehimi J., Starr S. E., Frank I., D'Andrea A., Ma X., MacGregor R. R., Sennelier J., Trinchieri G. Impaired interleukin 12 production in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Exp Med. 1994 Apr 1;179(4):1361–1366. doi: 10.1084/jem.179.4.1361. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Chehimi J., Starr S. E., Frank I., Rengaraju M., Jackson S. J., Llanes C., Kobayashi M., Perussia B., Young D., Nickbarg E. Natural killer (NK) cell stimulatory factor increases the cytotoxic activity of NK cells from both healthy donors and human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Exp Med. 1992 Mar 1;175(3):789–796. doi: 10.1084/jem.175.3.789. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Chehimi J., Valiante N. M., D'Andrea A., Rengaraju M., Rosado Z., Kobayashi M., Perussia B., Wolf S. F., Starr S. E., Trinchieri G. Enhancing effect of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF/interleukin-12) on cell-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor-derived and virus-infected cells. Eur J Immunol. 1993 Aug;23(8):1826–1830. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830230814. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Chensue S. W., Ruth J. H., Warmington K., Lincoln P., Kunkel S. L. In vivo regulation of macrophage IL-12 production during type 1 and type 2 cytokine-mediated granuloma formation. J Immunol. 1995 Oct 1;155(7):3546–3551. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Chensue S. W., Terebuh P. D., Warmington K. S., Hershey S. D., Evanoff H. L., Kunkel S. L., Higashi G. I. Role of IL-4 and IFN-gamma in Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced hypersensitivity granuloma formation. Orchestration, relative contribution, and relationship to macrophage function. J Immunol. 1992 Feb 1;148(3):900–906. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Chizzonite R., Truitt T., Podlaski F. J., Wolitzky A. G., Quinn P. M., Nunes P., Stern A. S., Gately M. K. IL-12: monoclonal antibodies specific for the 40-kDa subunit block receptor binding and biologic activity on activated human lymphoblasts. J Immunol. 1991 Sep 1;147(5):1548–1556. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Chong C., Bost K. L., Clements J. D. Differential production of interleukin-12 mRNA by murine macrophages in response to viable or killed Salmonella spp. Infect Immun. 1996 Apr;64(4):1154–1160. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.4.1154-1160.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Chougnet C. A., Margolis D., Landay A. L., Kessler H. A., Shearer G. M. Contribution of prostaglandin E2 to the interleukin-12 defect in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 1996 Aug;10(9):1043–1045. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199610090-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Chougnet C., Clerici M., Shearer G. M. Role of IL12 in HIV disease/AIDS. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):615–622. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83039-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Chougnet C., Wynn T. A., Clerici M., Landay A. L., Kessler H. A., Rusnak J., Melcher G. P., Sher A., Shearer G. M. Molecular analysis of decreased interleukin-12 production in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 1996 Jul;174(1):46–53. doi: 10.1093/infdis/174.1.46. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Chua A. O., Chizzonite R., Desai B. B., Truitt T. P., Nunes P., Minetti L. J., Warrier R. R., Presky D. H., Levine J. F., Gately M. K. Expression cloning of a human IL-12 receptor component. A new member of the cytokine receptor superfamily with strong homology to gp130. J Immunol. 1994 Jul 1;153(1):128–136. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Chua A. O., Wilkinson V. L., Presky D. H., Gubler U. Cloning and characterization of a mouse IL-12 receptor-beta component. J Immunol. 1995 Nov 1;155(9):4286–4294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Clemons K. V., Brummer E., Stevens D. A. Cytokine treatment of central nervous system infection: efficacy of interleukin-12 alone and synergy with conventional antifungal therapy in experimental cryptococcosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Mar;38(3):460–464. doi: 10.1128/aac.38.3.460. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Clerici M., Lucey D. R., Berzofsky J. A., Pinto L. A., Wynn T. A., Blatt S. P., Dolan M. J., Hendrix C. W., Wolf S. F., Shearer G. M. Restoration of HIV-specific cell-mediated immune responses by interleukin-12 in vitro. Science. 1993 Dec 10;262(5140):1721–1724. doi: 10.1126/science.7903123. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Clerici M., Sarin A., Coffman R. L., Wynn T. A., Blatt S. P., Hendrix C. W., Wolf S. F., Shearer G. M., Henkart P. A. Type 1/type 2 cytokine modulation of T-cell programmed cell death as a model for human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 6;91(25):11811–11815. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.25.11811. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Clerici M., Shearer G. M. A TH1-->TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection. Immunol Today. 1993 Mar;14(3):107–111. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90208-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Clerici M., Shearer G. M. The Th1-Th2 hypothesis of HIV infection: new insights. Immunol Today. 1994 Dec;15(12):575–581. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90220-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Clerici M., Wynn T. A., Berzofsky J. A., Blatt S. P., Hendrix C. W., Sher A., Coffman R. L., Shearer G. M. Role of interleukin-10 in T helper cell dysfunction in asymptomatic individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Invest. 1994 Feb;93(2):768–775. doi: 10.1172/JCI117031. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Cleveland M. G., Gorham J. D., Murphy T. L., Tuomanen E., Murphy K. M. Lipoteichoic acid preparations of gram-positive bacteria induce interleukin-12 through a CD14-dependent pathway. Infect Immun. 1996 Jun;64(6):1906–1912. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.6.1906-1912.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Conlan J. W., North R. J. Neutrophil-mediated dissolution of infected host cells as a defense strategy against a facultative intracellular bacterium. J Exp Med. 1991 Sep 1;174(3):741–744. doi: 10.1084/jem.174.3.741. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Conlan J. W., Sjöstedt A., North R. J. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell-dependent and -independent host defense mechanisms can operate to control and resolve primary and secondary Francisella tularensis LVS infection in mice. Infect Immun. 1994 Dec;62(12):5603–5607. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.12.5603-5607.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Cooper A. M., Callahan J. E., Griffin J. P., Roberts A. D., Orme I. M. Old mice are able to control low-dose aerogenic infections with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun. 1995 Sep;63(9):3259–3265. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.9.3259-3265.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Cooper A. M., Dalton D. K., Stewart T. A., Griffin J. P., Russell D. G., Orme I. M. Disseminated tuberculosis in interferon gamma gene-disrupted mice. J Exp Med. 1993 Dec 1;178(6):2243–2247. doi: 10.1084/jem.178.6.2243. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Cooper A. M., Roberts A. D., Rhoades E. R., Callahan J. E., Getzy D. M., Orme I. M. The role of interleukin-12 in acquired immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Immunology. 1995 Mar;84(3):423–432. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Cousens L. P., Orange J. S., Su H. C., Biron C. A. Interferon-alpha/beta inhibition of interleukin 12 and interferon-gamma production in vitro and endogenously during viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Jan 21;94(2):634–639. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.2.634. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Coutelier J. P., Van Broeck J., Wolf S. F. Interleukin-12 gene expression after viral infection in the mouse. J Virol. 1995 Mar;69(3):1955–1958. doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.3.1955-1958.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Cox R. A., Kennell W., Boncyk L., Murphy J. W. Induction and expression of cell-mediated immune responses in inbred mice infected with Coccidioides immitis. Infect Immun. 1988 Jan;56(1):13–17. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.1.13-17.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Crutcher J. M., Stevenson M. M., Sedegah M., Hoffman S. L. Interleukin-12 and malaria. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):552–559. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83031-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. D'Andrea A., Aste-Amezaga M., Valiante N. M., Ma X., Kubin M., Trinchieri G. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits human lymphocyte interferon gamma-production by suppressing natural killer cell stimulatory factor/IL-12 synthesis in accessory cells. J Exp Med. 1993 Sep 1;178(3):1041–1048. doi: 10.1084/jem.178.3.1041. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. D'Andrea A., Ma X., Aste-Amezaga M., Paganin C., Trinchieri G. Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 on the production of cytokines by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: priming for IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha production. J Exp Med. 1995 Feb 1;181(2):537–546. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.2.537. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. D'Andrea A., Rengaraju M., Valiante N. M., Chehimi J., Kubin M., Aste M., Chan S. H., Kobayashi M., Young D., Nickbarg E. Production of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (interleukin 12) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Exp Med. 1992 Nov 1;176(5):1387–1398. doi: 10.1084/jem.176.5.1387. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Daftarian M. P., Diaz-Mitoma F., Creery W. D., Cameron W., Kumar A. Dysregulated production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12 by peripheral blood lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals is associated with altered proliferative responses to recall antigens. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1995 Nov;2(6):712–718. doi: 10.1128/cdli.2.6.712-718.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Dalton D. K., Pitts-Meek S., Keshav S., Figari I. S., Bradley A., Stewart T. A. Multiple defects of immune cell function in mice with disrupted interferon-gamma genes. Science. 1993 Mar 19;259(5102):1739–1742. doi: 10.1126/science.8456300. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Daugelat S., Kaufmann S. H. Role of Th1 and Th2 cells in bacterial infections. Chem Immunol. 1996;63:66–97. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Daugelat S., Ladel C. H., Kaufmann S. H. Impact of host genetic background on bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection in naturally susceptible mice. Immunol Lett. 1995 Dec;48(2):153–156. doi: 10.1016/0165-2478(95)02449-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. DeKruyff R. H., Gieni R. S., Umetsu D. T. Antigen-driven but not lipopolysaccharide-driven IL-12 production in macrophages requires triggering of CD40. J Immunol. 1997 Jan 1;158(1):359–366. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Denis M., Ghadirian E. Dysregulation of interleukin 8, interleukin 10, and interleukin 12 release by alveolar macrophages from HIV type 1-infected subjects. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994 Dec;10(12):1619–1627. doi: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.1619. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Denis M. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) augments cytolytic activity of natural killer cells toward Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human monocytes. Cell Immunol. 1994 Jul;156(2):529–536. doi: 10.1006/cimm.1994.1196. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Denis M. Involvement of cytokines in determining resistance and acquired immunity in murine tuberculosis. J Leukoc Biol. 1991 Nov;50(5):495–501. doi: 10.1002/jlb.50.5.495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Denis M. Modulation of Mycobacterium avium growth in vivo by cytokines: involvement of tumour necrosis factor in resistance to atypical mycobacteria. Clin Exp Immunol. 1991 Mar;83(3):466–471. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05662.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Derrico C. A., Goodrum K. J. Interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha mediate innate production of gamma interferon by group B Streptococcus-treated splenocytes of severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Infect Immun. 1996 Apr;64(4):1314–1320. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.4.1314-1320.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Descoteaux A., Matlashewski G., Turco S. J. Inhibition of macrophage protein kinase C-mediated protein phosphorylation by Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan. J Immunol. 1992 Nov 1;149(9):3008–3015. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Dörig R. E., Marcil A., Chopra A., Richardson C. D. The human CD46 molecule is a receptor for measles virus (Edmonston strain). Cell. 1993 Oct 22;75(2):295–305. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)80071-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Eckmann L., Fierer J., Kagnoff M. F. Genetically resistant (Ityr) and susceptible (Itys) congenic mouse strains show similar cytokine responses following infection with Salmonella dublin. J Immunol. 1996 Apr 15;156(8):2894–2900. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Ehlers S., Mielke M. E., Hahn H. Progress in TB research: Robert Koch's dilemma revisited. Immunol Today. 1994 Jan;15(1):1–4. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90015-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Elkins K. L., Rhinehart-Jones T., Nacy C. A., Winegar R. K., Fortier A. H. T-cell-independent resistance to infection and generation of immunity to Francisella tularensis. Infect Immun. 1993 Mar;61(3):823–829. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.3.823-829.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Else K. J., Grencis R. K. Cellular immune responses to the murine nematode parasite Trichuris muris. I. Differential cytokine production during acute or chronic infection. Immunology. 1991 Apr;72(4):508–513. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Emmerling P., Finger H., Bockemühl J. Listeria monocytogenes infection in nude mice. Infect Immun. 1975 Aug;12(2):437–439. doi: 10.1128/iai.12.2.437-439.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Emoto M., Emoto Y., Kaufmann S. H. Interleukin-4-producing CD4+ NK1.1+ TCR alpha/beta intermediate liver lymphocytes are down-regulated by Listeria monocytogenes. Eur J Immunol. 1995 Dec;25(12):3321–3325. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830251218. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Emoto M., Naito T., Nakamura R., Yoshikai Y. Different appearance of gamma delta T cells during salmonellosis between Ityr and Itys mice. J Immunol. 1993 Apr 15;150(8 Pt 1):3411–3420. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Eng V. M., Car B. D., Schnyder B., Lorenz M., Lugli S., Aguet M., Anderson T. D., Ryffel B., Quesniaux V. F. The stimulatory effects of interleukin (IL)-12 on hematopoiesis are antagonized by IL-12-induced interferon gamma in vivo. J Exp Med. 1995 May 1;181(5):1893–1898. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.5.1893. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Estaquier J., Idziorek T., Zou W., Emilie D., Farber C. M., Bourez J. M., Ameisen J. C. T helper type 1/T helper type 2 cytokines and T cell death: preventive effect of interleukin 12 on activation-induced and CD95 (FAS/APO-1)-mediated apoptosis of CD4+ T cells from human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. J Exp Med. 1995 Dec 1;182(6):1759–1767. doi: 10.1084/jem.182.6.1759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Fantuzzi L., Gessani S., Borghi P., Varano B., Conti L., Puddu P., Belardelli F. Induction of interleukin-12 (IL-12) by recombinant glycoprotein gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in human monocytes/macrophages: requirement of gamma interferon for IL-12 secretion. J Virol. 1996 Jun;70(6):4121–4124. doi: 10.1128/jvi.70.6.4121-4124.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Fearon D. T., Locksley R. M. The instructive role of innate immunity in the acquired immune response. Science. 1996 Apr 5;272(5258):50–53. doi: 10.1126/science.272.5258.50. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Fernandes D. M., Baldwin C. L. Interleukin-10 downregulates protective immunity to Brucella abortus. Infect Immun. 1995 Mar;63(3):1130–1133. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.3.1130-1133.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Filgueira L., Nestlé F. O., Rittig M., Joller H. I., Groscurth P. Human dendritic cells phagocytose and process Borrelia burgdorferi. J Immunol. 1996 Oct 1;157(7):2998–3005. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Finkelman F. D., Madden K. B., Cheever A. W., Katona I. M., Morris S. C., Gately M. K., Hubbard B. R., Gause W. C., Urban J. F., Jr Effects of interleukin 12 on immune responses and host protection in mice infected with intestinal nematode parasites. J Exp Med. 1994 May 1;179(5):1563–1572. doi: 10.1084/jem.179.5.1563. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Flesch I. E., Hess J. H., Huang S., Aguet M., Rothe J., Bluethmann H., Kaufmann S. H. Early interleukin 12 production by macrophages in response to mycobacterial infection depends on interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Exp Med. 1995 May 1;181(5):1615–1621. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.5.1615. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Flesch I. E., Kaufmann S. H. Activation of tuberculostatic macrophage functions by gamma interferon, interleukin-4, and tumor necrosis factor. Infect Immun. 1990 Aug;58(8):2675–2677. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.8.2675-2677.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Flesch I. E., Kaufmann S. H. Differential induction of IL12 synthesis by Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Listeria monocytogenes. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):520–526. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83026-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Flesch I. E., Kaufmann S. H. Stimulation of antibacterial macrophage activities by B-cell stimulatory factor 2 (interleukin-6). Infect Immun. 1990 Jan;58(1):269–271. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.1.269-271.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Flesch I., Kaufmann S. H. Mycobacterial growth inhibition by interferon-gamma-activated bone marrow macrophages and differential susceptibility among strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol. 1987 Jun 15;138(12):4408–4413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Flynn J. L., Chan J., Triebold K. J., Dalton D. K., Stewart T. A., Bloom B. R. An essential role for interferon gamma in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Exp Med. 1993 Dec 1;178(6):2249–2254. doi: 10.1084/jem.178.6.2249. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Flynn J. L., Goldstein M. M., Triebold K. J., Sypek J., Wolf S., Bloom B. R. IL-12 increases resistance of BALB/c mice to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Immunol. 1995 Sep 1;155(5):2515–2524. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Fortier A. H., Polsinelli T., Green S. J., Nacy C. A. Activation of macrophages for destruction of Francisella tularensis: identification of cytokines, effector cells, and effector molecules. Infect Immun. 1992 Mar;60(3):817–825. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.3.817-825.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Fowell D. J., Wakil A. E., Locksley R. M. Interleukin-12 in murine leishmaniasis--match, flame or fuel? Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):566–575. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83033-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Frucht D. M., Holland S. M. Defective monocyte costimulation for IFN-gamma production in familial disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection: abnormal IL-12 regulation. J Immunol. 1996 Jul 1;157(1):411–416. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Fulton S. A., Johnsen J. M., Wolf S. F., Sieburth D. S., Boom W. H. Interleukin-12 production by human monocytes infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: role of phagocytosis. Infect Immun. 1996 Jul;64(7):2523–2531. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.7.2523-2531.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Gately M. K. Interleukin-12: potential clinical applications in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. J Viral Hepat. 1997;4 (Suppl 1):33–39. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.1997.tb00158.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Gately M. K., Warrier R. R., Honasoge S., Carvajal D. M., Faherty D. A., Connaughton S. E., Anderson T. D., Sarmiento U., Hubbard B. R., Murphy M. Administration of recombinant IL-12 to normal mice enhances cytolytic lymphocyte activity and induces production of IFN-gamma in vivo. Int Immunol. 1994 Jan;6(1):157–167. doi: 10.1093/intimm/6.1.157. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Gavett S. H., O'Hearn D. J., Li X., Huang S. K., Finkelman F. D., Wills-Karp M. Interleukin 12 inhibits antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and Th2 cytokine expression in mice. J Exp Med. 1995 Nov 1;182(5):1527–1536. doi: 10.1084/jem.182.5.1527. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Gazzinelli R. T., Bala S., Stevens R., Baseler M., Wahl L., Kovacs J., Sher A. HIV infection suppresses type 1 lymphokine and IL-12 responses to Toxoplasma gondii but fails to inhibit the synthesis of other parasite-induced monokines. J Immunol. 1995 Aug 1;155(3):1565–1574. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Gazzinelli R. T., Denkers E. Y., Sher A. Host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii: model for studying the selective induction of cell-mediated immunity by intracellular parasites. Infect Agents Dis. 1993 Jun;2(3):139–149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Gazzinelli R. T., Giese N. A., Morse H. C., 3rd In vivo treatment with interleukin 12 protects mice from immune abnormalities observed during murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS). J Exp Med. 1994 Dec 1;180(6):2199–2208. doi: 10.1084/jem.180.6.2199. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Gazzinelli R. T., Hieny S., Wynn T. A., Wolf S., Sher A. Interleukin 12 is required for the T-lymphocyte-independent induction of interferon gamma by an intracellular parasite and induces resistance in T-cell-deficient hosts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jul 1;90(13):6115–6119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.13.6115. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Gazzinelli R. T., Makino M., Chattopadhyay S. K., Snapper C. M., Sher A., Hügin A. W., Morse H. C., 3rd CD4+ subset regulation in viral infection. Preferential activation of Th2 cells during progression of retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency in mice. J Immunol. 1992 Jan 1;148(1):182–188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Gazzinelli R. T. Molecular and cellular basis of interleukin 12 activity in prophylaxis and therapy against infectious diseases. Mol Med Today. 1996 Jun;2(6):258–267. doi: 10.1016/1357-4310(96)88807-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Gazzinelli R. T., Wysocka M., Hayashi S., Denkers E. Y., Hieny S., Caspar P., Trinchieri G., Sher A. Parasite-induced IL-12 stimulates early IFN-gamma synthesis and resistance during acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol. 1994 Sep 15;153(6):2533–2543. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Gearing D. P., Cosman D. Homology of the p40 subunit of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF) with the extracellular domain of the interleukin-6 receptor. Cell. 1991 Jul 12;66(1):9–10. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90131-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Gemmell E., Seymour G. J. Modulation of immune responses to periodontal bacteria. Curr Opin Periodontol. 1994:28–38. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Germann T., Bongartz M., Dlugonska H., Hess H., Schmitt E., Kolbe L., Kölsch E., Podlaski F. J., Gately M. K., Rüde E. Interleukin-12 profoundly up-regulates the synthesis of antigen-specific complement-fixing IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 antibody subclasses in vivo. Eur J Immunol. 1995 Mar;25(3):823–829. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830250329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Germann T., Guckes S., Bongartz M., Dlugonska H., Schmitt E., Kolbe L., Kölsch E., Podlaski F. J., Gately M. K., Rüde E. Administration of IL-12 during ongoing immune responses fails to permanently suppress and can even enhance the synthesis of antigen-specific IgE. Int Immunol. 1995 Oct;7(10):1649–1657. doi: 10.1093/intimm/7.10.1649. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Germann T., Rüde E., Mattner F., Gately M. K. The IL-12 p40 homodimer as a specific antagonist of the IL-12 heterodimer. Immunol Today. 1995 Oct;16(10):500–501. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(95)80035-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Germann T., Rüde E., Schmitt E. The influence of IL12 on the development of Th1 and Th2 cells and its adjuvant effect for humoral immune responses. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):481–486. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83020-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Gerosa F., Paganin C., Peritt D., Paiola F., Scupoli M. T., Aste-Amezaga M., Frank I., Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 primes human CD4 and CD8 T cell clones for high production of both interferon-gamma and interleukin-10. J Exp Med. 1996 Jun 1;183(6):2559–2569. doi: 10.1084/jem.183.6.2559. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Ghalib H. W., Whittle J. A., Kubin M., Hashim F. A., el-Hassan A. M., Grabstein K. H., Trinchieri G., Reed S. G. IL-12 enhances Th1-type responses in human Leishmania donovani infections. J Immunol. 1995 May 1;154(9):4623–4629. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Giese N. A., Gazzinelli R. T., Morawetz R. A., Morse H. C., 3rd Role of IL12 in MAIDS. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):600–605. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83037-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Gillessen S., Carvajal D., Ling P., Podlaski F. J., Stremlo D. L., Familletti P. C., Gubler U., Presky D. H., Stern A. S., Gately M. K. Mouse interleukin-12 (IL-12) p40 homodimer: a potent IL-12 antagonist. Eur J Immunol. 1995 Jan;25(1):200–206. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830250133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Golovliov I., Sandström G., Ericsson M., Sjöstedt A., Tärnvik A. Cytokine expression in the liver during the early phase of murine tularemia. Infect Immun. 1995 Feb;63(2):534–538. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.2.534-538.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Greenberger M. J., Kunkel S. L., Strieter R. M., Lukacs N. W., Bramson J., Gauldie J., Graham F. L., Hitt M., Danforth J. M., Standiford T. J. IL-12 gene therapy protects mice in lethal Klebsiella pneumonia. J Immunol. 1996 Oct 1;157(7):3006–3012. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Greenberger M. J., Strieter R. M., Kunkel S. L., Danforth J. M., Goodman R. E., Standiford T. J. Neutralization of IL-10 increases survival in a murine model of Klebsiella pneumonia. J Immunol. 1995 Jul 15;155(2):722–729. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Greenberger M. J., Strieter R. M., Kunkel S. L., Danforth J. M., Laichalk L. L., McGillicuddy D. C., Standiford T. J. Neutralization of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 attenuates neutrophil recruitment and bacterial clearance in murine Klebsiella pneumonia. J Infect Dis. 1996 Jan;173(1):159–165. doi: 10.1093/infdis/173.1.159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Grewal I. S., Xu J., Flavell R. A. Impairment of antigen-specific T-cell priming in mice lacking CD40 ligand. Nature. 1995 Dec 7;378(6557):617–620. doi: 10.1038/378617a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Griffin D. E., Ward B. J. Differential CD4 T cell activation in measles. J Infect Dis. 1993 Aug;168(2):275–281. doi: 10.1093/infdis/168.2.275. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Grzych J. M., Pearce E., Cheever A., Caulada Z. A., Caspar P., Heiny S., Lewis F., Sher A. Egg deposition is the major stimulus for the production of Th2 cytokines in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. J Immunol. 1991 Feb 15;146(4):1322–1327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Gubler U., Chua A. O., Schoenhaut D. S., Dwyer C. M., McComas W., Motyka R., Nabavi N., Wolitzky A. G., Quinn P. M., Familletti P. C. Coexpression of two distinct genes is required to generate secreted bioactive cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 May 15;88(10):4143–4147. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.10.4143. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Haak-Frendscho M., Brown J. F., Iizawa Y., Wagner R. D., Czuprynski C. J. Administration of anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody 11B11 increases the resistance of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection. J Immunol. 1992 Jun 15;148(12):3978–3985. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Hahn H., Kaufmann S. H. The role of cell-mediated immunity in bacterial infections. Rev Infect Dis. 1981 Nov-Dec;3(6):1221–1250. doi: 10.1093/clinids/3.6.1221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Halpern M. D., Kurlander R. J., Pisetsky D. S. Bacterial DNA induces murine interferon-gamma production by stimulation of interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Cell Immunol. 1996 Jan 10;167(1):72–78. doi: 10.1006/cimm.1996.0009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Harrison T. S., Levitz S. M. Priming with IFN-gamma restores deficient IL-12 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-seropositive donors. J Immunol. 1997 Jan 1;158(1):459–463. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Harrison T. S., Levitz S. M. Role of IL-12 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to fungi in persons with and without HIV infection. J Immunol. 1996 Jun 1;156(11):4492–4497. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Harty J. T., Lenz L. L., Bevan M. J. Primary and secondary immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes. Curr Opin Immunol. 1996 Aug;8(4):526–530. doi: 10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80041-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Hayes M. P., Wang J., Norcross M. A. Regulation of interleukin-12 expression in human monocytes: selective priming by interferon-gamma of lipopolysaccharide-inducible p35 and p40 genes. Blood. 1995 Jul 15;86(2):646–650. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Heinzel F. P., Ahmed F., Hujer A. M., Rerko R. M. Immunoregulation of murine leishmaniasis by interleukin-12. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):575–581. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83034-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Heinzel F. P., Rerko R. M., Ahmed F., Pearlman E. Endogenous IL-12 is required for control of Th2 cytokine responses capable of exacerbating leishmaniasis in normally resistant mice. J Immunol. 1995 Jul 15;155(2):730–739. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Heinzel F. P., Schoenhaut D. S., Rerko R. M., Rosser L. E., Gately M. K. Recombinant interleukin 12 cures mice infected with Leishmania major. J Exp Med. 1993 May 1;177(5):1505–1509. doi: 10.1084/jem.177.5.1505. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Hendricks R. L., Tumpey T. M., Finnegan A. IFN-gamma and IL-2 are protective in the skin but pathologic in the corneas of HSV-1-infected mice. J Immunol. 1992 Nov 1;149(9):3023–3028. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Hilleman M. R. Vaccinology, immunology, and comparative pathogenesis of measles in the quest for a preventative against AIDS. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994 Jan;10(1):3–12. doi: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Hoag K. A., Street N. E., Huffnagle G. B., Lipscomb M. F. Early cytokine production in pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infections distinguishes susceptible and resistant mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1995 Oct;13(4):487–495. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.13.4.7546779. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Hoffman S. L., Crutcher J. M., Puri S. K., Ansari A. A., Villinger F., Franke E. D., Singh P. P., Finkelman F., Gately M. K., Dutta G. P. Sterile protection of monkeys against malaria after administration of interleukin-12. Nat Med. 1997 Jan;3(1):80–83. doi: 10.1038/nm0197-80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Hoffman S. L., Isenbarger D., Long G. W., Sedegah M., Szarfman A., Waters L., Hollingdale M. R., van der Meide P. H., Finbloom D. S., Ballou W. R. Sporozoite vaccine induces genetically restricted T cell elimination of malaria from hepatocytes. Science. 1989 Jun 2;244(4908):1078–1081. doi: 10.1126/science.2524877. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Hondowicz B., Scott P. The role of IL12 in modulating an established Th2 response in experimental leishmaniasis. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):560–565. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83032-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Hsieh C. S., Macatonia S. E., Tripp C. S., Wolf S. F., O'Garra A., Murphy K. M. Development of TH1 CD4+ T cells through IL-12 produced by Listeria-induced macrophages. Science. 1993 Apr 23;260(5107):547–549. doi: 10.1126/science.8097338. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Hunter C. A., Bermudez L., Beernink H., Waegell W., Remington J. S. Transforming growth factor-beta inhibits interleukin-12-induced production of interferon-gamma by natural killer cells: a role for transforming growth factor-beta in the regulation of T cell-independent resistance to Toxoplasma gondii. Eur J Immunol. 1995 Apr;25(4):994–1000. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830250420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Hunter C. A., Candolfi E., Subauste C., Van Cleave V., Remington J. S. Studies on the role of interleukin-12 in acute murine toxoplasmosis. Immunology. 1995 Jan;84(1):16–20. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Hunter C. A., Chizzonite R., Remington J. S. IL-1 beta is required for IL-12 to induce production of IFN-gamma by NK cells. A role for IL-1 beta in the T cell-independent mechanism of resistance against intracellular pathogens. J Immunol. 1995 Nov 1;155(9):4347–4354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Hunter C. A., Remington J. S. The role of IL12 in toxoplasmosis. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):546–552. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83030-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Hunter C. A., Slifer T., Araujo F. Interleukin-12-mediated resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi is dependent on tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma interferon. Infect Immun. 1996 Jul;64(7):2381–2386. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.7.2381-2386.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Hunter C. A., Subauste C. S., Van Cleave V. H., Remington J. S. Production of gamma interferon by natural killer cells from Toxoplasma gondii-infected SCID mice: regulation by interleukin-10, interleukin-12, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Infect Immun. 1994 Jul;62(7):2818–2824. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.7.2818-2824.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Huygen K., Abramowicz D., Vandenbussche P., Jacobs F., De Bruyn J., Kentos A., Drowart A., Van Vooren J. P., Goldman M. Spleen cell cytokine secretion in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected mice. Infect Immun. 1992 Jul;60(7):2880–2886. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.7.2880-2886.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Hyjek E., Lischner H. W., Hyslop T., Bartkowiak J., Kubin M., Trinchieri G., Kozbor D. Cytokine patterns during progression to AIDS in children with perinatal HIV infection. J Immunol. 1995 Oct 15;155(8):4060–4071. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Izzo A. A., North R. J. Evidence for an alpha/beta T cell-independent mechanism of resistance to mycobacteria. Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin causes progressive infection in severe combined immunodeficient mice, but not in nude mice or in mice depleted of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med. 1992 Aug 1;176(2):581–586. doi: 10.1084/jem.176.2.581. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Jackson J. D., Yan Y., Brunda M. J., Kelsey L. S., Talmadge J. E. Interleukin-12 enhances peripheral hematopoiesis in vivo. Blood. 1995 May 1;85(9):2371–2376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Jacobsen S. E. IL12, a direct stimulator and indirect inhibitor of haematopoiesis. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):506–514. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83024-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Jacobson N. G., Szabo S. J., Güler M. L., Gorham J. D., Murphy K. M. Regulation of interleukin-12 signal transduction during T helper phenotype development. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):446–456. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83014-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Jacobson N. G., Szabo S. J., Weber-Nordt R. M., Zhong Z., Schreiber R. D., Darnell J. E., Jr, Murphy K. M. Interleukin 12 signaling in T helper type 1 (Th1) cells involves tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)3 and Stat4. J Exp Med. 1995 May 1;181(5):1755–1762. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.5.1755. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Jahiel R. I., Vilcek J., Nussenzweig R. S. Exogenous interferon protects mice against Plasmodium berghei malaria. Nature. 1970 Sep 26;227(5265):1350–1351. doi: 10.1038/2271350a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Jahiel R. I., Vilcek J., Nussenzweig R., Vanderberg J. Interferon inducers protect mice against plasmodium berghei malaria. Science. 1968 Aug 23;161(3843):802–804. doi: 10.1126/science.161.3843.802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. James S. L., Boros D. L. Immune effector role of macrophages in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni. Immunol Ser. 1994;60:461–473. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Jankovic D., Sher A. Initiation and regulation of CD4+ T-cell function in host-parasite models. Chem Immunol. 1996;63:51–65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Jeannin P., Delneste Y., Life P., Gauchat J. F., Kaiserlian D., Bonnefoy J. Y. Interleukin-12 increases interleukin-4 production by established human Th0 and Th2-like T cell clones. Eur J Immunol. 1995 Aug;25(8):2247–2252. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830250820. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Jiang X., Baldwin C. L. Effects of cytokines on intracellular growth of Brucella abortus. Infect Immun. 1993 Jan;61(1):124–134. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.1.124-134.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Jones S. M., Winter A. J. Survival of virulent and attenuated strains of Brucella abortus in normal and gamma interferon-activated murine peritoneal macrophages. Infect Immun. 1992 Jul;60(7):3011–3014. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.7.3011-3014.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Kagaya K., Watanabe K., Fukazawa Y. Capacity of recombinant gamma interferon to activate macrophages for Salmonella-killing activity. Infect Immun. 1989 Feb;57(2):609–615. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.2.609-615.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Kamijo R., Le J., Shapiro D., Havell E. A., Huang S., Aguet M., Bosland M., Vilcek J. Mice that lack the interferon-gamma receptor have profoundly altered responses to infection with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin and subsequent challenge with lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med. 1993 Oct 1;178(4):1435–1440. doi: 10.1084/jem.178.4.1435. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Kanangat S., Thomas J., Gangappa S., Babu J. S., Rouse B. T. Herpes simplex virus type 1-mediated up-regulation of IL-12 (p40) mRNA expression. Implications in immunopathogenesis and protection. J Immunol. 1996 Feb 1;156(3):1110–1116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Kaplan M. H., Sun Y. L., Hoey T., Grusby M. J. Impaired IL-12 responses and enhanced development of Th2 cells in Stat4-deficient mice. Nature. 1996 Jul 11;382(6587):174–177. doi: 10.1038/382174a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Karp C. L., Wysocka M., Wahl L. M., Ahearn J. M., Cuomo P. J., Sherry B., Trinchieri G., Griffin D. E. Mechanism of suppression of cell-mediated immunity by measles virus. Science. 1996 Jul 12;273(5272):228–231. doi: 10.1126/science.273.5272.228. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Karttunen R. A., Karttunen T. J., Yousfi M. M., el-Zimaity H. M., Graham D. Y., el-Zaatari F. A. Expression of mRNA for interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and interleukin-12 (p40) in normal gastric mucosa and in mucosa infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997 Jan;32(1):22–27. doi: 10.3109/00365529709025058. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Karttunen R., Surcel H. M., Andersson G., Ekre H. P., Herva E. Francisella tularensis-induced in vitro gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 2 responses appear within 2 weeks of tularemia vaccination in human beings. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Apr;29(4):753–756. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.4.753-756.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Kato T., Hakamada R., Yamane H., Nariuchi H. Induction of IL-12 p40 messenger RNA expression and IL-12 production of macrophages via CD40-CD40 ligand interaction. J Immunol. 1996 May 15;156(10):3932–3938. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Kaufmann S. H., Flesch I. Function and antigen recognition pattern of L3T4+ T-cell clones from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-immune mice. Infect Immun. 1986 Nov;54(2):291–296. doi: 10.1128/iai.54.2.291-296.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Kaufmann S. H., Hug E., De Libero G. Listeria monocytogenes-reactive T lymphocyte clones with cytolytic activity against infected target cells. J Exp Med. 1986 Jul 1;164(1):363–368. doi: 10.1084/jem.164.1.363. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Kaufmann S. H. Immunity to intracellular bacteria. Annu Rev Immunol. 1993;11:129–163. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.11.040193.001021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Kawakami K., Tohyama M., Xie Q., Saito A. IL-12 protects mice against pulmonary and disseminated infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. Clin Exp Immunol. 1996 May;104(2):208–214. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.14723.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Kawamura I., Tsukada H., Yoshikawa H., Fujita M., Nomoto K., Mitsuyama M. IFN-gamma-producing ability as a possible marker for the protective T cells against Mycobacterium bovis BCG in mice. J Immunol. 1992 May 1;148(9):2887–2893. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Keane-Myers A., Nickell S. P. Role of IL-4 and IFN-gamma in modulation of immunity to Borrelia burgdorferi in mice. J Immunol. 1995 Aug 15;155(4):2020–2028. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Keane-Myers A., Nickell S. P. T cell subset-dependent modulation of immunity to Borrelia burgdorferi in mice. J Immunol. 1995 Feb 15;154(4):1770–1776. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Kennedy M. K., Picha K. S., Fanslow W. C., Grabstein K. H., Alderson M. R., Clifford K. N., Chin W. A., Mohler K. M. CD40/CD40 ligand interactions are required for T cell-dependent production of interleukin-12 by mouse macrophages. Eur J Immunol. 1996 Feb;26(2):370–378. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830260216. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Khan I. A., Matsuura T., Kasper L. H. Interleukin-12 enhances murine survival against acute toxoplasmosis. Infect Immun. 1994 May;62(5):1639–1642. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.5.1639-1642.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Kim J. J., Ayyavoo V., Bagarazzi M. L., Chattergoon M. A., Dang K., Wang B., Boyer J. D., Weiner D. B. In vivo engineering of a cellular immune response by coadministration of IL-12 expression vector with a DNA immunogen. J Immunol. 1997 Jan 15;158(2):816–826. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Kincy-Cain T., Clements J. D., Bost K. L. Endogenous and exogenous interleukin-12 augment the protective immune response in mice orally challenged with Salmonella dublin. Infect Immun. 1996 Apr;64(4):1437–1440. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.4.1437-1440.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. King C. L., Hakimi J., Shata M. T., Medhat A. IL-12 regulation of parasite antigen-driven IgE production in human helminth infections. J Immunol. 1995 Jul 1;155(1):454–461. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Kipps T. J. The CD5 B cell. Adv Immunol. 1989;47:117–185. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60663-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Klapproth J. M., Donnenberg M. S., Abraham J. M., Mobley H. L., James S. P. Products of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli inhibit lymphocyte activation and lymphokine production. Infect Immun. 1995 Jun;63(6):2248–2254. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.6.2248-2254.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Klinman D. M., Yi A. K., Beaucage S. L., Conover J., Krieg A. M. CpG motifs present in bacteria DNA rapidly induce lymphocytes to secrete interleukin 6, interleukin 12, and interferon gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Apr 2;93(7):2879–2883. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.7.2879. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Kobayashi K., Kasama T., Yamazaki J., Hosaka M., Katsura T., Mochizuki T., Soejima K., Nakamura R. M. Protection of mice from Mycobacterium avium infection by recombinant interleukin-12. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Jun;39(6):1369–1371. doi: 10.1128/aac.39.6.1369. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Kobayashi K., Yamazaki J., Kasama T., Katsura T., Kasahara K., Wolf S. F., Shimamura T. Interleukin (IL)-12 deficiency in susceptible mice infected with Mycobacterium avium and amelioration of established infection by IL-12 replacement therapy. J Infect Dis. 1996 Sep;174(3):564–573. doi: 10.1093/infdis/174.3.564. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Kobayashi M., Fitz L., Ryan M., Hewick R. M., Clark S. C., Chan S., Loudon R., Sherman F., Perussia B., Trinchieri G. Identification and purification of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF), a cytokine with multiple biologic effects on human lymphocytes. J Exp Med. 1989 Sep 1;170(3):827–845. doi: 10.1084/jem.170.3.827. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Koch F., Stanzl U., Jennewein P., Janke K., Heufler C., Kämpgen E., Romani N., Schuler G. High level IL-12 production by murine dendritic cells: upregulation via MHC class II and CD40 molecules and downregulation by IL-4 and IL-10. J Exp Med. 1996 Aug 1;184(2):741–746. doi: 10.1084/jem.184.2.741. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Kohno K., Kataoka J., Ohtsuki T., Suemoto Y., Okamoto I., Usui M., Ikeda M., Kurimoto M. IFN-gamma-inducing factor (IGIF) is a costimulatory factor on the activation of Th1 but not Th2 cells and exerts its effect independently of IL-12. J Immunol. 1997 Feb 15;158(4):1541–1550. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. Kornelisse R. F., Hack C. E., Savelkoul H. F., van der Pouw Kraan T. C., Hop W. C., van Mierlo G., Suur M. H., Neijens H. J., de Groot R. Intrathecal production of interleukin-12 and gamma interferon in patients with bacterial meningitis. Infect Immun. 1997 Mar;65(3):877–881. doi: 10.1128/iai.65.3.877-881.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  213. Kubin M., Chow J. M., Trinchieri G. Differential regulation of interleukin-12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-1 beta production in human myeloid leukemia cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Blood. 1994 Apr 1;83(7):1847–1855. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. Kubin M., Kamoun M., Trinchieri G. Interleukin 12 synergizes with B7/CD28 interaction in inducing efficient proliferation and cytokine production of human T cells. J Exp Med. 1994 Jul 1;180(1):211–222. doi: 10.1084/jem.180.1.211. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Kumaratilake L. M., Ferrante A. T-cell cytokines in malaria: their role in the regulation of neutrophil- and macrophage-mediated killing of Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood forms. Res Immunol. 1994 Jul-Aug;145(6):423–429. doi: 10.1016/s0923-2494(94)80172-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Kurup V. P., Hari V., Guo J., Murali P. S., Resnick A., Krishnan M., Fink J. N. Aspergillus fumigatus peptides differentially express Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Peptides. 1996;17(2):183–190. doi: 10.1016/0196-9781(95)02104-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Kurup V. P., Seymour B. W., Choi H., Coffman R. L. Particulate Aspergillus fumigatus antigens elicit a TH2 response in BALB/c mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994 Jun;93(6):1013–1020. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(94)70050-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. Ladel C. H., Hess J., Daugelat S., Mombaerts P., Tonegawa S., Kaufmann S. H. Contribution of alpha/beta and gamma/delta T lymphocytes to immunity against Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guérin: studies with T cell receptor-deficient mutant mice. Eur J Immunol. 1995 Mar;25(3):838–846. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830250331. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Lagrange P. H., Mackaness G. B. A stable form of delayed-type hypersensitivity. J Exp Med. 1975 Jan 1;141(1):82–96. doi: 10.1084/jem.141.1.82. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Lahesmaa R., Yssel H., Batsford S., Luukkainen R., Möttönen T., Steinman L., Peltz G. Yersinia enterocolitica activates a T helper type 1-like T cell subset in reactive arthritis. J Immunol. 1992 May 15;148(10):3079–3085. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Landay A. L., Clerici M., Hashemi F., Kessler H., Berzofsky J. A., Shearer G. M. In vitro restoration of T cell immune function in human immunodeficiency virus-positive persons: effects of interleukin (IL)-12 and anti-IL-10. J Infect Dis. 1996 May;173(5):1085–1091. doi: 10.1093/infdis/173.5.1085. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. Langhorne J., Gillard S., Simon B., Slade S., Eichmann K. Frequencies of CD4+ T cells reactive with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi: distinct response kinetics for cells with Th1 and Th2 characteristics during infection. Int Immunol. 1989;1(4):416–424. doi: 10.1093/intimm/1.4.416. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. Launois P., Ohteki T., Swihart K., MacDonald H. R., Louis J. A. In susceptible mice, Leishmania major induce very rapid interleukin-4 production by CD4+ T cells which are NK1.1-. Eur J Immunol. 1995 Dec;25(12):3298–3307. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830251215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. Leiby D. A., Fortier A. H., Crawford R. M., Schreiber R. D., Nacy C. A. In vivo modulation of the murine immune response to Francisella tularensis LVS by administration of anticytokine antibodies. Infect Immun. 1992 Jan;60(1):84–89. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.1.84-89.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  225. Leiby D. A., Schreiber R. D., Nacy C. A. IFN-gamma produced in vivo during the first two days is critical for resolution of murine Leishmania major infections. Microb Pathog. 1993 Jun;14(6):495–500. doi: 10.1006/mpat.1993.1049. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. Lester M. R., Hofer M. F., Gately M., Trumble A., Leung D. Y. Down-regulating effects of IL-4 and IL-10 on the IFN-gamma response in atopic dermatitis. J Immunol. 1995 Jun 1;154(11):6174–6181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. Leung D. Y., Gately M., Trumble A., Ferguson-Darnell B., Schlievert P. M., Picker L. J. Bacterial superantigens induce T cell expression of the skin-selective homing receptor, the cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen, via stimulation of interleukin 12 production. J Exp Med. 1995 Feb 1;181(2):747–753. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.2.747. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  228. Libraty D. H., Airan L. E., Uyemura K., Jullien D., Spellberg B., Rea T. H., Modlin R. L. Interferon-gamma differentially regulates interleukin-12 and interleukin-10 production in leprosy. J Clin Invest. 1997 Jan 15;99(2):336–341. doi: 10.1172/JCI119162. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Lin Y., Zhang M., Hofman F. M., Gong J., Barnes P. F. Absence of a prominent Th2 cytokine response in human tuberculosis. Infect Immun. 1996 Apr;64(4):1351–1356. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.4.1351-1356.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Lindblad E. B., Elhay M. J., Silva R., Appelberg R., Andersen P. Adjuvant modulation of immune responses to tuberculosis subunit vaccines. Infect Immun. 1997 Feb;65(2):623–629. doi: 10.1128/iai.65.2.623-629.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  231. Liu W., Kurlander R. J. Analysis of the interrelationship between IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma production during murine listeriosis. Cell Immunol. 1995 Jul;163(2):260–267. doi: 10.1006/cimm.1995.1125. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Locksley R. M. Interleukin 12 in host defense against microbial pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jul 1;90(13):5879–5880. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.13.5879. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Locksley R. M., Scott P. Helper T-cell subsets in mouse leishmaniasis: induction, expansion and effector function. Immunol Today. 1991 Mar;12(3):A58–A61. doi: 10.1016/S0167-5699(05)80017-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Locksley R. M. Th2 cells: help for helminths. J Exp Med. 1994 May 1;179(5):1405–1407. doi: 10.1084/jem.179.5.1405. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  235. Lucey D. R., Clerici M., Shearer G. M. Type 1 and type 2 cytokine dysregulation in human infectious, neoplastic, and inflammatory diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996 Oct;9(4):532–562. doi: 10.1128/cmr.9.4.532. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  236. Lucey D. R., Maguire J. H. Schistosomiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1993 Sep;7(3):635–653. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  237. Ma X., Chow J. M., Gri G., Carra G., Gerosa F., Wolf S. F., Dzialo R., Trinchieri G. The interleukin 12 p40 gene promoter is primed by interferon gamma in monocytic cells. J Exp Med. 1996 Jan 1;183(1):147–157. doi: 10.1084/jem.183.1.147. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  238. Ma X., D'Andrea A., Kubin M., Aste-Amezaga M., Sartori A., Monteiro J., Showe L., Wysocka M., Trinchieri G. Production of interleukin-12. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):432–438. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83012-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  239. Ma Y., Seiler K. P., Tai K. F., Yang L., Woods M., Weis J. J. Outer surface lipoproteins of Borrelia burgdorferi stimulate nitric oxide production by the cytokine-inducible pathway. Infect Immun. 1994 Sep;62(9):3663–3671. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.9.3663-3671.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  240. Macatonia S. E., Hosken N. A., Litton M., Vieira P., Hsieh C. S., Culpepper J. A., Wysocka M., Trinchieri G., Murphy K. M., O'Garra A. Dendritic cells produce IL-12 and direct the development of Th1 cells from naive CD4+ T cells. J Immunol. 1995 May 15;154(10):5071–5079. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  241. Mackaness G. B., Hill W. C. The effect of anti-lymphocyte globulin on cell-mediated reistance to infection. J Exp Med. 1969 May 1;129(5):993–1012. doi: 10.1084/jem.129.5.993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  242. Magee D. M., Cox R. A. Interleukin-12 regulation of host defenses against Coccidioides immitis. Infect Immun. 1996 Sep;64(9):3609–3613. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.9.3609-3613.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. Magee D. M., Cox R. A. Roles of gamma interferon and interleukin-4 in genetically determined resistance to Coccidioides immitis. Infect Immun. 1995 Sep;63(9):3514–3519. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.9.3514-3519.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  244. Maggi E., Mazzetti M., Ravina A., Annunziato F., de Carli M., Piccinni M. P., Manetti R., Carbonari M., Pesce A. M., del Prete G. Ability of HIV to promote a TH1 to TH0 shift and to replicate preferentially in TH2 and TH0 cells. Science. 1994 Jul 8;265(5169):244–248. doi: 10.1126/science.8023142. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  245. Magram J., Connaughton S. E., Warrier R. R., Carvajal D. M., Wu C. Y., Ferrante J., Stewart C., Sarmiento U., Faherty D. A., Gately M. K. IL-12-deficient mice are defective in IFN gamma production and type 1 cytokine responses. Immunity. 1996 May;4(5):471–481. doi: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80413-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. Mahon B. P., Ryan M. S., Griffin F., Mills K. H. Interleukin-12 is produced by macrophages in response to live or killed Bordetella pertussis and enhances the efficacy of an acellular pertussis vaccine by promoting induction of Th1 cells. Infect Immun. 1996 Dec;64(12):5295–5301. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.12.5295-5301.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. Manetti R., Annunziato F., Giannò V., Tomasévic L., Beloni L., Mavilia C., Maggi E. Th1 and Th2 cells in HIV infection. Chem Immunol. 1996;63:138–157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  248. Manetti R., Gerosa F., Giudizi M. G., Biagiotti R., Parronchi P., Piccinni M. P., Sampognaro S., Maggi E., Romagnani S., Trinchieri G. Interleukin 12 induces stable priming for interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production during differentiation of human T helper (Th) cells and transient IFN-gamma production in established Th2 cell clones. J Exp Med. 1994 Apr 1;179(4):1273–1283. doi: 10.1084/jem.179.4.1273. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Manetti R., Parronchi P., Giudizi M. G., Piccinni M. P., Maggi E., Trinchieri G., Romagnani S. Natural killer cell stimulatory factor (interleukin 12 [IL-12]) induces T helper type 1 (Th1)-specific immune responses and inhibits the development of IL-4-producing Th cells. J Exp Med. 1993 Apr 1;177(4):1199–1204. doi: 10.1084/jem.177.4.1199. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  250. Maruyama T., McLachlan A., Iino S., Koike K., Kurokawa K., Milich D. R. The serology of chronic hepatitis B infection revisited. J Clin Invest. 1993 Jun;91(6):2586–2595. doi: 10.1172/JCI116497. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. Marx J. Leishmania susceptibility puzzle gets another twist. Science. 1996 Feb 16;271(5251):912–913. doi: 10.1126/science.271.5251.912. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  252. Mastroeni P., Harrison J. A., Chabalgoity J. A., Hormaeche C. E. Effect of interleukin 12 neutralization on host resistance and gamma interferon production in mouse typhoid. Infect Immun. 1996 Jan;64(1):189–196. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.1.189-196.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  253. Matsuo R., Kobayashi M., Herndon D. N., Pollard R. B., Suzuki F. Interleukin-12 protects thermally injured mice from herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. J Leukoc Biol. 1996 May;59(5):623–630. doi: 10.1002/jlb.59.5.623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  254. Mattner F., Fischer S., Guckes S., Jin S., Kaulen H., Schmitt E., Rüde E., Germann T. The interleukin-12 subunit p40 specifically inhibits effects of the interleukin-12 heterodimer. Eur J Immunol. 1993 Sep;23(9):2202–2208. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830230923. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Mattner F., Magram J., Ferrante J., Launois P., Di Padova K., Behin R., Gately M. K., Louis J. A., Alber G. Genetically resistant mice lacking interleukin-12 are susceptible to infection with Leishmania major and mount a polarized Th2 cell response. Eur J Immunol. 1996 Jul;26(7):1553–1559. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830260722. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  256. Matyniak J. E., Reiner S. L. T helper phenotype and genetic susceptibility in experimental Lyme disease. J Exp Med. 1995 Mar 1;181(3):1251–1254. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.3.1251. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  257. McDyer J. F., Hackley M. N., Walsh T. E., Cook J. L., Seder R. A. Patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis with low CD4+ T cell counts have impaired Th1 responses. J Immunol. 1997 Jan 1;158(1):492–500. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  258. Mencacci A., Spaccapelo R., Del Sero G., Enssle K. H., Cassone A., Bistoni F., Romani L. CD4+ T-helper-cell responses in mice with low-level Candida albicans infection. Infect Immun. 1996 Dec;64(12):4907–4914. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.12.4907-4914.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  259. Merberg D. M., Wolf S. F., Clark S. C. Sequence similarity between NKSF and the IL-6/G-CSF family. Immunol Today. 1992 Feb;13(2):77–78. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(92)90140-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  260. Metzger D. W., Raeder R., Van Cleave V. H., Boyle M. D. Protection of mice from group A streptococcal skin infection by interleukin-12. J Infect Dis. 1995 Jun;171(6):1643–1645. doi: 10.1093/infdis/171.6.1643. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  261. Metzger D. W., Vogel L. A., Van Cleave V. H., Lester T. L., Buchanan J. M. The effects of IL12 on B-cell subset function. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):499–505. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83023-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  262. Meyaard L., Hovenkamp E., Pakker N., van der Pouw Kraan T. C., Miedema F. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) production in whole blood cultures from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals studied in relation to IL-10 and prostaglandin E2 production. Blood. 1997 Jan 15;89(2):570–576. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. Mielke M. E. T cell subsets in granulomatous inflammation and immunity to L. Monocytogenes and B. abortus. Behring Inst Mitt. 1991 Feb;(88):99–111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  264. Milich D. R., Wolf S. F., Hughes J. L., Jones J. E. Interleukin 12 suppresses autoantibody production by reversing helper T-cell phenotype in hepatitis B e antigen transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jul 18;92(15):6847–6851. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.15.6847. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  265. Miller M. A., Skeen M. J., Ziegler H. K. Nonviable bacterial antigens administered with IL-12 generate antigen-specific T cell responses and protective immunity against Listeria monocytogenes. J Immunol. 1995 Nov 15;155(10):4817–4828. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  266. Modlin R. L., Barnes P. F. IL12 and the human immune response to mycobacteria. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):526–531. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83027-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  267. Modlin R. L. Th1-Th2 paradigm: insights from leprosy. J Invest Dermatol. 1994 Jun;102(6):828–832. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12381958. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  268. Moore K. J., Labrecque S., Matlashewski G. Alteration of Leishmania donovani infection levels by selective impairment of macrophage signal transduction. J Immunol. 1993 May 15;150(10):4457–4465. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  269. Morris S. C., Madden K. B., Adamovicz J. J., Gause W. C., Hubbard B. R., Gately M. K., Finkelman F. D. Effects of IL-12 on in vivo cytokine gene expression and Ig isotype selection. J Immunol. 1994 Feb 1;152(3):1047–1056. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  270. Morrissey P. J., Charrier K. GM-CSF administration augments the survival of ity-resistant A/J mice, but not ity-susceptible C57BL/6 mice, to a lethal challenge with Salmonella typhimurium. J Immunol. 1990 Jan 15;144(2):557–561. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  271. Morrissey P. J., Charrier K. Treatment of mice with IL-1 before infection increases resistance to a lethal challenge with Salmonella typhimurium. The effect correlates with the resistance allele at the Ity locus. J Immunol. 1994 Jul 1;153(1):212–219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  272. Mosmann T. R., Cherwinski H., Bond M. W., Giedlin M. A., Coffman R. L. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol. 1986 Apr 1;136(7):2348–2357. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  273. Mosmann T. R., Coffman R. L. TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol. 1989;7:145–173. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.07.040189.001045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  274. Mougneau E., Altare F., Wakil A. E., Zheng S., Coppola T., Wang Z. E., Waldmann R., Locksley R. M., Glaichenhaus N. Expression cloning of a protective Leishmania antigen. Science. 1995 Apr 28;268(5210):563–566. doi: 10.1126/science.7725103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  275. Mountford A. P., Anderson S., Wilson R. A. Induction of Th1 cell-mediated protective immunity to Schistosoma mansoni by co-administration of larval antigens and IL-12 as an adjuvant. J Immunol. 1996 Jun 15;156(12):4739–4745. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  276. Munk M. E., Emoto M. Functions of T-cell subsets and cytokines in mycobacterial infections. Eur Respir J Suppl. 1995 Sep;20:668s–675s. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  277. Munk M. E., Mayer P., Anding P., Feldmann K., Kaufmann S. H. Increased numbers of interleukin-12-producing cells in human tuberculosis. Infect Immun. 1996 Mar;64(3):1078–1080. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.3.1078-1080.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  278. Muotiala A., Mäkelä P. H. The role of IFN-gamma in murine Salmonella typhimurium infection. Microb Pathog. 1990 Feb;8(2):135–141. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(90)90077-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  279. Murphy E. E., Terres G., Macatonia S. E., Hsieh C. S., Mattson J., Lanier L., Wysocka M., Trinchieri G., Murphy K., O'Garra A. B7 and interleukin 12 cooperate for proliferation and interferon gamma production by mouse T helper clones that are unresponsive to B7 costimulation. J Exp Med. 1994 Jul 1;180(1):223–231. doi: 10.1084/jem.180.1.223. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  280. Murphy T. L., Cleveland M. G., Kulesza P., Magram J., Murphy K. M. Regulation of interleukin 12 p40 expression through an NF-kappa B half-site. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Oct;15(10):5258–5267. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.10.5258. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  281. Murray H. W., Hariprashad J. Interleukin 12 is effective treatment for an established systemic intracellular infection: experimental visceral leishmaniasis. J Exp Med. 1995 Jan 1;181(1):387–391. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.1.387. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  282. Murray H. W., Hariprashad J., McDermott D. F., Stoeckle M. Y. Multiple host defense defects in failure of C57BL/6 ep/ep (pale ear) mice to resolve visceral Leishmania donovani infection. Infect Immun. 1996 Jan;64(1):161–166. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.1.161-166.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  283. Müller G., Saloga J., Germann T., Bellinghausen I., Mohamadzadeh M., Knop J., Enk A. H. Identification and induction of human keratinocyte-derived IL-12. J Clin Invest. 1994 Nov;94(5):1799–1805. doi: 10.1172/JCI117528. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  284. Nabors G. S., Afonso L. C., Farrell J. P., Scott P. Switch from a type 2 to a type 1 T helper cell response and cure of established Leishmania major infection in mice is induced by combined therapy with interleukin 12 and Pentostam. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Apr 11;92(8):3142–3146. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.8.3142. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  285. Nagai H., Guo J., Choi H., Kurup V. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha protect mice from invasive aspergillosis. J Infect Dis. 1995 Dec;172(6):1554–1560. doi: 10.1093/infdis/172.6.1554. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  286. Nakano Y., Onozuka K., Terada Y., Shinomiya H., Nakano M. Protective effect of recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha in murine salmonellosis. J Immunol. 1990 Mar 1;144(5):1935–1941. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  287. Nauciel C., Espinasse-Maes F. Role of gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha in resistance to Salmonella typhimurium infection. Infect Immun. 1992 Feb;60(2):450–454. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.2.450-454.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  288. Nauciel C. Role of CD4+ T cells and T-independent mechanisms in acquired resistance to Salmonella typhimurium infection. J Immunol. 1990 Aug 15;145(4):1265–1269. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  289. Neta R., Stiefel S. M., Finkelman F., Herrmann S., Ali N. IL-12 protects bone marrow from and sensitizes intestinal tract to ionizing radiation. J Immunol. 1994 Nov 1;153(9):4230–4237. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  290. Newman G. W., Guarnaccia J. R., Vance E. A., 3rd, Wu J. Y., Remold H. G., Kazanjian P. H., Jr Interleukin-12 enhances antigen-specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-positive and negative donors in response to Mycobacterium avium. AIDS. 1994 Oct;8(10):1413–1419. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199410000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  291. Noll A., AutenriethIB Immunity against Yersinia enterocolitica by vaccination with Yersinia HSP60 immunostimulating complexes or Yersinia HSP60 plus interleukin-12. Infect Immun. 1996 Aug;64(8):2955–2961. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.8.2955-2961.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  292. O'Garra A., Murphy K. Role of cytokines in determining T-lymphocyte function. Curr Opin Immunol. 1994 Jun;6(3):458–466. doi: 10.1016/0952-7915(94)90128-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  293. O'Garra A., Murphy K. T-cell subsets in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol. 1993 Dec;5(6):880–886. doi: 10.1016/0952-7915(93)90100-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  294. Olivier M., Brownsey R. W., Reiner N. E. Defective stimulus-response coupling in human monocytes infected with Leishmania donovani is associated with altered activation and translocation of protein kinase C. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7481–7485. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.16.7481. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  295. Orange J. S., Biron C. A. An absolute and restricted requirement for IL-12 in natural killer cell IFN-gamma production and antiviral defense. Studies of natural killer and T cell responses in contrasting viral infections. J Immunol. 1996 Feb 1;156(3):1138–1142. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  296. Orange J. S., Biron C. A. Characterization of early IL-12, IFN-alphabeta, and TNF effects on antiviral state and NK cell responses during murine cytomegalovirus infection. J Immunol. 1996 Jun 15;156(12):4746–4756. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  297. Orange J. S., Salazar-Mather T. P., Opal S. M., Spencer R. L., Miller A. H., McEwen B. S., Biron C. A. Mechanism of interleukin 12-mediated toxicities during experimental viral infections: role of tumor necrosis factor and glucocorticoids. J Exp Med. 1995 Mar 1;181(3):901–914. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.3.901. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  298. Orange J. S., Wang B., Terhorst C., Biron C. A. Requirement for natural killer cell-produced interferon gamma in defense against murine cytomegalovirus infection and enhancement of this defense pathway by interleukin 12 administration. J Exp Med. 1995 Oct 1;182(4):1045–1056. doi: 10.1084/jem.182.4.1045. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  299. Orange J. S., Wolf S. F., Biron C. A. Effects of IL-12 on the response and susceptibility to experimental viral infections. J Immunol. 1994 Feb 1;152(3):1253–1264. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  300. Orme I. M., Miller E. S., Roberts A. D., Furney S. K., Griffin J. P., Dobos K. M., Chi D., Rivoire B., Brennan P. J. T lymphocytes mediating protection and cellular cytolysis during the course of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Evidence for different kinetics and recognition of a wide spectrum of protein antigens. J Immunol. 1992 Jan 1;148(1):189–196. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  301. Orme I. M., Roberts A. D., Griffin J. P., Abrams J. S. Cytokine secretion by CD4 T lymphocytes acquired in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Immunol. 1993 Jul 1;151(1):518–525. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  302. Oswald I. P., Eltoum I., Wynn T. A., Schwartz B., Caspar P., Paulin D., Sher A., James S. L. Endothelial cells are activated by cytokine treatment to kill an intravascular parasite, Schistosoma mansoni, through the production of nitric oxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Feb 1;91(3):999–1003. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.3.999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  303. Ozmen L., Aguet M., Trinchieri G., Garotta G. The in vivo antiviral activity of interleukin-12 is mediated by gamma interferon. J Virol. 1995 Dec;69(12):8147–8150. doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.12.8147-8150.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  304. Ozmen L., Pericin M., Hakimi J., Chizzonite R. A., Wysocka M., Trinchieri G., Gately M., Garotta G. Interleukin 12, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha are the key cytokines of the generalized Shwartzman reaction. J Exp Med. 1994 Sep 1;180(3):907–915. doi: 10.1084/jem.180.3.907. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  305. Paganin C., Frank I., Trinchieri G. Priming for high interferon-gamma production induced by interleukin-12 in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell clones from HIV-infected patients. J Clin Invest. 1995 Sep;96(3):1677–1682. doi: 10.1172/JCI118209. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  306. Parish C. R. The relationship between humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Transplant Rev. 1972;13:35–66. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1972.tb00059.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  307. Paul W. E., Seder R. A. Lymphocyte responses and cytokines. Cell. 1994 Jan 28;76(2):241–251. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90332-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  308. Pearlman E., Heinzel F. P., Hazlett F. E., Jr, Kazura J. W. IL-12 modulation of T helper responses to the filarial helminth, Brugia malayi. J Immunol. 1995 May 1;154(9):4658–4664. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  309. Perales M. A., Skolnik P. R., Lieberman J. Effect of interleukin 12 on in vitro HIV type 1 replication depends on clinical stage. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1996 May 20;12(8):659–668. doi: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  310. Perez V. L., Lederer J. A., Carniel E., Lichtman A., Abbas A. K. The role of IL12 in helper T-cell differentiation. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):477–480. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83019-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  311. Perez V. L., Lederer J. A., Lichtman A. H., Abbas A. K. Stability of Th1 and Th2 populations. Int Immunol. 1995 May;7(5):869–875. doi: 10.1093/intimm/7.5.869. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  312. Perussia B., Chan S. H., D'Andrea A., Tsuji K., Santoli D., Pospisil M., Young D., Wolf S. F., Trinchieri G. Natural killer (NK) cell stimulatory factor or IL-12 has differential effects on the proliferation of TCR-alpha beta+, TCR-gamma delta+ T lymphocytes, and NK cells. J Immunol. 1992 Dec 1;149(11):3495–3502. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  313. Podlaski F. J., Nanduri V. B., Hulmes J. D., Pan Y. C., Levin W., Danho W., Chizzonite R., Gately M. K., Stern A. S. Molecular characterization of interleukin 12. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1992 Apr;294(1):230–237. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90162-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  314. Powrie F., Coffman R. L. Cytokine regulation of T-cell function: potential for therapeutic intervention. Immunol Today. 1993 Jun;14(6):270–274. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90044-L. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  315. Presky D. H., Gubler U., Chizzonite R. A., Gately M. K. IL12 receptors and receptor antagonists. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):439–445. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83013-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  316. Presky D. H., Yang H., Minetti L. J., Chua A. O., Nabavi N., Wu C. Y., Gately M. K., Gubler U. A functional interleukin 12 receptor complex is composed of two beta-type cytokine receptor subunits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Nov 26;93(24):14002–14007. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.24.14002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  317. Puccetti P., Romani L., Bistoni F. A TH1-TH2-like switch in candidiasis: new perspectives for therapy. Trends Microbiol. 1995 Jun;3(6):237–240. doi: 10.1016/s0966-842x(00)88931-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  318. Radolf J. D., Arndt L. L., Akins D. R., Curetty L. L., Levi M. E., Shen Y., Davis L. S., Norgard M. V. Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi lipoproteins and synthetic lipopeptides activate monocytes/macrophages. J Immunol. 1995 Mar 15;154(6):2866–2877. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  319. Reed S. G. In vivo administration of recombinant IFN-gamma induces macrophage activation, and prevents acute disease, immune suppression, and death in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infections. J Immunol. 1988 Jun 15;140(12):4342–4347. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  320. Reiner S. L., Locksley R. M. The regulation of immunity to Leishmania major. Annu Rev Immunol. 1995;13:151–177. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.13.040195.001055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  321. Reiner S. L., Zheng S., Wang Z. E., Stowring L., Locksley R. M. Leishmania promastigotes evade interleukin 12 (IL-12) induction by macrophages and stimulate a broad range of cytokines from CD4+ T cells during initiation of infection. J Exp Med. 1994 Feb 1;179(2):447–456. doi: 10.1084/jem.179.2.447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  322. Rex J. H., Bennett J. E., Gallin J. I., Malech H. L., DeCarlo E. S., Melnick D. A. In vivo interferon-gamma therapy augments the in vitro ability of chronic granulomatous disease neutrophils to damage Aspergillus hyphae. J Infect Dis. 1991 Apr;163(4):849–852. doi: 10.1093/infdis/163.4.849. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  323. Robinson D. S., Ying S., Taylor I. K., Wangoo A., Mitchell D. M., Kay A. B., Hamid Q., Shaw R. J. Evidence for a Th1-like bronchoalveolar T-cell subset and predominance of interferon-gamma gene activation in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Apr;149(4 Pt 1):989–993. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.4.8143065. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  324. Rogers H. W., Sheehan K. C., Brunt L. M., Dower S. K., Unanue E. R., Schreiber R. D. Interleukin 1 participates in the development of anti-Listeria responses in normal and SCID mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Feb 1;89(3):1011–1015. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.3.1011. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  325. Rogge L., Barberis-Maino L., Biffi M., Passini N., Presky D. H., Gubler U., Sinigaglia F. Selective expression of an interleukin-12 receptor component by human T helper 1 cells. J Exp Med. 1997 Mar 3;185(5):825–831. doi: 10.1084/jem.185.5.825. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  326. Romagnani S. Human TH1 and TH2 subsets: doubt no more. Immunol Today. 1991 Aug;12(8):256–257. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(91)90120-I. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  327. Romagnani S. Induction of TH1 and TH2 responses: a key role for the 'natural' immune response? Immunol Today. 1992 Oct;13(10):379–381. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(92)90083-J. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  328. Romagnani S. Regulation of the development of type 2 T-helper cells in allergy. Curr Opin Immunol. 1994 Dec;6(6):838–846. doi: 10.1016/0952-7915(94)90002-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  329. Romani L., Bistoni F., Mencacci A., Cenci E., Spaccapelo R., Puccetti P. IL12 in Candida albicans infections. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):532–538. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83028-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  330. Romani L., Cenci E., Menacci A., Bistoni F., Puccetti P. T helper cell dichotomy to Candida albicans: implications for pathology, therapy, and vaccine design. Immunol Res. 1995;14(2):148–162. doi: 10.1007/BF02918174. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  331. Romani L., Cenci E., Mencacci A., Spaccapelo R., Grohmann U., Puccetti P., Bistoni F. Gamma interferon modifies CD4+ subset expression in murine candidiasis. Infect Immun. 1992 Nov;60(11):4950–4952. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.11.4950-4952.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  332. Romani L., Howard D. H. Mechanisms of resistance to fungal infections. Curr Opin Immunol. 1995 Aug;7(4):517–523. doi: 10.1016/0952-7915(95)80097-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  333. Romani L., Mencacci A., Cenci E., Del Sero G., Bistoni F., Puccetti P. An immunoregulatory role for neutrophils in CD4+ T helper subset selection in mice with candidiasis. J Immunol. 1997 Mar 1;158(5):2356–2362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  334. Romani L., Mencacci A., Cenci E., Puccetti P., Bistoni F. Neutrophils and the adaptive immune response to Candida albicans. Res Immunol. 1996 Oct-Dec;147(8-9):512–518. doi: 10.1016/s0923-2494(97)85216-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  335. Romani L., Mencacci A., Cenci E., Spaccapelo R., Del Sero G., Nicoletti I., Trinchieri G., Bistoni F., Puccetti P. Neutrophil production of IL-12 and IL-10 in candidiasis and efficacy of IL-12 therapy in neutropenic mice. J Immunol. 1997 Jun 1;158(11):5349–5356. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  336. Romani L., Mencacci A., Cenci E., Spaccapelo R., Toniatti C., Puccetti P., Bistoni F., Poli V. Impaired neutrophil response and CD4+ T helper cell 1 development in interleukin 6-deficient mice infected with Candida albicans. J Exp Med. 1996 Apr 1;183(4):1345–1355. doi: 10.1084/jem.183.4.1345. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  337. Romani L., Mencacci A., Tonnetti L., Spaccapelo R., Cenci E., Puccetti P., Wolf S. F., Bistoni F. IL-12 is both required and prognostic in vivo for T helper type 1 differentiation in murine candidiasis. J Immunol. 1994 Dec 1;153(11):5167–5175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  338. Romani L., Mencacci A., Tonnetti L., Spaccapelo R., Cenci E., Wolf S., Puccetti P., Bistoni F. Interleukin-12 but not interferon-gamma production correlates with induction of T helper type-1 phenotype in murine candidiasis. Eur J Immunol. 1994 Apr;24(4):909–915. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830240419. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  339. Romani L., Puccetti P., Bistoni F. Biological role of Th cell subsets in candidiasis. Chem Immunol. 1996;63:115–137. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  340. Rothe H., Hartmann B., Geerlings P., Kolb H. Interleukin-12 gene-expression of macrophages is regulated by nitric oxide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Jul 5;224(1):159–163. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1000. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  341. Rudin W., Eugster H. P., Bordmann G., Bonato J., Müller M., Yamage M., Ryffel B. Resistance to cerebral malaria in tumor necrosis factor-alpha/beta-deficient mice is associated with a reduction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 up-regulation and T helper type 1 response. Am J Pathol. 1997 Jan;150(1):257–266. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  342. Ryffel B. Interleukin-12: role of interferon-gamma in IL-12 adverse effects. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997 Apr;83(1):18–20. doi: 10.1006/clin.1996.4306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  343. Salgame P., Abrams J. S., Clayberger C., Goldstein H., Convit J., Modlin R. L., Bloom B. R. Differing lymphokine profiles of functional subsets of human CD4 and CD8 T cell clones. Science. 1991 Oct 11;254(5029):279–282. doi: 10.1126/science.254.5029.279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  344. Saunders B. M., Zhan Y., Cheers C. Endogenous interleukin-12 is involved in resistance of mice to Mycobacterium avium complex infection. Infect Immun. 1995 Oct;63(10):4011–4015. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.10.4011-4015.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  345. Scharton-Kersten T. M., Wynn T. A., Denkers E. Y., Bala S., Grunvald E., Hieny S., Gazzinelli R. T., Sher A. In the absence of endogenous IFN-gamma, mice develop unimpaired IL-12 responses to Toxoplasma gondii while failing to control acute infection. J Immunol. 1996 Nov 1;157(9):4045–4054. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  346. Scharton-Kersten T., Afonso L. C., Wysocka M., Trinchieri G., Scott P. IL-12 is required for natural killer cell activation and subsequent T helper 1 cell development in experimental leishmaniasis. J Immunol. 1995 May 15;154(10):5320–5330. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  347. Scharton-Kersten T., Denkers E. Y., Gazzinelli R., Sher A. Role of IL12 in induction of cell-mediated immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):539–545. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83029-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  348. Scharton-Kersten T., Scott P. The role of the innate immune response in Th1 cell development following Leishmania major infection. J Leukoc Biol. 1995 Apr;57(4):515–522. doi: 10.1002/jlb.57.4.515. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  349. Scharton T. M., Scott P. Natural killer cells are a source of interferon gamma that drives differentiation of CD4+ T cell subsets and induces early resistance to Leishmania major in mice. J Exp Med. 1993 Aug 1;178(2):567–577. doi: 10.1084/jem.178.2.567. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  350. Schijns V. E., Haagmans B. L., Horzinek M. C. IL-12 stimulates an antiviral type 1 cytokine response but lacks adjuvant activity in IFN-gamma-receptor-deficient mice. J Immunol. 1995 Sep 1;155(5):2525–2532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  351. Schijns V. E., Haagmans B. L., Rijke E. O., Huang S., Aguet M., Horzinek M. C. IFN-gamma receptor-deficient mice generate antiviral Th1-characteristic cytokine profiles but altered antibody responses. J Immunol. 1994 Sep 1;153(5):2029–2037. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  352. Schijns V. E., Wierda C. M., van Hoeij M., Horzinek M. C. Exacerbated viral hepatitis in IFN-gamma receptor-deficient mice is not suppressed by IL-12. J Immunol. 1996 Jul 15;157(2):815–821. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  353. Schlaak J., Hermann E., Ringhoffer M., Probst P., Gallati H., Meyer zum Büschenfelde K. H., Fleischer B. Predominance of Th1-type T cells in synovial fluid of patients with Yersinia-induced reactive arthritis. Eur J Immunol. 1992 Nov;22(11):2771–2776. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830221103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  354. Schmitt E., Hoehn P., Germann T., Rüde E. Differential effects of interleukin-12 on the development of naive mouse CD4+ T cells. Eur J Immunol. 1994 Feb;24(2):343–347. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830240211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  355. Schoenhaut D. S., Chua A. O., Wolitzky A. G., Quinn P. M., Dwyer C. M., McComas W., Familletti P. C., Gately M. K., Gubler U. Cloning and expression of murine IL-12. J Immunol. 1992 Jun 1;148(11):3433–3440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  356. Scott B., Liblau R., Degermann S., Marconi L. A., Ogata L., Caton A. J., McDevitt H. O., Lo D. A role for non-MHC genetic polymorphism in susceptibility to spontaneous autoimmunity. Immunity. 1994 Apr;1(1):73–83. doi: 10.1016/1074-7613(94)90011-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  357. Scott P. IL-12: initiation cytokine for cell-mediated immunity. Science. 1993 Apr 23;260(5107):496–497. doi: 10.1126/science.8097337. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  358. Scott P., Kaufmann S. H. The role of T-cell subsets and cytokines in the regulation of infection. Immunol Today. 1991 Oct;12(10):346–348. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(91)90063-Y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  359. Scott P. Th cell development and regulation in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Chem Immunol. 1996;63:98–114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  360. Sedegah M., Finkelman F., Hoffman S. L. Interleukin 12 induction of interferon gamma-dependent protection against malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Oct 25;91(22):10700–10702. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.22.10700. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  361. Seder R. A., Gazzinelli R., Sher A., Paul W. E. Interleukin 12 acts directly on CD4+ T cells to enhance priming for interferon gamma production and diminishes interleukin 4 inhibition of such priming. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Nov 1;90(21):10188–10192. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.21.10188. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  362. Seder R. A., Kelsall B. L., Jankovic D. Differential roles for IL-12 in the maintenance of immune responses in infectious versus autoimmune disease. J Immunol. 1996 Oct 1;157(7):2745–2748. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  363. Seder R. A., Paul W. E. Acquisition of lymphokine-producing phenotype by CD4+ T cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 1994;12:635–673. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.003223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  364. Seder R. A., Paul W. E., Davis M. M., Fazekas de St Groth B. The presence of interleukin 4 during in vitro priming determines the lymphokine-producing potential of CD4+ T cells from T cell receptor transgenic mice. J Exp Med. 1992 Oct 1;176(4):1091–1098. doi: 10.1084/jem.176.4.1091. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  365. Seiler K. P., Weis J. J. Immunity to Lyme disease: protection, pathology and persistence. Curr Opin Immunol. 1996 Aug;8(4):503–509. doi: 10.1016/s0952-7915(96)80038-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  366. Sher A., Coffman R. L., Hieny S., Cheever A. W. Ablation of eosinophil and IgE responses with anti-IL-5 or anti-IL-4 antibodies fails to affect immunity against Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. J Immunol. 1990 Dec 1;145(11):3911–3916. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  367. Sher A., Coffman R. L. Regulation of immunity to parasites by T cells and T cell-derived cytokines. Annu Rev Immunol. 1992;10:385–409. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.10.040192.002125. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  368. Sher A., Gazzinelli R. T., Oswald I. P., Clerici M., Kullberg M., Pearce E. J., Berzofsky J. A., Mosmann T. R., James S. L., Morse H. C., 3rd Role of T-cell derived cytokines in the downregulation of immune responses in parasitic and retroviral infection. Immunol Rev. 1992 Jun;127:183–204. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1992.tb01414.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  369. Sher A., Oswald I. P., Hieny S., Gazzinelli R. T. Toxoplasma gondii induces a T-independent IFN-gamma response in natural killer cells that requires both adherent accessory cells and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Immunol. 1993 May 1;150(9):3982–3989. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  370. Sieburth D., Jabs E. W., Warrington J. A., Li X., Lasota J., LaForgia S., Kelleher K., Huebner K., Wasmuth J. J., Wolf S. F. Assignment of genes encoding a unique cytokine (IL12) composed of two unrelated subunits to chromosomes 3 and 5. Genomics. 1992 Sep;14(1):59–62. doi: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80283-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  371. Sieling P. A., Wang X. H., Gately M. K., Oliveros J. L., McHugh T., Barnes P. F., Wolf S. F., Golkar L., Yamamura M., Yogi Y. IL-12 regulates T helper type 1 cytokine responses in human infectious disease. J Immunol. 1994 Oct 15;153(8):3639–3647. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  372. Silva J. S., Morrissey P. J., Grabstein K. H., Mohler K. M., Anderson D., Reed S. G. Interleukin 10 and interferon gamma regulation of experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. J Exp Med. 1992 Jan 1;175(1):169–174. doi: 10.1084/jem.175.1.169. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  373. Silva J. S., Twardzik D. R., Reed S. G. Regulation of Trypanosoma cruzi infections in vitro and in vivo by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). J Exp Med. 1991 Sep 1;174(3):539–545. doi: 10.1084/jem.174.3.539. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  374. Sirianni M. C., Ansotegui I. J., Aiuti F., Wigzell H. Natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF)/IL-12 and cytolytic activities of PBL/NK cells from human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infected patients. Scand J Immunol. 1994 Jul;40(1):83–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1994.tb03437.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  375. Sjöstedt A., Eriksson M., Sandström G., Tärnvik A. Various membrane proteins of Francisella tularensis induce interferon-gamma production in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of primed humans. Immunology. 1992 Aug;76(4):584–592. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  376. Skamene E., Gros P., Forget A., Kongshavn P. A., St Charles C., Taylor B. A. Genetic regulation of resistance to intracellular pathogens. Nature. 1982 Jun 10;297(5866):506–509. doi: 10.1038/297506a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  377. Skeen M. J., Miller M. A., Shinnick T. M., Ziegler H. K. Regulation of murine macrophage IL-12 production. Activation of macrophages in vivo, restimulation in vitro, and modulation by other cytokines. J Immunol. 1996 Feb 1;156(3):1196–1206. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  378. Skeen M. J., Ziegler H. K. Activation of gamma delta T cells for production of IFN-gamma is mediated by bacteria via macrophage-derived cytokines IL-1 and IL-12. J Immunol. 1995 Jun 1;154(11):5832–5841. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  379. Skeiky Y. A., Guderian J. A., Benson D. R., Bacelar O., Carvalho E. M., Kubin M., Badaro R., Trinchieri G., Reed S. G. A recombinant Leishmania antigen that stimulates human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to express a Th1-type cytokine profile and to produce interleukin 12. J Exp Med. 1995 Apr 1;181(4):1527–1537. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.4.1527. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  380. Smith T. J., Ducharme L. A., Weis J. H. Preferential expression of interleukin-12 or interleukin-4 by murine bone marrow mast cells derived in mast cell growth factor or interleukin-3. Eur J Immunol. 1994 Apr;24(4):822–826. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830240408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  381. Smythies L. E., Coulson P. S., Wilson R. A. Monoclonal antibody to IFN-gamma modifies pulmonary inflammatory responses and abrogates immunity to Schistosoma mansoni in mice vaccinated with attenuated cercariae. J Immunol. 1992 Dec 1;149(11):3654–3658. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  382. Snijders A., Hilkens C. M., van der Pouw Kraan T. C., Engel M., Aarden L. A., Kapsenberg M. L. Regulation of bioactive IL-12 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human monocytes is determined by the expression of the p35 subunit. J Immunol. 1996 Feb 1;156(3):1207–1212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  383. Song F., Matsuzaki G., Mitsuyama M., Nomoto K. Differential effects of viable and killed bacteria on IL-12 expression of macrophages. J Immunol. 1996 Apr 15;156(8):2979–2984. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  384. Spaccapelo R., Romani L., Tonnetti L., Cenci E., Mencacci A., Del Sero G., Tognellini R., Reed S. G., Puccetti P., Bistoni F. TGF-beta is important in determining the in vivo patterns of susceptibility or resistance in mice infected with Candida albicans. J Immunol. 1995 Aug 1;155(3):1349–1360. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  385. Stahl N., Yancopoulos G. D. The alphas, betas, and kinases of cytokine receptor complexes. Cell. 1993 Aug 27;74(4):587–590. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90506-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  386. Stern A. S., Podlaski F. J., Hulmes J. D., Pan Y. C., Quinn P. M., Wolitzky A. G., Familletti P. C., Stremlo D. L., Truitt T., Chizzonite R. Purification to homogeneity and partial characterization of cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor from human B-lymphoblastoid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Sep;87(17):6808–6812. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.17.6808. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  387. Stevens M. G., Pugh G. W., Jr, Tabatabai L. B. Effects of gamma interferon and indomethacin in preventing Brucella abortus infections in mice. Infect Immun. 1992 Oct;60(10):4407–4409. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.10.4407-4409.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  388. Stevenson M. M., Tam M. F., Wolf S. F., Sher A. IL-12-induced protection against blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS requires IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and occurs via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. J Immunol. 1995 Sep 1;155(5):2545–2556. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  389. Svetić A., Jian Y. C., Lu P., Finkelman F. D., Gause W. C. Brucella abortus induces a novel cytokine gene expression pattern characterized by elevated IL-10 and IFN-gamma in CD4+ T cells. Int Immunol. 1993 Aug;5(8):877–883. doi: 10.1093/intimm/5.8.877. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  390. Swain S. L., Bradley L. M., Croft M., Tonkonogy S., Atkins G., Weinberg A. D., Duncan D. D., Hedrick S. M., Dutton R. W., Huston G. Helper T-cell subsets: phenotype, function and the role of lymphokines in regulating their development. Immunol Rev. 1991 Oct;123:115–144. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1991.tb00608.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  391. Sypek J. P., Chung C. L., Mayor S. E., Subramanyam J. M., Goldman S. J., Sieburth D. S., Wolf S. F., Schaub R. G. Resolution of cutaneous leishmaniasis: interleukin 12 initiates a protective T helper type 1 immune response. J Exp Med. 1993 Jun 1;177(6):1797–1802. doi: 10.1084/jem.177.6.1797. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  392. Szabo S. J., Dighe A. S., Gubler U., Murphy K. M. Regulation of the interleukin (IL)-12R beta 2 subunit expression in developing T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells. J Exp Med. 1997 Mar 3;185(5):817–824. doi: 10.1084/jem.185.5.817. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  393. Szabo S. J., Jacobson N. G., Dighe A. S., Gubler U., Murphy K. M. Developmental commitment to the Th2 lineage by extinction of IL-12 signaling. Immunity. 1995 Jun;2(6):665–675. doi: 10.1016/1074-7613(95)90011-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  394. Takenaka H., Maruo S., Yamamoto N., Wysocka M., Ono S., Kobayashi M., Yagita H., Okumura K., Hamaoka T., Trinchieri G. Regulation of T cell-dependent and -independent IL-12 production by the three Th2-type cytokines IL-10, IL-6, and IL-4. J Leukoc Biol. 1997 Jan;61(1):80–87. doi: 10.1002/jlb.61.1.80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  395. Tang Y. W., Graham B. S. Interleukin-12 treatment during immunization elicits a T helper cell type 1-like immune response in mice challenged with respiratory syncytial virus and improves vaccine immunogenicity. J Infect Dis. 1995 Sep;172(3):734–738. doi: 10.1093/infdis/172.3.734. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  396. Taoufik Y., Lantz O., Wallon C., Charles A., Dussaix E., Delfraissy J. F. Human immunodeficiency virus gp120 inhibits interleukin-12 secretion by human monocytes: an indirect interleukin-10-mediated effect. Blood. 1997 Apr 15;89(8):2842–2848. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  397. Taylor A. P., Murray H. W. Intracellular antimicrobial activity in the absence of interferon-gamma: effect of interleukin-12 in experimental visceral leishmaniasis in interferon-gamma gene-disrupted mice. J Exp Med. 1997 Apr 7;185(7):1231–1239. doi: 10.1084/jem.185.7.1231. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  398. Teixeira H. C., Munk M. E., Kaufmann S. H. Frequencies of IFN gamma- and IL-4-producing cells during Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection in two genetically susceptible mouse strains: role of alpha/beta T cells and NK1.1 cells. Immunol Lett. 1995 May;46(1-2):15–19. doi: 10.1016/0165-2478(95)00009-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  399. Thierfelder W. E., van Deursen J. M., Yamamoto K., Tripp R. A., Sarawar S. R., Carson R. T., Sangster M. Y., Vignali D. A., Doherty P. C., Grosveld G. C. Requirement for Stat4 in interleukin-12-mediated responses of natural killer and T cells. Nature. 1996 Jul 11;382(6587):171–174. doi: 10.1038/382171a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  400. Tite J. P., Dougan G., Chatfield S. N. The involvement of tumor necrosis factor in immunity to Salmonella infection. J Immunol. 1991 Nov 1;147(9):3161–3164. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  401. Tone Y., Thompson S. A., Babik J. M., Nolan K. F., Tone M., Raven C., Waldmann H. Structure and chromosomal location of the mouse interleukin-12 p35 and p40 subunit genes. Eur J Immunol. 1996 Jun;26(6):1222–1227. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830260606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  402. Trinchieri G. Function and clinical use of interleukin-12. Curr Opin Hematol. 1997 Jan;4(1):59–66. doi: 10.1097/00062752-199704010-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  403. Trinchieri G., Gerosa F. Immunoregulation by interleukin-12. J Leukoc Biol. 1996 Apr;59(4):505–511. doi: 10.1002/jlb.59.4.505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  404. Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and its role in the generation of TH1 cells. Immunol Today. 1993 Jul;14(7):335–338. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(93)90230-I. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  405. Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12: a proinflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Annu Rev Immunol. 1995;13:251–276. doi: 10.1146/annurev.iy.13.040195.001343. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  406. Trinchieri G. Role of interleukin-12 in human Th1 response. Chem Immunol. 1996;63:14–29. doi: 10.1159/000425055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  407. Trinchieri G., Scott P. Interleukin-12: a proinflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):423–431. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83011-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  408. Trinchieri G., Scott P. The role of interleukin 12 in the immune response, disease and therapy. Immunol Today. 1994 Oct;15(10):460–463. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90189-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  409. Tripp C. S., Gately M. K., Hakimi J., Ling P., Unanue E. R. Neutralization of IL-12 decreases resistance to Listeria in SCID and C.B-17 mice. Reversal by IFN-gamma. J Immunol. 1994 Feb 15;152(4):1883–1887. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  410. Tripp C. S., Kanagawa O., Unanue E. R. Secondary response to Listeria infection requires IFN-gamma but is partially independent of IL-12. J Immunol. 1995 Oct 1;155(7):3427–3432. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  411. Tripp C. S., Unanue E. R. Macrophage production of IL12 is a critical link between the innate and specific immune responses to Listeria. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):515–520. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83025-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  412. Tripp C. S., Wolf S. F., Unanue E. R. Interleukin 12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha are costimulators of interferon gamma production by natural killer cells in severe combined immunodeficiency mice with listeriosis, and interleukin 10 is a physiologic antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Apr 15;90(8):3725–3729. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.8.3725. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  413. Uehara S., Hitoshi Y., Numata F., Makino M., Howard M., Mizuochi T., Takatsu K. An IFN-gamma-dependent pathway plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of murine immunodeficiency syndrome induced by LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus. Int Immunol. 1994 Dec;6(12):1937–1947. doi: 10.1093/intimm/6.12.1937. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  414. Uherova P., Connick E., MaWhinney S., Schlichtemeier R., Schooley R. T., Kuritzkes D. R. In vitro effect of interleukin-12 on antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferative responses from persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis. 1996 Sep;174(3):483–489. doi: 10.1093/infdis/174.3.483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  415. Ungar B. L., Burris J. A., Quinn C. A., Finkelman F. D. New mouse models for chronic Cryptosporidium infection in immunodeficient hosts. Infect Immun. 1990 Apr;58(4):961–969. doi: 10.1128/iai.58.4.961-969.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  416. Ungar B. L., Kao T. C., Burris J. A., Finkelman F. D. Cryptosporidium infection in an adult mouse model. Independent roles for IFN-gamma and CD4+ T lymphocytes in protective immunity. J Immunol. 1991 Aug 1;147(3):1014–1022. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  417. Urban J. F., Jr, Fayer R., Chen S. J., Gause W. C., Gately M. K., Finkelman F. D. IL-12 protects immunocompetent and immunodeficient neonatal mice against infection with Cryptosporidium parvum. J Immunol. 1996 Jan 1;156(1):263–268. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  418. Urban J. F., Jr, Madden K. B., Svetić A., Cheever A., Trotta P. P., Gause W. C., Katona I. M., Finkelman F. D. The importance of Th2 cytokines in protective immunity to nematodes. Immunol Rev. 1992 Jun;127:205–220. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1992.tb01415.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  419. Vezzio N., Sarfati M., Yang L. P., Demeure C. E., Delespesse G. Human Th2-like cell clones induce IL-12 production by dendritic cells and may express several cytokine profiles. Int Immunol. 1996 Dec;8(12):1963–1970. doi: 10.1093/intimm/8.12.1963. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  420. Vieira L. Q., Hondowicz B. D., Afonso L. C., Wysocka M., Trinchieri G., Scott P. Infection with Leishmania major induces interleukin-12 production in vivo. Immunol Lett. 1994 May;40(2):157–161. doi: 10.1016/0165-2478(94)90187-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  421. Voest E. E., Kenyon B. M., O'Reilly M. S., Truitt G., D'Amato R. J., Folkman J. Inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo by interleukin 12. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995 Apr 19;87(8):581–586. doi: 10.1093/jnci/87.8.581. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  422. Vogel L. A., Showe L. C., Lester T. L., McNutt R. M., Van Cleave V. H., Metzger D. W. Direct binding of IL-12 to human and murine B lymphocytes. Int Immunol. 1996 Dec;8(12):1955–1962. doi: 10.1093/intimm/8.12.1955. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  423. Wagner R. D., Steinberg H., Brown J. F., Czuprynski C. J. Recombinant interleukin-12 enhances resistance of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Microb Pathog. 1994 Sep;17(3):175–186. doi: 10.1006/mpat.1994.1064. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  424. Walsh T. J., Hiemenz J., Pizzo P. A. Evolving risk factors for invasive fungal infections--all neutropenic patients are not the same. Clin Infect Dis. 1994 May;18(5):793–798. doi: 10.1093/clinids/18.5.793. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  425. Wang B., Biron C., She J., Higgins K., Sunshine M. J., Lacy E., Lonberg N., Terhorst C. A block in both early T lymphocyte and natural killer cell development in transgenic mice with high-copy numbers of the human CD3E gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Sep 27;91(20):9402–9406. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.20.9402. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  426. Wang Z. E., Reiner S. L., Zheng S., Dalton D. K., Locksley R. M. CD4+ effector cells default to the Th2 pathway in interferon gamma-deficient mice infected with Leishmania major. J Exp Med. 1994 Apr 1;179(4):1367–1371. doi: 10.1084/jem.179.4.1367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  427. Wang Z. E., Zheng S., Corry D. B., Dalton D. K., Seder R. A., Reiner S. L., Locksley R. M. Interferon gamma-independent effects of interleukin 12 administered during acute or established infection due to Leishmania major. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Dec 20;91(26):12932–12936. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.26.12932. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  428. Wolf S. F., Bliss J., Stokes K., Sypek J. Activity of IL12 as adjuvant in promoting Th1 and Th2 recall responses. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):486–489. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83021-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  429. Wolf S. F., Temple P. A., Kobayashi M., Young D., Dicig M., Lowe L., Dzialo R., Fitz L., Ferenz C., Hewick R. M. Cloning of cDNA for natural killer cell stimulatory factor, a heterodimeric cytokine with multiple biologic effects on T and natural killer cells. J Immunol. 1991 May 1;146(9):3074–3081. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  430. Wu-Hsieh B. A., Howard D. H. Inhibition of the intracellular growth of Histoplasma capsulatum by recombinant murine gamma interferon. Infect Immun. 1987 Apr;55(4):1014–1016. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.4.1014-1016.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  431. Wu C. Y., Demeure C. E., Gately M., Podlaski F., Yssel H., Kiniwa M., Delespesse G. In vitro maturation of human neonatal CD4 T lymphocytes. I. Induction of IL-4-producing cells after long-term culture in the presence of IL-4 plus either IL-2 or IL-12. J Immunol. 1994 Feb 1;152(3):1141–1153. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  432. Wu C. Y., Warrier R. R., Carvajal D. M., Chua A. O., Minetti L. J., Chizzonite R., Mongini P. K., Stern A. S., Gubler U., Presky D. H. Biological function and distribution of human interleukin-12 receptor beta chain. Eur J Immunol. 1996 Feb;26(2):345–350. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830260212. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  433. Wu C., Warrier R. R., Wang X., Presky D. H., Gately M. K. Regulation of interleukin-12 receptor beta1 chain expression and interleukin-12 binding by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Eur J Immunol. 1997 Jan;27(1):147–154. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830270122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  434. Wynn T. A., Cheever A. W., Jankovic D., Poindexter R. W., Caspar P., Lewis F. A., Sher A. An IL-12-based vaccination method for preventing fibrosis induced by schistosome infection. Nature. 1995 Aug 17;376(6541):594–596. doi: 10.1038/376594a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  435. Wynn T. A., Eltoum I., Oswald I. P., Cheever A. W., Sher A. Endogenous interleukin 12 (IL-12) regulates granuloma formation induced by eggs of Schistosoma mansoni and exogenous IL-12 both inhibits and prophylactically immunizes against egg pathology. J Exp Med. 1994 May 1;179(5):1551–1561. doi: 10.1084/jem.179.5.1551. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  436. Wynn T. A., Jankovic D., Hieny S., Cheever A. W., Sher A. IL-12 enhances vaccine-induced immunity to Schistosoma mansoni in mice and decreases T helper 2 cytokine expression, IgE production, and tissue eosinophilia. J Immunol. 1995 May 1;154(9):4701–4709. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  437. Wynn T. A., Jankovic D., Hieny S., Zioncheck K., Jardieu P., Cheever A. W., Sher A. IL-12 exacerbates rather than suppresses T helper 2-dependent pathology in the absence of endogenous IFN-gamma. J Immunol. 1995 Apr 15;154(8):3999–4009. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  438. Wynn T. A., Reynolds A., James S., Cheever A. W., Caspar P., Hieny S., Jankovic D., Strand M., Sher A. IL-12 enhances vaccine-induced immunity to schistosomes by augmenting both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against the parasite. J Immunol. 1996 Nov 1;157(9):4068–4078. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  439. Wynn T. A., Sher A. IL12 as an adjuvant for vaccines designed to prevent infection and immunopathology by schistosomes. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):582–590. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83035-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  440. Wysocka M., Kubin M., Vieira L. Q., Ozmen L., Garotta G., Scott P., Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 is required for interferon-gamma production and lethality in lipopolysaccharide-induced shock in mice. Eur J Immunol. 1995 Mar;25(3):672–676. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830250307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  441. Yamashita T., Boros D. L. IL-4 influences IL-2 production and granulomatous inflammation in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. J Immunol. 1992 Dec 1;149(11):3659–3664. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  442. Yang D. M., Fairweather N., Button L. L., McMaster W. R., Kahl L. P., Liew F. Y. Oral Salmonella typhimurium (AroA-) vaccine expressing a major leishmanial surface protein (gp63) preferentially induces T helper 1 cells and protective immunity against leishmaniasis. J Immunol. 1990 Oct 1;145(7):2281–2285. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  443. Yang L., Weis J. H., Eichwald E., Kolbert C. P., Persing D. H., Weis J. J. Heritable susceptibility to severe Borrelia burgdorferi-induced arthritis is dominant and is associated with persistence of large numbers of spirochetes in tissues. Infect Immun. 1994 Feb;62(2):492–500. doi: 10.1128/iai.62.2.492-500.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  444. Yang Y., Trinchieri G., Wilson J. M. Recombinant IL-12 prevents formation of blocking IgA antibodies to recombinant adenovirus and allows repeated gene therapy to mouse lung. Nat Med. 1995 Sep;1(9):890–893. doi: 10.1038/nm0995-890. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  445. Yap G. S., Jacobs P., Stevenson M. M. Th cell regulation of host resistance to blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS. Res Immunol. 1994 Jul-Aug;145(6):419–422. doi: 10.1016/s0923-2494(94)80171-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  446. Yoshida A., Koide Y., Uchijima M., Yoshida T. O. Dissection of strain difference in acquired protective immunity against Mycobacterium bovis Calmette-Guérin bacillus (BCG). Macrophages regulate the susceptibility through cytokine network and the induction of nitric oxide synthase. J Immunol. 1995 Aug 15;155(4):2057–2066. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  447. Yoshimoto T., Paul W. E. CD4pos, NK1.1pos T cells promptly produce interleukin 4 in response to in vivo challenge with anti-CD3. J Exp Med. 1994 Apr 1;179(4):1285–1295. doi: 10.1084/jem.179.4.1285. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  448. Yssel H., Shanafelt M. C., Soderberg C., Schneider P. V., Anzola J., Peltz G. Borrelia burgdorferi activates a T helper type 1-like T cell subset in Lyme arthritis. J Exp Med. 1991 Sep 1;174(3):593–601. doi: 10.1084/jem.174.3.593. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  449. Zaitseva M. B., Golding H., Betts M., Yamauchi A., Bloom E. T., Butler L. E., Stevan L., Golding B. Human peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells express Th1-like cytokine mRNA and proteins following in vitro stimulation with heat-inactivated Brucella abortus. Infect Immun. 1995 Jul;63(7):2720–2728. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.7.2720-2728.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  450. Zaitseva M., Golding H., Manischewitz J., Webb D., Golding B. Brucella abortus as a potential vaccine candidate: induction of interleukin-12 secretion and enhanced B7.1 and B7.2 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 surface expression in elutriated human monocytes stimulated by heat-inactivated B. abortus. Infect Immun. 1996 Aug;64(8):3109–3117. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.8.3109-3117.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  451. Zhan Y., Cheers C. Endogenous gamma interferon mediates resistance to Brucella abortus infection. Infect Immun. 1993 Nov;61(11):4899–4901. doi: 10.1128/iai.61.11.4899-4901.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  452. Zhan Y., Cheers C. Endogenous interleukin-12 is involved in resistance to Brucella abortus infection. Infect Immun. 1995 Apr;63(4):1387–1390. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.4.1387-1390.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  453. Zhan Y., Liu Z., Cheers C. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 contribute to resistance to the intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus by different mechanisms. Infect Immun. 1996 Jul;64(7):2782–2786. doi: 10.1128/iai.64.7.2782-2786.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  454. Zhang M., Gately M. K., Wang E., Gong J., Wolf S. F., Lu S., Modlin R. L., Barnes P. F. Interleukin 12 at the site of disease in tuberculosis. J Clin Invest. 1994 Apr;93(4):1733–1739. doi: 10.1172/JCI117157. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  455. Zhang M., Gong J., Iyer D. V., Jones B. E., Modlin R. L., Barnes P. F. T cell cytokine responses in persons with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Invest. 1994 Dec;94(6):2435–2442. doi: 10.1172/JCI117611. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  456. Zhang M., Lin Y., Iyer D. V., Gong J., Abrams J. S., Barnes P. F. T-cell cytokine responses in human infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun. 1995 Aug;63(8):3231–3234. doi: 10.1128/iai.63.8.3231-3234.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  457. Zhou P., Sieve M. C., Bennett J., Kwon-Chung K. J., Tewari R. P., Gazzinelli R. T., Sher A., Seder R. A. IL-12 prevents mortality in mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum through induction of IFN-gamma. J Immunol. 1995 Jul 15;155(2):785–795. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  458. Zhou P., Sieve M. C., Tewari R. P., Seder R. A. Interleukin-12 modulates the protective immune response in SCID mice infected with Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect Immun. 1997 Mar;65(3):936–942. doi: 10.1128/iai.65.3.936-942.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  459. Zitvogel L., Lotze M. T. Role of interleukin-12 (IL12) as an anti-tumour agent: experimental biology and clinical application. Res Immunol. 1995 Sep-Oct;146(7-8):628–638. doi: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83041-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  460. Zou J. J., Schoenhaut D. S., Carvajal D. M., Warrier R. R., Presky D. H., Gately M. K., Gubler U. Structure-function analysis of the p35 subunit of mouse interleukin 12. J Biol Chem. 1995 Mar 17;270(11):5864–5871. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.11.5864. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  461. Zou J., Presky D. H., Wu C. Y., Gubler U. Differential associations between the cytoplasmic regions of the interleukin-12 receptor subunits beta1 and beta2 and JAK kinases. J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 28;272(9):6073–6077. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.9.6073. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  462. van der Pouw Kraan T. C., Boeije L. C., Smeenk R. J., Wijdenes J., Aarden L. A. Prostaglandin-E2 is a potent inhibitor of human interleukin 12 production. J Exp Med. 1995 Feb 1;181(2):775–779. doi: 10.1084/jem.181.2.775. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Microbiology Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES