Skip to main content
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases logoLink to Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
. 2002 Jan;61(1):3–5. doi: 10.1136/ard.61.1.3

Mesenchymal precursor cells

M Corr 1, N Zvaifler 1
PMCID: PMC1753867  PMID: 11779748

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (268.0 KB).

Figure 1 .

Figure 1

A schematic representation of the early events in limb development depicted in a proximal-distal and cranial-caudal orientation. Shown in colour are the locations of the relevant signalling regions: apical ectodermal ridge (AER), zone of polarising activity (ZPA), and the progress zone, where the most immature mesenchymal stem cells reside. Also displayed are the expression patterns of several relevant genes—namely, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), bone morphogenic protein (BMP), and homeobox (Hox).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Behrens J., von Kries J. P., Kühl M., Bruhn L., Wedlich D., Grosschedl R., Birchmeier W. Functional interaction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1. Nature. 1996 Aug 15;382(6592):638–642. doi: 10.1038/382638a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Brabletz T., Jung A., Dag S., Hlubek F., Kirchner T. beta-catenin regulates the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase-7 in human colorectal cancer. Am J Pathol. 1999 Oct;155(4):1033–1038. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65204-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bruder S. P., Fink D. J., Caplan A. I. Mesenchymal stem cells in bone development, bone repair, and skeletal regeneration therapy. J Cell Biochem. 1994 Nov;56(3):283–294. doi: 10.1002/jcb.240560809. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Caplan A. I. Mesenchymal stem cells. J Orthop Res. 1991 Sep;9(5):641–650. doi: 10.1002/jor.1100090504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Carlson M. R., Bryant S. V., Gardiner D. M. Expression of Msx-2 during development, regeneration, and wound healing in axolotl limbs. J Exp Zool. 1998 Dec 15;282(6):715–723. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19981215)282:6<715::aid-jez7>3.0.co;2-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. De Bari C., Dell'Accio F., Tylzanowski P., Luyten F. P. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from adult human synovial membrane. Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Aug;44(8):1928–1942. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200108)44:8<1928::AID-ART331>3.0.CO;2-P. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Endo T., Tamura K., Ide H. Analysis of gene expressions during Xenopus forelimb regeneration. Dev Biol. 2000 Apr 15;220(2):296–306. doi: 10.1006/dbio.2000.9641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Ferguson C., Alpern E., Miclau T., Helms J. A. Does adult fracture repair recapitulate embryonic skeletal formation? Mech Dev. 1999 Sep;87(1-2):57–66. doi: 10.1016/s0925-4773(99)00142-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Gravallese E. M., Harada Y., Wang J. T., Gorn A. H., Thornhill T. S., Goldring S. R. Identification of cell types responsible for bone resorption in rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Pathol. 1998 Apr;152(4):943–951. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Han M. J., An J. Y., Kim W. S. Expression patterns of Fgf-8 during development and limb regeneration of the axolotl. Dev Dyn. 2001 Jan;220(1):40–48. doi: 10.1002/1097-0177(2000)9999:9999<::AID-DVDY1085>3.0.CO;2-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hartmann C., Tabin C. J. Wnt-14 plays a pivotal role in inducing synovial joint formation in the developing appendicular skeleton. Cell. 2001 Feb 9;104(3):341–351. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00222-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hurvitz J. R., Suwairi W. M., Van Hul W., El-Shanti H., Superti-Furga A., Roudier J., Holderbaum D., Pauli R. M., Herd J. K., Van Hul E. V. Mutations in the CCN gene family member WISP3 cause progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia. Nat Genet. 1999 Sep;23(1):94–98. doi: 10.1038/12699. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Imamura F., Aono H., Hasunuma T., Sumida T., Tateishi H., Maruo S., Nishioka K. Monoclonal expansion of synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Nov;41(11):1979–1986. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199811)41:11<1979::AID-ART13>3.0.CO;2-C. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Ito H., Akiyama H., Shigeno C., Iyama K., Matsuoka H., Nakamura T. Hedgehog signaling molecules in bone marrow cells at the initial stage of fracture repair. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Aug 27;262(2):443–451. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1197. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kawakami Y., Capdevila J., Büscher D., Itoh T., Rodríguez Esteban C., Izpisúa Belmonte J. C. WNT signals control FGF-dependent limb initiation and AER induction in the chick embryo. Cell. 2001 Mar 23;104(6):891–900. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00285-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kuznetsov S. A., Mankani M. H., Gronthos S., Satomura K., Bianco P., Robey P. G. Circulating skeletal stem cells. J Cell Biol. 2001 May 28;153(5):1133–1140. doi: 10.1083/jcb.153.5.1133. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Labus M. B., Stirk C. M., Thompson W. D., Melvin W. T. Expression of Wnt genes in early wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 1998 Jan-Feb;6(1):58–64. doi: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.1998.60109.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Lane N. E., Sanchez S., Modin G. W., Genant H. K., Pierini E., Arnaud C. D. Parathyroid hormone treatment can reverse corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Invest. 1998 Oct 15;102(8):1627–1633. doi: 10.1172/JCI3914. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Marinova-Mutafchieva L., Taylor P., Funa K., Maini R. N., Zvaifler N. J. Mesenchymal cells expressing bone morphogenetic protein receptors are present in the rheumatoid arthritis joint. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Sep;43(9):2046–2055. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200009)43:9<2046::AID-ANR16>3.0.CO;2-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Massagué J. TGFbeta signaling: receptors, transducers, and Mad proteins. Cell. 1996 Jun 28;85(7):947–950. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81296-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Mutsaers S. E., Bishop J. E., McGrouther G., Laurent G. J. Mechanisms of tissue repair: from wound healing to fibrosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1997 Jan;29(1):5–17. doi: 10.1016/s1357-2725(96)00115-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Nishimura K., Solchaga L. A., Caplan A. I., Yoo J. U., Goldberg V. M., Johnstone B. Chondroprogenitor cells of synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Dec;42(12):2631–2637. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(199912)42:12<2631::AID-ANR18>3.0.CO;2-H. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Ogata Y., Kukita A., Kukita T., Komine M., Miyahara A., Miyazaki S., Kohashi O. A novel role of IL-15 in the development of osteoclasts: inability to replace its activity with IL-2. J Immunol. 1999 Mar 1;162(5):2754–2760. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Pittenger M. F., Mackay A. M., Beck S. C., Jaiswal R. K., Douglas R., Mosca J. D., Moorman M. A., Simonetti D. W., Craig S., Marshak D. R. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999 Apr 2;284(5411):143–147. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Reid D. M., Hughes R. A., Laan R. F., Sacco-Gibson N. A., Wenderoth D. H., Adami S., Eusebio R. A., Devogelaer J. P. Efficacy and safety of daily risedronate in the treatment of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis in men and women: a randomized trial. European Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis Treatment Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2000 Jun;15(6):1006–1013. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.6.1006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Saag K. G., Emkey R., Schnitzer T. J., Brown J. P., Hawkins F., Goemaere S., Thamsborg G., Liberman U. A., Delmas P. D., Malice M. P. Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Intervention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998 Jul 30;339(5):292–299. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199807303390502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Sen M., Chamorro M., Reifert J., Corr M., Carson D. A. Blockade of Wnt-5A/frizzled 5 signaling inhibits rheumatoid synoviocyte activation. Arthritis Rheum. 2001 Apr;44(4):772–781. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200104)44:4<772::AID-ANR133>3.0.CO;2-L. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Sen M., Lauterbach K., El-Gabalawy H., Firestein G. S., Corr M., Carson D. A. Expression and function of wingless and frizzled homologs in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Mar 14;97(6):2791–2796. doi: 10.1073/pnas.050574297. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Sheldahl L. C., Park M., Malbon C. C., Moon R. T. Protein kinase C is differentially stimulated by Wnt and Frizzled homologs in a G-protein-dependent manner. Curr Biol. 1999 Jul 1;9(13):695–698. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(99)80310-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Tetsu O., McCormick F. Beta-catenin regulates expression of cyclin D1 in colon carcinoma cells. Nature. 1999 Apr 1;398(6726):422–426. doi: 10.1038/18884. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Zvaifler N. J., Marinova-Mutafchieva L., Adams G., Edwards C. J., Moss J., Burger J. A., Maini R. N. Mesenchymal precursor cells in the blood of normal individuals. Arthritis Res. 2000 Aug 31;2(6):477–488. doi: 10.1186/ar130. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Zvaifler N. J., Tsai V., Alsalameh S., von Kempis J., Firestein G. S., Lotz M. Pannocytes: distinctive cells found in rheumatoid arthritis articular cartilage erosions. Am J Pathol. 1997 Mar;150(3):1125–1138. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES