Skip to main content
Occupational and Environmental Medicine logoLink to Occupational and Environmental Medicine
. 2004 Apr;61(4):e12. doi: 10.1136/oem.2003.008375

Biomarkers of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from environmental air pollution

G Castano-Vinyals, A D'Errico, N Malats, M Kogevinas
PMCID: PMC1740739  PMID: 15031403

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (479.9 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Angerer J., Mannschreck C., Gündel J. Biological monitoring and biochemical effect monitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1997;70(6):365–377. doi: 10.1007/s004200050231. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Autrup H., Daneshvar B., Dragsted L. O., Gamborg M., Hansen M., Loft S., Okkels H., Nielsen F., Nielsen P. S., Raffn E. Biomarkers for exposure to ambient air pollution--comparison of carcinogen-DNA adduct levels with other exposure markers and markers for oxidative stress. Environ Health Perspect. 1999 Mar;107(3):233–238. doi: 10.1289/ehp.99107233. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ballester Díez F., Tenías J. M., Pérez-Hoyos S. Efectos de la contaminación atmosférica sobre la salud: una introducción. Rev Esp Salud Publica. 1999 Mar-Apr;73(2):109–121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Binková B., Lewtas J., Misková I., Lenícek J., Srám R. DNA adducts and personal air monitoring of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an environmentally exposed population. Carcinogenesis. 1995 May;16(5):1037–1046. doi: 10.1093/carcin/16.5.1037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Binková B., Lewtas J., Mísková I., Rössner P., Cerná M., Mrácková G., Peterková K., Mumford J., Meyer S., Srám R. Biomarker studies in northern Bohemia. Environ Health Perspect. 1996 May;104 (Suppl 3):591–597. doi: 10.1289/ehp.104-1469612. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bouchard M., Pinsonneault L., Tremblay C., Weber J. P. Biological monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subjects living in the vicinity of a creosote impregnation plant. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2001 Sep;74(7):505–513. doi: 10.1007/s004200100251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Brzeźnicki S., Jakubowski M., Czerski B. Elimination of 1-hydroxypyrene after human volunteer exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1997;70(4):257–260. doi: 10.1007/s004200050216. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Buckley T. J., Lioy P. J. An examination of the time course from human dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to urinary elimination of 1-hydroxypyrene. Br J Ind Med. 1992 Feb;49(2):113–124. doi: 10.1136/oem.49.2.113. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Buckley T. J., Waldman J. M., Dhara R., Greenberg A., Ouyang Z., Lioy P. J. An assessment of a urinary biomarker for total human environmental exposure to benzo[a]pyrene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1995;67(4):257–266. doi: 10.1007/BF00409408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Butler J. D., Crossley P. An appraisal of relative airborne sub-urban concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons monitored indoors and outdoors. Sci Total Environ. 1979 Jan;11(1):53–58. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(79)90032-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cerná M., Pastorková A., Myers S. R., Rössner P., Binková B. The use of a urine mutagenicity assay in the monitoring of environmental exposure to genotoxins. Mutat Res. 1997 Jun 13;391(1-2):99–110. doi: 10.1016/s1383-5718(97)00058-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Chuang J. C., Callahan P. J., Lyu C. W., Wilson N. K. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposures of children in low-income families. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1999 Mar-Apr;9(2):85–98. doi: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Clavel J., Mandereau L., Limasset J. C., Hémon D., Cordier S. Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the risk of bladder cancer: a French case-control study. Int J Epidemiol. 1994 Dec;23(6):1145–1153. doi: 10.1093/ije/23.6.1145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Crawford F. G., Mayer J., Santella R. M., Cooper T. B., Ottman R., Tsai W. Y., Simon-Cereijido G., Wang M., Tang D., Perera F. P. Biomarkers of environmental tobacco smoke in preschool children and their mothers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994 Sep 21;86(18):1398–1402. doi: 10.1093/jnci/86.18.1398. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Creasia D. A., Poggenburg J. K., Jr, Nettesheim P. Elution of benzo[alpha]pyrene from carbon particles in the respiratory tract of mice. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1976 Jul;1(6):967–975. doi: 10.1080/15287397609529398. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Dickey C., Santella R. M., Hattis D., Tang D., Hsu Y., Cooper T., Young T. L., Perera F. P. Variability in PAH-DNA adduct measurements in peripheral mononuclear cells: implications for quantitative cancer risk assessment. Risk Anal. 1997 Oct;17(5):649–656. doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00905.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Dor F., Dab W., Empereur-Bissonnet P., Zmirou D. Validity of biomarkers in environmental health studies: the case of PAHs and benzene. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1999 Mar;29(2):129–168. doi: 10.1080/10408449991349195. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Farmer P. B., Sepai O., Lawrence R., Autrup H., Sabro Nielsen P., Vestergård A. B., Waters R., Leuratti C., Jones N. J., Stone J. Biomonitoring human exposure to environmental carcinogenic chemicals. Mutagenesis. 1996 Jul;11(4):363–381. doi: 10.1093/mutage/11.4.363. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Georgiadis P., Topinka J., Stoikidou M., Kaila S., Gioka M., Katsouyanni K., Sram R., Autrup H., Kyrtopoulos S. A., AULIS Network Biomarkers of genotoxicity of air pollution (the AULIS project): bulky DNA adducts in subjects with moderate to low exposures to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke and other parameters. Carcinogenesis. 2001 Sep;22(9):1447–1457. doi: 10.1093/carcin/22.9.1447. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gilbert N. L., Viau C. Biological monitoring of environmental exposure to PAHs in the vicinity of a Söderberg aluminium reduction plant. Occup Environ Med. 1997 Aug;54(8):619–621. doi: 10.1136/oem.54.8.619. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Grzybowska E., Hemminki K., Choraźy M. Seasonal variations in levels of DNA adducts and X-spots in human populations living in different parts of Poland. Environ Health Perspect. 1993 Mar;99:77–81. doi: 10.1289/ehp.939977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Gündel J., Mannschreck C., Büttner K., Ewers U., Angerer J. Urinary levels of 1-hydroxypyrene, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene in females living in an industrial area of Germany. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1996 Nov;31(4):585–590. doi: 10.1007/BF00212444. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hara K., Hanaoka T., Yamano Y., Itani T. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels of garbage collectors with low-level exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Sci Total Environ. 1997 Jun 20;199(1-2):159–164. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(97)05491-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hemminki K., Zhang L. F., Krüger J., Autrup H., Törnqvist M., Norbeck H. E. Exposure of bus and taxi drivers to urban air pollutants as measured by DNA and protein adducts. Toxicol Lett. 1994 Jun;72(1-3):171–174. doi: 10.1016/0378-4274(94)90025-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Jacob J., Grimmer G., Raab G., Schmoldt A. The metabolism of pyrene by rat liver microsomes and the influence of various mono-oxygenase inducers. Xenobiotica. 1982 Jan;12(1):45–53. doi: 10.3109/00498258209052453. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Jongeneelen F. J., Anzion R. B., Henderson P. T. Determination of hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine. J Chromatogr. 1987 Jan 23;413:227–232. doi: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80230-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Jongeneelen F. J., Bos R. P., Anzion R. B., Theuws J. L., Henderson P. T. Biological monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Metabolites in urine. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1986 Apr;12(2):137–143. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.2166. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Jongeneelen F. J., Bos R. P. Excretion of pyrene and hydroxypyrene in urine. Cancer Lett. 1990 May 30;51(2):175–179. doi: 10.1016/0304-3835(90)90054-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Jongeneelen F. J. Methods for routine biological monitoring of carcinogenic PAH-mixtures. Sci Total Environ. 1997 Jun 20;199(1-2):141–149. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(97)00064-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Kang D. H., Rothman N., Poirier M. C., Greenberg A., Hsu C. H., Schwartz B. S., Baser M. E., Groopman J. D., Weston A., Strickland P. T. Interindividual differences in the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide in urine and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in peripheral white blood cells after charbroiled beef consumption. Carcinogenesis. 1995 May;16(5):1079–1085. doi: 10.1093/carcin/16.5.1079. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Kanoh T., Fukuda M., Onozuka H., Kinouchi T., Ohnishi Y. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as a marker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environment. Environ Res. 1993 Aug;62(2):230–241. doi: 10.1006/enrs.1993.1108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Kim H., Cho S. H., Kang J. W., Kim Y. D., Nan H. M., Lee C. H., Lee H., Kawamoto T. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and 2-naphthol concentrations in male Koreans. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2001 Jan;74(1):59–62. doi: 10.1007/s004200000193. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Kure E. H., Andreassen A., Ovrebø S., Grzybowska E., Fiala Z., Strózyk M., Chorazy M., Haugen A. Benzo(a)pyrene-albumin adducts in humans exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrial area of Poland. Occup Environ Med. 1997 Sep;54(9):662–666. doi: 10.1136/oem.54.9.662. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Lewtas J., Walsh D., Williams R., Dobiás L. Air pollution exposure-DNA adduct dosimetry in humans and rodents: evidence for non-linearity at high doses. Mutat Res. 1997 Aug 1;378(1-2):51–63. doi: 10.1016/s0027-5107(97)00097-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Marafie E. M., Marafie I., Emery S. J., Waters R., Jones N. J. Biomonitoring the human population exposed to pollution from the oil fires in Kuwait: analysis of placental tissue using (32)P-postlabeling. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2000;36(4):274–282. doi: 10.1002/1098-2280(2000)36:4<274::aid-em3>3.0.co;2-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Mastrangelo G., Fadda E., Marzia V. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cancer in man. Environ Health Perspect. 1996 Nov;104(11):1166–1170. doi: 10.1289/ehp.961041166. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Merlo F., Andreassen A., Weston A., Pan C. F., Haugen A., Valerio F., Reggiardo G., Fontana V., Garte S., Puntoni R. Urinary excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene as a marker for exposure to urban air levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998 Feb;7(2):147–155. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Motykiewicz G., Małusecka E., Grzybowska E., Chorazy M., Zhang Y. J., Perera F. P., Santella R. M. Immunohistochemical quantitation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in human lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 1995 Apr 1;55(7):1417–1422. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Motykiewicz G., Michalska J., Pendzich J., Małusecka E., Strózyk M., Kalinowska E., Butkiewicz D., Mielzyńska D., Midro A., Santella R. M. A molecular epidemiology study in women from Upper Silesia, Poland. Toxicol Lett. 1998 Aug;96-97:195–202. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4274(98)00072-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Mumford J. L., Lee X., Lewtas J., Young T. L., Santella R. M. DNA adducts as biomarkers for assessing exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in tissues from Xuan Wei women with high exposure to coal combustion emissions and high lung cancer mortality. Environ Health Perspect. 1993 Mar;99:83–87. doi: 10.1289/ehp.939983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Mumtaz M. M., George J. D., Gold K. W., Cibulas W., DeRosa C. T. ATSDR evaluation of health effects of chemicals. IV. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): understanding a complex problem. Toxicol Ind Health. 1996 Nov-Dec;12(6):742–971. doi: 10.1177/074823379601200601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Nielsen P. S., Okkels H., Sigsgaard T., Kyrtopoulos S., Autrup H. Exposure to urban and rural air pollution: DNA and protein adducts and effect of glutathione-S-transferase genotype on adduct levels. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1996;68(3):170–176. doi: 10.1007/BF00381627. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Ott W. R. A physical explanation of the lognormality of pollutant concentrations. J Air Waste Manage Assoc. 1990 Oct;40(10):1378–1383. doi: 10.1080/10473289.1990.10466789. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Ovrebø S., Fjeldstad P. E., Grzybowska E., Kure E. H., Chorazy M., Haugen A. Biological monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in a highly polluted area of Poland. Environ Health Perspect. 1995 Sep;103(9):838–843. doi: 10.1289/ehp.103-1519226. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Palli D., Vineis P., Russo A., Berrino F., Krogh V., Masala G., Munnia A., Panico S., Taioli E., Tumino R. Diet, metabolic polymorphisms and dna adducts: the EPIC-Italy cross-sectional study. Int J Cancer. 2000 Aug 1;87(3):444–451. doi: 10.1002/1097-0215(20000801)87:3<444::aid-ijc21>3.0.co;2-#. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Pastorelli R., Guanci M., Restano J., Berri A., Micoli G., Minoia C., Alcini D., Carrer P., Negri E., La Vecchia C. Seasonal effect on airborne pyrene, urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, and benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide-hemoglobin adducts in the general population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999 Jun;8(6):561–565. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Pearce N., de Sanjose S., Boffetta P., Kogevinas M., Saracci R., Savitz D. Limitations of biomarkers of exposure in cancer epidemiology. Epidemiology. 1995 Mar;6(2):190–194. doi: 10.1097/00001648-199503000-00020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Peluso M., Ceppi M., Munnia A., Puntoni R., Parodi S. Analysis of 13 (32)P-DNA postlabeling studies on occupational cohorts exposed to air pollution. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Mar 15;153(6):546–558. doi: 10.1093/aje/153.6.546. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Peluso M., Merlo F., Munnia A., Valerio F., Perrotta A., Puntoni R., Parodi S. 32P-postlabeling detection of aromatic adducts in the white blood cell DNA of nonsmoking police officers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998 Jan;7(1):3–11. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Perera F. P., Hemminki K., Gryzbowska E., Motykiewicz G., Michalska J., Santella R. M., Young T. L., Dickey C., Brandt-Rauf P., De Vivo I. Molecular and genetic damage in humans from environmental pollution in Poland. Nature. 1992 Nov 19;360(6401):256–258. doi: 10.1038/360256a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Perico A., Gottardi M., Boddi V., Bavazzano P., Lanciotti E. Assessment of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in police in Florence, Italy, through personal air sampling and biological monitoring of the urinary metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene. Arch Environ Health. 2001 Nov-Dec;56(6):506–512. doi: 10.1080/00039890109602899. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Phillips D. H., Castegnaro M. Standardization and validation of DNA adduct postlabelling methods: report of interlaboratory trials and production of recommended protocols. Mutagenesis. 1999 May;14(3):301–315. doi: 10.1093/mutage/14.3.301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Poirier M. C., Weston A., Schoket B., Shamkhani H., Pan C. F., McDiarmid M. A., Scott B. G., Deeter D. P., Heller J. M., Jacobson-Kram D. Biomonitoring of United States Army soldiers serving in Kuwait in 1991. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998 Jun;7(6):545–551. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Ptashekas J., Ciuniene E., Barkiene M., Zurlyte I., Jonauskas G., Sliachtic N., Babonas J., Jankeviciene R., Runkelyte J., Saltiene Z. Environmental and health monitoring in Lithuanian cities: exposure to heavy metals and benz(a)pyrene in Vilnius and Siauliai residents. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1996;15(2-4):135–141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Roggi C., Minoia C., Sciarra G. F., Apostoli P., Maccarini L., Magnaghi S., Cenni A., Fonte A., Nidasio G. F., Micoli G. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as a marker of exposure to pyrene: an epidemiological survey on a general population group. Sci Total Environ. 1997 Jul 1;199(3):247–254. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(97)05458-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Ruchirawa Mathuros, Mahidol Chulabhorn, Tangjarukij Chanthana, Pui-ock Sittisak, Jensen Ole, Kampeerawipakorn Ormrat, Tuntaviroon Jantamas, Aramphongphan Auratai, Autrup Herman. Exposure to genotoxins present in ambient air in Bangkok, Thailand--particle associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biomarkers. Sci Total Environ. 2002 Mar 15;287(1-2):121–132. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(01)01008-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Saint-Amour M., Tremblay C., Jacques L., Weber J. P. Surveillance biologique de l'exposition aux hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques chez des personnes vivant aux environs d'une aluminerie québécoise. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2000 Oct;48(5):439–448. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Santodonato J., Howard P., Basu D. Health and ecological assessment of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. J Environ Pathol Toxicol. 1981 Sep;5(1):1–364. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Scherer G., Frank S., Riedel K., Meger-Kossien I., Renner T. Biomonitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of nonoccupationally exposed persons. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000 Apr;9(4):373–380. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Siwińska E., Mielzyńska D., Bubak A., Smolik E. The effect of coal stoves and environmental tobacco smoke on the level of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. Mutat Res. 1999 Sep 30;445(2):147–153. doi: 10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00121-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Siwińska E., Mielzyńska D., Smolik E., Bubak A., Kwapuliński J. Evaluation of intra- and interindividual variation of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Sci Total Environ. 1998 Jun 30;217(1-2):175–183. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00186-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Staessen J. A., Nawrot T., Hond E. D., Thijs L., Fagard R., Hoppenbrouwers K., Koppen G., Nelen V., Schoeters G., Vanderschueren D. Renal function, cytogenetic measurements, and sexual development in adolescents in relation to environmental pollutants: a feasibility study of biomarkers. Lancet. 2001 May 26;357(9269):1660–1669. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04822-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Sun J. D., Wolff R. K., Kanapilly G. M. Deposition, retention, and biological fate of inhaled benzo(a)pyrene adsorbed onto ultrafine particles and as a pure aerosol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1982 Sep 15;65(2):231–244. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(82)90005-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Tang D., Warburton D., Tannenbaum S. R., Skipper P., Santella R. M., Cereijido G. S., Crawford F. G., Perera F. P. Molecular and genetic damage from environmental tobacco smoke in young children. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999 May;8(5):427–431. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Van Rooij J. G., Van Lieshout E. M., Bodelier-Bade M. M., Jongeneelen F. J. Effect of the reduction of skin contamination on the internal dose of creosote workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1993 Jun;19(3):200–207. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.1322. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Vyskocil A., Fiala Z., Fialova D., Krajak V., Viau C. Environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Czech Republic. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1997 Oct;16(10):589–595. doi: 10.1177/096032719701601006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Whyatt R. M., Bell D. A., Jedrychowski W., Santella R. M., Garte S. J., Cosma G., Manchester D. K., Young T. L., Cooper T. B., Ottman R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in human placenta and modulation by CYP1A1 induction and genotype. Carcinogenesis. 1998 Aug;19(8):1389–1392. doi: 10.1093/carcin/19.8.1389. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Whyatt R. M., Santella R. M., Jedrychowski W., Garte S. J., Bell D. A., Ottman R., Gladek-Yarborough A., Cosma G., Young T. L., Cooper T. B. Relationship between ambient air pollution and DNA damage in Polish mothers and newborns. Environ Health Perspect. 1998 Jun;106 (Suppl 3):821–826. doi: 10.1289/ehp.98106821. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Yang K., Airoldi L., Pastorelli R., Restano J., Guanci M., Hemminki K. Aromatic DNA adducts in lymphocytes of humans working at high and low traffic density areas. Chem Biol Interact. 1996 Aug 14;101(2):127–136. doi: 10.1016/0009-2797(96)03720-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Zhao Z. H., Quan W. Y., Tian D. H. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene as an indicator of human exposure to ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coal-burning environment. Sci Total Environ. 1990 Mar;92:145–154. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(90)90326-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. van Schooten F. J., Jongeneelen F. J., Hillebrand M. J., van Leeuwen F. E., de Looff A. J., Dijkmans A. P., van Rooij J. G., den Engelse L., Kriek E. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in white blood cell DNA and 1-hydroxypyrene in the urine from aluminum workers: relation with job category and synergistic effect of smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995 Jan-Feb;4(1):69–77. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Occupational and Environmental Medicine are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES