Skip to main content
PMC home page
Thorax logoLink to Thorax
. 2002 Jul;57(7):643–648. doi: 10.1136/thorax.57.7.643

Non-eosinophilic asthma: importance and possible mechanisms

J Douwes 1, P Gibson 1, J Pekkanen 1, N Pearce 1
PMCID: PMC1746367  PMID: 12096210

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (157.7 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Amin K., Lúdvíksdóttir D., Janson C., Nettelbladt O., Björnsson E., Roomans G. M., Boman G., Sevéus L., Venge P. Inflammation and structural changes in the airways of patients with atopic and nonatopic asthma. BHR Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Dec;162(6):2295–2301. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.6.9912001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Anticevich S. Z., Hughes J. M., Black J. L., Armour C. L. Induction of hyperresponsiveness in human airway tissue by neutrophils--mechanism of action. Clin Exp Allergy. 1996 May;26(5):549–556. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Basha M. A., Gross K. B., Gwizdala C. J., Haidar A. H., Popovich J., Jr Bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophilia in asthmatic and healthy volunteers after controlled exposure to ozone and filtered purified air. Chest. 1994 Dec;106(6):1757–1765. doi: 10.1378/chest.106.6.1757. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Becker S., Clapp W. A., Quay J., Frees K. L., Koren H. S., Schwartz D. A. Compartmentalization of the inflammatory response to inhaled grain dust. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Oct;160(4):1309–1318. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.4.9901062. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Boulet L. P., Chapman K. R., Côté J., Kalra S., Bhagat R., Swystun V. A., Laviolette M., Cleland L. D., Deschesnes F., Su J. Q. Inhibitory effects of an anti-IgE antibody E25 on allergen-induced early asthmatic response. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jun;155(6):1835–1840. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.155.6.9196083. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Casale T. B., Bernstein I. L., Busse W. W., LaForce C. F., Tinkelman D. G., Stoltz R. R., Dockhorn R. J., Reimann J., Su J. Q., Fick R. B., Jr Use of an anti-IgE humanized monoclonal antibody in ragweed-induced allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997 Jul;100(1):110–121. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70202-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Clapp W. D., Becker S., Quay J., Watt J. L., Thorne P. S., Frees K. L., Zhang X., Koren H. S., Lux C. R., Schwartz D. A. Grain dust-induced airflow obstruction and inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Sep;150(3):611–617. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.150.3.8087327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Cox G. Glucocorticoid treatment inhibits apoptosis in human neutrophils. Separation of survival and activation outcomes. J Immunol. 1995 May 1;154(9):4719–4725. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Dockery D. W., Speizer F. E., Stram D. O., Ware J. H., Spengler J. D., Ferris B. G., Jr Effects of inhalable particles on respiratory health of children. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Mar;139(3):587–594. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.3.587. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Douwes J., Pearce N., Heederik D. Does environmental endotoxin exposure prevent asthma? Thorax. 2002 Jan;57(1):86–90. doi: 10.1136/thorax.57.1.86. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Douwes J., Zuidhof A., Doekes G., van der Zee S. C., Wouters I., Boezen M. H., Brunekreef B. (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan and endotoxin in house dust and peak flow variability in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Oct;162(4 Pt 1):1348–1354. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.4.9909118. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Enarson D. A., Vedal S., Chan-Yeung M. Fate of grainhandlers with bronchial hyperreactivity. Clin Invest Med. 1988 Jun;11(3):193–197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Fahy J. V., Boushey H. A., Lazarus S. C., Mauger E. A., Cherniack R. M., Chinchilli V. M., Craig T. J., Drazen J. M., Ford J. G., Fish J. E. Safety and reproducibility of sputum induction in asthmatic subjects in a multicenter study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 May;163(6):1470–1475. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.6.9901105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Fahy J. V., Cockcroft D. W., Boulet L. P., Wong H. H., Deschesnes F., Davis E. E., Ruppel J., Su J. Q., Adelman D. C. Effect of aerosolized anti-IgE (E25) on airway responses to inhaled allergen in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Sep;160(3):1023–1027. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.3.9810012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Fahy J. V., Fleming H. E., Wong H. H., Liu J. T., Su J. Q., Reimann J., Fick R. B., Jr, Boushey H. A. The effect of an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody on the early- and late-phase responses to allergen inhalation in asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Jun;155(6):1828–1834. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.155.6.9196082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Fahy J. V., Kim K. W., Liu J., Boushey H. A. Prominent neutrophilic inflammation in sputum from subjects with asthma exacerbation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995 Apr;95(4):843–852. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70128-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Gereda J. E., Leung D. Y., Thatayatikom A., Streib J. E., Price M. R., Klinnert M. D., Liu A. H. Relation between house-dust endotoxin exposure, type 1 T-cell development, and allergen sensitisation in infants at high risk of asthma. Lancet. 2000 May 13;355(9216):1680–1683. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02239-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Giannini D., Di Franco A., Cianchetti S., Bacci E., Dente F. L., Vagaggini B., Paggiaro P. L. Analysis of induced sputum before and after withdrawal of treatment with inhaled corticosteroids in asthmatic patients. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000 Dec;30(12):1777–1784. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00919.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Gibson P. G., Norzila M. Z., Fakes K., Simpson J., Henry R. L. Pattern of airway inflammation and its determinants in children with acute severe asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1999 Oct;28(4):261–270. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0496(199910)28:4<261::aid-ppul5>3.0.co;2-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gibson P. G., Simpson J. L., Chalmers A. C., Toneguzzi R. C., Wark P. A., Wilson A. J., Hensley M. J. Airway eosinophilia is associated with wheeze but is uncommon in children with persistent cough and frequent chest colds. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Sep 15;164(6):977–981. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.6.9910053. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Gibson P. G., Simpson J. L., Saltos N. Heterogeneity of airway inflammation in persistent asthma : evidence of neutrophilic inflammation and increased sputum interleukin-8. Chest. 2001 May;119(5):1329–1336. doi: 10.1378/chest.119.5.1329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Gibson P. G. Use of induced sputum to examine airway inflammation in childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998 Nov;102(5):S100–S101. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70039-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gibson P. G., Wlodarczyk J. W., Hensley M. J., Gleeson M., Henry R. L., Cripps A. W., Clancy R. L. Epidemiological association of airway inflammation with asthma symptoms and airway hyperresponsiveness in childhood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998 Jul;158(1):36–41. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.1.9705031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Greer J. R., Abbey D. E., Burchette R. J. Asthma related to occupational and ambient air pollutants in nonsmokers. J Occup Med. 1993 Sep;35(9):909–915. doi: 10.1097/00043764-199309000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hamelmann E., Cieslewicz G., Schwarze J., Ishizuka T., Joetham A., Heusser C., Gelfand E. W. Anti-interleukin 5 but not anti-IgE prevents airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Sep;160(3):934–941. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.3.9806029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hamelmann E., Takeda K., Schwarze J., Vella A. T., Irvin C. G., Gelfand E. W. Development of eosinophilic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness requires interleukin-5 but not immunoglobulin E or B lymphocytes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1999 Oct;21(4):480–489. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.21.4.3659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Holt P. G., Sly P. D., Björkstén B. Atopic versus infectious diseases in childhood: a question of balance? Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1997 May;8(2):53–58. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1997.tb00145.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Holz O., Jörres R. A., Timm P., Mücke M., Richter K., Koschyk S., Magnussen H. Ozone-induced airway inflammatory changes differ between individuals and are reproducible. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Mar;159(3):776–784. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.3.9806098. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Jacobs R. R., Boehlecke B., van Hage-Hamsten M., Rylander R. Bronchial reactivity, atopy, and airway response to cotton dust. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993 Jul;148(1):19–24. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.1.19. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Jalaludin B. B., Chey T., O'Toole B. I., Smith W. T., Capon A. G., Leeder S. R. Acute effects of low levels of ambient ozone on peak expiratory flow rate in a cohort of Australian children. Int J Epidemiol. 2000 Jun;29(3):549–557. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Jatakanon A., Uasuf C., Maziak W., Lim S., Chung K. F., Barnes P. J. Neutrophilic inflammation in severe persistent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Nov;160(5 Pt 1):1532–1539. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.9806170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Jenkins H. S., Devalia J. L., Mister R. L., Bevan A. M., Rusznak C., Davies R. J. The effect of exposure to ozone and nitrogen dioxide on the airway response of atopic asthmatics to inhaled allergen: dose- and time-dependent effects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Jul;160(1):33–39. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.1.9808119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Johnston S. L. The role of viral and atypical bacterial pathogens in asthma pathogenesis. Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl. 1999;18:141–143. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Jung K. S., Park H. S. Evidence for neutrophil activation in occupational asthma. Respirology. 1999 Sep;4(3):303–306. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1843.1999.00196.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kennedy T., Ghio A. J., Reed W., Samet J., Zagorski J., Quay J., Carter J., Dailey L., Hoidal J. R., Devlin R. B. Copper-dependent inflammation and nuclear factor-kappaB activation by particulate air pollution. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1998 Sep;19(3):366–378. doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.19.3.3042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Kreit J. W., Gross K. B., Moore T. B., Lorenzen T. J., D'Arcy J., Eschenbacher W. L. Ozone-induced changes in pulmonary function and bronchial responsiveness in asthmatics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1989 Jan;66(1):217–222. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kurt-Jones E. A., Popova L., Kwinn L., Haynes L. M., Jones L. P., Tripp R. A., Walsh E. E., Freeman M. W., Golenbock D. T., Anderson L. J. Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat Immunol. 2000 Nov;1(5):398–401. doi: 10.1038/80833. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Larsson B. M., Palmberg L., Malmberg P. O., Larsson K. Effect of exposure to swine dust on levels of IL-8 in airway lavage fluid. Thorax. 1997 Jul;52(7):638–642. doi: 10.1136/thx.52.7.638. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Lebowitz M. D., Collins L., Holberg C. J. Time series analyses of respiratory responses to indoor and outdoor environmental phenomena. Environ Res. 1987 Aug;43(2):332–341. doi: 10.1016/s0013-9351(87)80033-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Lemière C., Pizzichini M. M., Balkissoon R., Clelland L., Efthimiadis A., O'Shaughnessy D., Dolovich J., Hargreave F. E. Diagnosing occupational asthma: use of induced sputum. Eur Respir J. 1999 Mar;13(3):482–488. doi: 10.1183/09031936.99.13348299. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Lummus Z. L., Alam R., Bernstein J. A., Bernstein D. I. Diisocyanate antigen-enhanced production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by peripheral mononuclear cells of workers with occupational asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998 Aug;102(2):265–274. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70095-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Marguet C., Jouen-Boedes F., Dean T. P., Warner J. O. Bronchoalveolar cell profiles in children with asthma, infantile wheeze, chronic cough, or cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 May;159(5 Pt 1):1533–1540. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.5.9805028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. McDonnell W. F., Abbey D. E., Nishino N., Lebowitz M. D. Long-term ambient ozone concentration and the incidence of asthma in nonsmoking adults: the AHSMOG Study. Environ Res. 1999 Feb;80(2 Pt 1):110–121. doi: 10.1006/enrs.1998.3894. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Mehlhop P. D., van de Rijn M., Goldberg A. B., Brewer J. P., Kurup V. P., Martin T. R., Oettgen H. C. Allergen-induced bronchial hyperreactivity and eosinophilic inflammation occur in the absence of IgE in a mouse model of asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Feb 18;94(4):1344–1349. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.4.1344. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Michel O., Ginanni R., Duchateau J., Vertongen F., Le Bon B., Sergysels R. Domestic endotoxin exposure and clinical severity of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 1991 Jul;21(4):441–448. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1991.tb01684.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Michel O., Kips J., Duchateau J., Vertongen F., Robert L., Collet H., Pauwels R., Sergysels R. Severity of asthma is related to endotoxin in house dust. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Dec;154(6 Pt 1):1641–1646. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.154.6.8970348. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Michel O., Nagy A. M., Schroeven M., Duchateau J., Nève J., Fondu P., Sergysels R. Dose-response relationship to inhaled endotoxin in normal subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Oct;156(4 Pt 1):1157–1164. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.4.97-02002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Milgrom H., Fick R. B., Jr, Su J. Q., Reimann J. D., Bush R. K., Watrous M. L., Metzger W. J. Treatment of allergic asthma with monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. rhuMAb-E25 Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999 Dec 23;341(26):1966–1973. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199912233412603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Mukae H., Vincent R., Quinlan K., English D., Hards J., Hogg J. C., van Eeden S. F. The effect of repeated exposure to particulate air pollution (PM10) on the bone marrow. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Jan;163(1):201–209. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.2002039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Nicholson K. G., Kent J., Ireland D. C. Respiratory viruses and exacerbations of asthma in adults. BMJ. 1993 Oct 16;307(6910):982–986. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6910.982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Nightingale J. A., Maggs R., Cullinan P., Donnelly L. E., Rogers D. F., Kinnersley R., Chung K. F., Barnes P. J., Ashmore M., Newman-Taylor A. Airway inflammation after controlled exposure to diesel exhaust particulates. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Jul;162(1):161–166. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9908092. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Nightingale J. A., Rogers D. F., Barnes P. J. Effect of inhaled ozone on exhaled nitric oxide, pulmonary function, and induced sputum in normal and asthmatic subjects. Thorax. 1999 Dec;54(12):1061–1069. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.12.1061. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Nightingale J. A., Rogers D. F., Hart L. A., Kharitonov S. A., Chung K. F., Barnes P. J. Effect of inhaled endotoxin on induced sputum in normal, atopic, and atopic asthmatic subjects. Thorax. 1998 Jul;53(7):563–571. doi: 10.1136/thx.53.7.563. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Norzila M. Z., Fakes K., Henry R. L., Simpson J., Gibson P. G. Interleukin-8 secretion and neutrophil recruitment accompanies induced sputum eosinophil activation in children with acute asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Mar;161(3 Pt 1):769–774. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.3.9809071. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Ordoñez C. L., Shaughnessy T. E., Matthay M. A., Fahy J. V. Increased neutrophil numbers and IL-8 levels in airway secretions in acute severe asthma: Clinical and biologic significance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Apr;161(4 Pt 1):1185–1190. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.4.9812061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Ottanelli R., Rosi E., Romagnoli I., Grazzini M., Stendardi L., Duranti R., Scano G. Do inhaled corticosteroids affect perception of dyspnea during bronchoconstriction in asthma? Chest. 2001 Sep;120(3):770–777. doi: 10.1378/chest.120.3.770. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Park J. H., Gold D. R., Spiegelman D. L., Burge H. A., Milton D. K. House dust endotoxin and wheeze in the first year of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001 Feb;163(2):322–328. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.2002088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Pavord I. D., Brightling C. E., Woltmann G., Wardlaw A. J. Non-eosinophilic corticosteroid unresponsive asthma. Lancet. 1999 Jun 26;353(9171):2213–2214. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01813-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Pavord I. D., Ward R., Woltmann G., Wardlaw A. J., Sheller J. R., Dworski R. Induced sputum eicosanoid concentrations in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Dec;160(6):1905–1909. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.6.9903114. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Pearce N., Douwes J., Beasley R. Is allergen exposure the major primary cause of asthma? Thorax. 2000 May;55(5):424–431. doi: 10.1136/thorax.55.5.424. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Pearce N., Douwes J., Beasley R. The rise and rise of asthma: a new paradigm for the new millennium? J Epidemiol Biostat. 2000;5(1):5–16. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Pearce N., Pekkanen J., Beasley R. How much asthma is really attributable to atopy? Thorax. 1999 Mar;54(3):268–272. doi: 10.1136/thx.54.3.268. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Pin I., Gibson P. G., Kolendowicz R., Girgis-Gabardo A., Denburg J. A., Hargreave F. E., Dolovich J. Use of induced sputum cell counts to investigate airway inflammation in asthma. Thorax. 1992 Jan;47(1):25–29. doi: 10.1136/thx.47.1.25. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Pizzichini E., Pizzichini M. M., Efthimiadis A., Evans S., Morris M. M., Squillace D., Gleich G. J., Dolovich J., Hargreave F. E. Indices of airway inflammation in induced sputum: reproducibility and validity of cell and fluid-phase measurements. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Aug;154(2 Pt 1):308–317. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.154.2.8756799. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Preller L., Doekes G., Heederik D., Vermeulen R., Vogelzang P. F., Boleij J. S. Disinfectant use as a risk factor for atopic sensitization and symptoms consistent with asthma: an epidemiological study. Eur Respir J. 1996 Jul;9(7):1407–1413. doi: 10.1183/09031936.96.09071407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Priftanji A., Strachan D., Burr M., Sinamati J., Shkurti A., Grabocka E., Kaur B., Fitzpatrick S. Asthma and allergy in Albania and the UK. Lancet. 2001 Oct 27;358(9291):1426–1427. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06521-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Reed C. E., Milton D. K. Endotoxin-stimulated innate immunity: A contributing factor for asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Aug;108(2):157–166. doi: 10.1067/mai.2001.116862. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Rizzo M. C., Naspitz C. K., Fernández-Caldas E., Lockey R. F., Mimiça I., Solé D. Endotoxin exposure and symptoms in asthmatic children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1997 Aug;8(3):121–126. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.1997.tb00164.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Salvi S. S., Babu K. S., Holgate S. T. Glucocorticoids enhance IgE synthesis. Are we heading towards new paradigms? Clin Exp Allergy. 2000 Nov;30(11):1499–1505. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00990.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Salvi S. S., Babu K. S. Treatment of allergic asthma with monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. N Engl J Med. 2000 Apr 27;342(17):1292–1293. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200004273421715. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Salvi S., Blomberg A., Rudell B., Kelly F., Sandström T., Holgate S. T., Frew A. Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Mar;159(3):702–709. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.3.9709083. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Scannell C., Chen L., Aris R. M., Tager I., Christian D., Ferrando R., Welch B., Kelly T., Balmes J. R. Greater ozone-induced inflammatory responses in subjects with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Jul;154(1):24–29. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.154.1.8680687. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Sepulveda M. J., Castellan R. M., Hankinson J. L., Cocke J. B. Acute lung function response to cotton dust in atopic and non-atopic individuals. Br J Ind Med. 1984 Nov;41(4):487–491. doi: 10.1136/oem.41.4.487. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Song C. H., Heiner D. C. Successful replacement of allergen-specific immunotherapy by allergen-mixture therapy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1995 Nov;75(5):402–408. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Tarodo de la Fuente P., Romagnoli M., Carlsson L., Godard P., Bousquet J., Chanez P. Eosinophilic inflammation assessed by induced sputum in corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Respir Med. 1999 Mar;93(3):183–189. doi: 10.1016/s0954-6111(99)90006-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Thurston G. D., Lippmann M., Scott M. B., Fine J. M. Summertime haze air pollution and children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Feb;155(2):654–660. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.155.2.9032209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Torres A., Utell M. J., Morow P. E., Voter K. Z., Whitin J. C., Cox C., Looney R. J., Speers D. M., Tsai Y., Frampton M. W. Airway inflammation in smokers and nonsmokers with varying responsiveness to ozone. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Sep;156(3 Pt 1):728–736. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.3.9601054. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Tournoy K. G., Kips J. C., Schou C., Pauwels R. A. Airway eosinophilia is not a requirement for allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000 Jan;30(1):79–85. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00772.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Turner M. O., Hussack P., Sears M. R., Dolovich J., Hargreave F. E. Exacerbations of asthma without sputum eosinophilia. Thorax. 1995 Oct;50(10):1057–1061. doi: 10.1136/thx.50.10.1057. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Wark P. A., Gibson P. G., Fakes K. Induced sputum eosinophils in the assessment of asthma and chronic cough. Respirology. 2000 Mar;5(1):51–57. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1843.2000.00226.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Weisel C. P., Cody R. P., Lioy P. J. Relationship between summertime ambient ozone levels and emergency department visits for asthma in central New Jersey. Environ Health Perspect. 1995 Mar;103 (Suppl 2):97–102. doi: 10.1289/ehp.95103s297. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Wenzel S. E., Schwartz L. B., Langmack E. L., Halliday J. L., Trudeau J. B., Gibbs R. L., Chu H. W. Evidence that severe asthma can be divided pathologically into two inflammatory subtypes with distinct physiologic and clinical characteristics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Sep;160(3):1001–1008. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.3.9812110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Wenzel S. E., Szefler S. J., Leung D. Y., Sloan S. I., Rex M. D., Martin R. J. Bronchoscopic evaluation of severe asthma. Persistent inflammation associated with high dose glucocorticoids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997 Sep;156(3 Pt 1):737–743. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.3.9610046. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Wilson N. M., Bridge P., Spanevello A., Silverman M. Induced sputum in children: feasibility, repeatability, and relation of findings to asthma severity. Thorax. 2000 Sep;55(9):768–774. doi: 10.1136/thorax.55.9.768. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Woolley K. L., Gibson P. G., Carty K., Wilson A. J., Twaddell S. H., Woolley M. J. Eosinophil apoptosis and the resolution of airway inflammation in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Jul;154(1):237–243. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.154.1.8680686. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Wright S. D., Ramos R. A., Tobias P. S., Ulevitch R. J., Mathison J. C. CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein. Science. 1990 Sep 21;249(4975):1431–1433. doi: 10.1126/science.1698311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. von Mutius E. The environmental predictors of allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000 Jan;105(1 Pt 1):9–19. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(00)90171-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Thorax are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES