Skip to main content
The Canadian Veterinary Journal logoLink to The Canadian Veterinary Journal
. 1980 Jan;21(1):2–11.

Chlamydial Infection in Animals: A Review

Patricia E Shewen
PMCID: PMC1789659  PMID: 6988075

Abstract

A review of the literature concerning chlamydial infection in birds and animals, particularly domestic animals is presented. Following a general discussion of the agent, the nature of chlamydial infection and diagnostic criteria, information regarding disease is summarized for each species. The possibility of zoonotic transmission is also discussed.

Full text

PDF
8

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ahmad A., Dawson C. R., Yoneda C., Togni B., Schachter J. Resistance to reinfection with a chlamydial agent (guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1977 Jun;16(6):549–553. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Armstrong C. H., Hooper B. E., Martin C. E. Microflora associated with agalactia syndrome of sows. Am J Vet Res. 1968 Jul;29(7):1401–1407. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Arnstein P., Eddie B., Meyer K. F. Control of psittacosis by group chemotherapy of infected parrots. Am J Vet Res. 1968 Nov;29(11):2213–2227. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Arth C., Von Schmidt B., Grossman M., Schachter J. Chlamydial pneumonitis. J Pediatr. 1978 Sep;93(3):447–449. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(78)81155-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BAKER J. A., YORK C. J. Miyagawanella bovis infection in calves. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1956 Aug 10;66(1):210–214. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1956.tb40123.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. BARWELL C. F. Laboratory infection of man with virus of enzoötic abortion of ewes. Lancet. 1955 Dec 31;269(6905):1369–1371. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(55)93166-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Baker J. A. A VIRUS OBTAINED FROM A PNEUMONIA OF CATS AND ITS POSSIBLE RELATION TO THE CAUSE OF ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA IN MAN. Science. 1942 Nov 20;96(2499):475–476. doi: 10.1126/science.96.2499.475. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bannister G. L., Boulanger P., Gray D. P., Chapman C. H., Avery R. J., Corner A. H. Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis in Canada. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1962 Feb;26(2):25–32. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Becerra V. M., Ata F. A., Storz J. Studies on the response of ewes to live chlamydiae adapted to chicken embryos or tissue culture. Can J Comp Med. 1976 Jan;40(1):46–52. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Biberstein E. L., Nisbet D. I., Thompson D. A. Experimental pneumonia in sheep. J Comp Pathol. 1967 Apr;77(2):181–192. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(67)90009-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Boulanger P., Bannister G. L. Abortion Produced Experimentally In Cattle With An Agent Of The Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma-Venereum Group of Viruses. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1959 Aug;23(8):259–265. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cello R. M. Microbiological and immunologic aspects of feline pneumonitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1971 Mar 15;158(6 Suppl):932–938. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Cello R. M. Ocular infections in animals with PLT (Bedsonia) group agents. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967 May;63(5 Suppl):1270–1274. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(67)94109-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Chalmers G. A., Klavano G. G., Nagge W. T., Christian R. G. Ovine chlamydial abortion in Alberta. Can Vet J. 1976 Mar;17(3):76–81. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cockram F. A., Jackson A. R. Letter: Isolation of a Chlamydia from cases of keratoconjunctivitis in koalas. Aust Vet J. 1974 Feb;50(2):82–83. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1974.tb05265.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cutlip R. C., Smith P. C., Page L. A. Chlamydial polyarthritis of lambs: a review. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1972 Dec 1;161(11):1213–1216. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. DICKINSON L., COOPER B. S. Contagious conjunctivo-keratitis of sheep. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1959 Jul;78:257–266. doi: 10.1002/path.1700780128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. DUNGWORTH D. L., CORDY D. R. The pathogenesis of ovine pneumonia. II. Isolation of virus from faeces; comparison of pneumonia caused by faecal, enzootic abortion and pneumonitis viruses. J Comp Pathol. 1962 Jan;72:71–79. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. EDDIE B., MEYER K. F., LAMBRECHT F. L., FURMAN D. P. Isolation of ornithosis bedsoniae from mites collected in turkey quarters and from chicken lice. J Infect Dis. 1962 May-Jun;110:231–237. doi: 10.1093/infdis/110.3.231. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Eddie B., Radovsky F. J., Stiller D., Kumada N. Psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum (PL) agents (Bedsonia, Chlamydia) in ticks, fleas, and native mammals in California. Am J Epidemiol. 1969 Nov;90(5):449–460. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121091. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Eddie B., Sladen W. J., Sladen B. K., Meyer K. F. Serologic studies and isolation of Bedsonia agents from Northern Fur Seals on the Pribilof Islands. Am J Epidemiol. 1966 Sep;84(2):405–410. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120653. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Eugster A. K., Joyce B. K., Storz J. Immunofluorescence studies on the pathogenesis of intestinal chlamydial infections in calves. Infect Immun. 1970 Oct;2(4):351–359. doi: 10.1128/iai.2.4.351-359.1970. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Eugster A. K., Storz J. Pathogenetic events in intestinal chlamydial infections leading to polyarthritis in calves. J Infect Dis. 1971 Jan;123(1):41–50. doi: 10.1093/infdis/123.1.41. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. FRASER C. E., BERMAN D. T. TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS IN THE PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM GROUP OF ORGANISMS. J Bacteriol. 1965 Apr;89:943–948. doi: 10.1128/jb.89.4.943-948.1965. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Fraser G., Norval J., Withers A. R., Gregor W. W. A case history of psittacosis in the dog. Vet Rec. 1969 Jul 19;85(3):54–58. doi: 10.1136/vr.85.3.54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. GERLOFF R. K., LACKMAN D. B. Observations regarding the presence of psittacosis and related viruses in the Northwestern States. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1954 Mar;44(3):323–327. doi: 10.2105/ajph.44.3.323. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Gerloff R. K., Watson R. O. A Chlamydia from the peritoneal cavity of mice. Infect Immun. 1970 Jan;1(1):64–68. doi: 10.1128/iai.1.1.64-68.1970. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Gordon F. B., Weiss E., Quan A. L., Dressler H. R. Observations on guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent. J Infect Dis. 1966 Apr;116(2):203–207. doi: 10.1093/infdis/116.2.203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Grayston J. T., Wang S. New knowledge of chlamydiae and the diseases they cause. J Infect Dis. 1975 Jul;132(1):87–105. doi: 10.1093/infdis/132.1.87. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Grimes J. E. Transmission of Chlamydiae from grackles to turkeys. Avian Dis. 1978 Apr-Jun;22(2):308–312. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hanna L., Dawson C. R., Briones O., Thygeson P., Jawetz E. Latency in human infections with TRIC agents. J Immunol. 1968 Jul;101(1):43–50. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Harshfield G. S. Sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1970 Feb 15;156(4):466–477. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hobson D., Johnson F. W., Rees E., Tait I. A. Simplified method for diagnosis of genital and ocular infections with Chlamydia. Lancet. 1974 Sep 7;2(7880):555–556. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91879-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Hopkins J. B., Stephenson E. H., Storz J., Pierson R. E. Conjunctivitis associated with chlamydial polyarthritis in lambs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1973 Nov 15;163(10):1157–1160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Howard L. V., O'Leary M. P., Nichols R. L. Animal model studies of genital chlamydial infections. Immunity to re-infection with guinea-pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent in the urethra and eye of male guinea-pigs. Br J Vener Dis. 1976 Aug;52(4):261–265. doi: 10.1136/sti.52.4.261. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. ISHII S., OMORI T., HARADA K., INABA Y., MORIMOTO T., MATUMOTO M. Study on an infectious pneumonia of goat caused by a virus. IV. Tetracycline treatment of experimental pneumonia in goats caused by the goat pneumonia virus. Jpn J Exp Med. 1954 Dec;24(6):377–383. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Iversen J. O., Spalatin J., Fraser C. E., Hanson R. P., Berman D. T. The susceptibility of muskrats and snowshoe hares to experimental infection with a chlamydial agent. Can J Comp Med. 1970 Jan;34(1):80–89. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Iversen J. O., Spalatin J., Fraser C. E., Hanson R. P. Ocular involvement with Chlamydia psittaci (strain M56) in rabbits inoculated intravenously. Can J Comp Med. 1974 Jul;38(3):298–302. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Johannisson G., Edmar B., Lycke E. Chlamydia trachomatis infection and veneral disease. Acta Derm Venereol. 1977;57(5):455–458. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Jones B. R. Laboratory tests for chlamydial infection. Their role in epidemiological studies of trachoma and its control. Br J Ophthalmol. 1974 Apr;58(4):438–454. doi: 10.1136/bjo.58.4.438. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Kordová N., Martin C., Wilt J. C., Neuman M. Sucrose density differences of Chlamydia psittaci 6BC in relation to its host. Can J Microbiol. 1977 Jun;23(6):649–652. doi: 10.1139/m77-097. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Kwapien R. P., Lincoln S. D., Reed D. E., Whiteman C. E., Chow T. L. Pathologic changes of placentas from heifers with experimentally induced epizootic bovine abortion. Am J Vet Res. 1970 Jun;31(6):999–1015. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Kwapien R. P., Lincoln S. D., Reed D. E., Whiteman C. E., Chow T. L. Pathologic changes of placentas from heifers with experimentally induced epizootic bovine abortion. Am J Vet Res. 1970 Jun;31(6):999–1015. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Lincoln S., Kwapien R. P., Reed D. E., Whiteman C. E., Chow T. L. Epizootic bovine abortion: clinical and serologic responses and pathologic changes in extragenital organs of pregnant heifers. Am J Vet Res. 1969 Dec;30(12):2105–2113. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. MCKERCHER D. G., MCGOWAN B., Jr, HARROLD D. R., STUDDERT M. J., WADA E. M. ISOLATION OF THE VIRUS OF ENZOOTIC ABORTION OF EWES FROM CALIFORNIA AND OREGON SHEEP. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1964 Sep 15;145:564–569. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. MURRAY E. S. GUINEA PIG INCLUSION CONJUNCTIVITIS VIRUS. I. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION AS A MEMBER OF THE PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRANULOMA-TRACHOMA GROUP. J Infect Dis. 1964 Feb;114:1–12. doi: 10.1093/infdis/114.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Maierhofer C. A., Storz J. Clinical and serologic responses in dogs inoculated with the chlamydial (psittacosis) agent of ovine polyarthritis. Am J Vet Res. 1969 Nov;30(11):1961–1966. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. McCauley E. H., Tieken E. L. Psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum agent isolated during an abortion epizootic in goats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1968 Jun 15;152(12):1758–1765. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. McKercher D. G. A Virus Possibly Related to the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma-Pneumonitis Group Causing a Pneumonia in Sheep. Science. 1952 May 16;115(2994):543–544. doi: 10.1126/science.115.2994.543. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. McKercher D. G. Cause and prevention of epizootic bovine abortion. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1969 May 15;154(10):1192–1196. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. McKercher D. G., Crenshaw G. L., Theis J. H., Wada E. M., Mauris C. M. Experimentally induced immunity to chlamydial abortion of cattle. J Infect Dis. 1973 Aug;128(2):231–234. doi: 10.1093/infdis/128.2.231. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. McKercher D. G., Robinson E. A., Wada E. M., Saito J. K., Franti C. E. Vaccination of cattle against epizootic bovine abortion. Cornell Vet. 1969 Apr;59(2):210–226. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. McKercher D. G., Wada E. M., Robinson E. A., Howarth J. A. Epizootiologic and immunologic studies of epizootic bovine abortion. Cornell Vet. 1966 Jul;56(3):433–450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Meyer K. F. Demonstration of host-species-specific antigens in Chlamydia psittaci by the plaque-reduction test in L-cell tissue cultures. Preliminary observations. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch. 1970;31(1):1–10. doi: 10.1007/BF01241660. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Meyer K. F. The host spectrum of psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum (PL) agents. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967 May;63(5 Suppl):1225–1246. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(67)94105-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Mitzel J. R., Strating A. Vaccination against feline pneumonitis. Am J Vet Res. 1977 Sep;38(9):1361–1363. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Nigg C. AN UNIDENTIFIED VIRUS WHICH PRODUCES PNEUMONIA AND SYSTEMIC INFECTION IN MICE. Science. 1942 Jan 9;95(2454):49–50. doi: 10.1126/science.95.2454.49-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Novilla M. N., Jensen R. Placental pathology of experimentally induced enzootic abortion in ewes. Am J Vet Res. 1970 Nov;31(11):1983–2000. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. OMORI T., ISHII S., MATUMOTO M. Miyagawanellosis of cattle in Japan. Am J Vet Res. 1960 Jul;21:564–573. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. OMORI T., KAWAKAMI Y., ISHII S., ISHITANI R., HARADA K., MATUMOTO M. Studies on the disease of cattle caused by a psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group virus (Miyagawanella). IV. Identification of a virus (Shiuoka strain) as a causative agent of bovine encephalomyelitis. Jpn J Exp Med. 1954 Aug;24(4):257–273. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Ostler H. B., Schachter J., Dawson C. R. Acute follicular conjunctivitis of epizootic origin. Feline pneumontis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1969 Nov;82(5):587–591. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1969.00990020587003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. PALOTAY J. L., NEWHALL J. H. Pneumonia in newly weaned calves; report of a field study. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1958 Oct 1;133(7):353–357. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. PAVLOV P., MILANOV M., TCHILEV D. RECHERCHES SUR LA RICKETTSIOSE K'ERATO-CONJONCTIVALE DU PORC EN BULGARIE. NOTE PR'ELIMINAIRE. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1963 Aug;105:450–454. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. PIERCE K. R., CARROLL L. H., MOORE R. W. EXPERIMENTAL TRANSMISSION OF ORNITHOSIS FROM SHEEP TO TURKEYS. Am J Vet Res. 1964 Jul;25:977–980. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Page L. A. Interspecies transfer of psittacosis-LGV-trachoma agents: pathogenicity of two avian and two mammalian strains for eight species of birds and mammals. Am J Vet Res. 1966 Mar;27(117):397–407. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Palmer N. C., Gagnon A. N., Kierstead M. Ovine Abortion due to Chlamydia in Ontario. Can Vet J. 1978 Jul;19(7):204–205. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Parker H. D., Hawkins W. W., Jr, Brenner E. Epizootiologic studies of ovine virus abortion. Am J Vet Res. 1966 Jul;27(119):869–877. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Philip R. N., Hill D. A., Greaves A. B., Gordon F. B., Quan A. L., Gerloff R. K., Thomas L. A. Study of Chlamydiae in patients with lymphogranuloma venereum and urethritis attending a veneral diseases clinic. Br J Vener Dis. 1971 Apr;47(2):114–121. doi: 10.1136/sti.47.2.114. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Phillip J. I., Omar A. R., Popovici V., Lamont P. H., Darbyshire J. H. Pathogenesis and pathology in calves of infection by Bedsonia alone and by Bedsonia and reovirus together. J Comp Pathol. 1968 Jan;78(1):89–99. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(68)90117-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Pierson R. E. Polyarthritis in Colorado feedlot lambs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1967 Jun 15;150(12):1487–1492. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. ROCA-GARCIA M. Viruses of the lymphogranuloma-psittacosis group isolated from opossums in Colombia; opossum virus A. J Infect Dis. 1949 Nov-Dec;85(3):275–289. doi: 10.1093/infdis/85.3.275. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Reed C., Campbell L. H., Soave O. A. Limited survey of genital infection by guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis agent. Am J Vet Res. 1977 Sep;38(9):1383–1387. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Reeve P., Gerloff R. K., Casper E., Philip R. N., Oriel J. D., Powis P. A. Serological studies on the role of Chlamydia in the aetiology of non-specific urethritis. Br J Vener Dis. 1974 Apr;50(2):136–139. doi: 10.1136/sti.50.2.136. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Roberts W., Grist N. R., Giroud P. Human abortion associated with infection by ovine abortion agent. Br Med J. 1967 Oct 7;4(5570):37–37. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5570.37. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Roca-Garcia M. Viruses of the lymphogranuloma-psittacosis group isolated from opossums: opossum virus b. Nature. 1967 Feb 4;213(5075):502–503. doi: 10.1038/213502a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. SARATEANU D., SORODOC G., SURDAN C., FUHRER-ANAGNOSTE B. [Bovine ornithosis bronchopneumonia and the possibilities of human contamination]. Stud Cercet Inframicrobiol. 1961;12:353–358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. SHUPE J. L., STORZ J. PATHOLOGIC STUDY OF PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRANULOMA POLYARTHRITIS OF LAMBS. Am J Vet Res. 1964 Jul;25:943–951. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. SORODOC G., SURDAN C., SARATEANU D. [Investigations on the identification of the virus of enzootic pneumonia in swine]. Stud Cercet Inframicrobiol. 1961;12(Suppl):335–364. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. STORZ J. SUPERINFECTION OF PREGNANT EWES LATENTLY INFECTED WITH A PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRANULOMA AGENT. Cornell Vet. 1963 Oct;53:469–480. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Schachter J., Arnstein P., Dawson C. R., Hanna L., Thygeson P., Meyer K. F. Human follicular conjunctivitis caused by infection with a psittacosis agent. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1968 Jan;127(1):292–295. doi: 10.3181/00379727-127-32675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Schachter J., Banks J., Sugg N., Sung M., Storz J., Meyer K. F. Serotyping of Chlamydia. I. Isolates of ovine origin. Infect Immun. 1974 Jan;9(1):92–94. doi: 10.1128/iai.9.1.92-94.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Schachter J., Banks J., Sugg N., Sung M., Storz J., Meyer K. F. Serotyping of Chlamydia: isolates of bovine origin. Infect Immun. 1975 May;11(5):904–907. doi: 10.1128/iai.11.5.904-907.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Schachter J. Chlamydial infections (second of three parts). N Engl J Med. 1978 Mar 2;298(9):490–495. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197803022980905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Schachter J., Hanna L., Hill E. C., Massad S., Sheppard C. W., Conte J. E., Jr, Cohen S. N., Meyer K. F. Are chlamydial infections the most prevalent venereal disease? JAMA. 1975 Mar 24;231(12):1252–1255. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Schachter J., Ostler H. B., Meyer K. F. Human infection with the agent of feline pneumonitis. Lancet. 1969 May 31;1(7605):1063–1065. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)91703-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Schachter J., Storz J., Tarizzo M. L., Bögel K. Chlamydiae as agents of human and animal diseases. Bull World Health Organ. 1973;49(5):443–449. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Shewen P. E., Povey R. C., Wilson M. R. Case report. Feline chlamydial infection. Can Vet J. 1978 Oct;19(10):289–292. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Smith P. L., Orellana S. A., Field M. Active sulfate absorption in rabbit ileum: dependence on sodium and chloride and effects of agents that alter chloride transport. J Membr Biol. 1981;63(3):199–206. doi: 10.1007/BF01870981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Spalatin J., Fraser C. E., Connell R., Hanson R. P., Berman D. T. Agents of psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group isolated from muskrats and snowshoe hares in Saskatchewan. Can J Comp Med Vet Sci. 1966 Sep;30(9):260–264. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Spalatin J., Iversen J. O., Hanson R. P. Properties of a Chlamydia psittaci isolated from muskrats and snowshoe hares in Canada. Can J Microbiol. 1971 Jul;17(7):935–942. doi: 10.1139/m71-149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. St George T. D. The isolation of chlamydiae from faeces of sheep in Australia. Aust Vet J. 1971 Feb;47(2):74–74. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1971.tb02116.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Stevenson R. G., Robinson G. The pathology of pneumonia in young lambs inoculated with Bedsonia. Res Vet Sci. 1970 Sep;11(5):469–474. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Storz J., Carroll E. J., Ball L., Faulkner L. C. Isolation of a psittacosis agent (Chlamydia) from semen and epididymis of bulls with seminal vesiculitis syndrome. Am J Vet Res. 1968 Mar;29(3):549–555. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Storz J., Carroll E. J., Stephenson E. H., Ball L., Eugster A. K. Urogenital infection and seminal excretion after inoculation of bulls and rams with chlamydiae. Am J Vet Res. 1976 May;37(5):517–520. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Storz J., Pierson R. E., Marriott M. E., Chow T. L. Isolation of psittacosis agents from follicular conjunctivitis of sheep. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1967 Jul;125(3):857–860. doi: 10.3181/00379727-125-32223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Storz J. Psittacosis-lymphogranuloma infection of sheep. Antigenic structures and interrelations of PL agents associated with polyarthritis, enzootic abortion, intrauterine and latent intestinal infections. J Comp Pathol. 1966 Oct;76(4):351–362. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(66)90055-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Storz J., Shupe J. L., Smart R. A., Thornley R. W. Polyarthritis of calves: experimental induction by a psittacosis agent. Am J Vet Res. 1966 Jul;27(119):987–995. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Storz J., Smart R. A., Marriott M. E., Davis R. V. Polyarthritis of calves: isolation of psittacosis agents from affected joints. Am J Vet Res. 1966 May;27(118):633–641. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Storz J., Thornley W. R. Serologische und aetiologische Studien über die intestinale Psittakose-Lymphogranuloma-infektion der Schafe. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1966 Feb;13(1):14–24. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Terzin A. L., Miskov D. Crossinfection with Bedsonia agents in different categories of people and animals. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1965;9(3):336–345. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Thomas L. H., Collins A. P. Virus infection and incidence of respiratory disease: a serological study of four micro-organisms at a large beef-rearing farm. Vet Rec. 1974 Jun 1;94(22):506–509. doi: 10.1136/vr.94.22.506. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. UNDERDAHL N. R., BLORE I. C., YOUNG G. A. NUD; a previously undescribed disease distinguishable from hog cholera and swine erysipelas. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1959 Apr 15;134(8):367–370. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Voigt A., Dietz O., Schmidt V. Klinische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Atiologie der Keratitis superficialis chronica (Uberreiter) Arch Exp Veterinarmed. 1966 Apr;20(2):259–274. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. WILSON M. R., DUNGWORTH D. L. PSITTACOSIS LYMPHOGRANULOMA-VENEREUM GROUP VIRUSES IN SHEEP.COMPARISONS BETWEEN A FAECAL AND AN ENZOOTIC ABORTION STRAIN. J Comp Pathol. 1963 Jul;73:277–284. doi: 10.1016/s0368-1742(63)80030-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. WILT J. C., HILDES J. A., STANFIELD F. J. The prevalence of complement-fixing antibodies against psittacosis in the Canadian Arctic. Can Med Assoc J. 1959 Nov 1;81:731–733. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Weber A., Krauss H., Schmatz H. D. Seroepidemiologische Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von Chlamydieninfektionen bei Versuchshunden. Z Versuchstierkd. 1977;19(5):270–275. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Wilson M. R., Plummer P. A survey of pig sera for the presence of antibodies to the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma-venereum group of organisms. J Comp Pathol. 1966 Oct;76(4):427–433. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(66)90064-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Wilson M. R., Thomson R. G. Chlamydia pneumonia of calves. Res Vet Sci. 1968 Sep;9(5):467–473. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Wyman H., Rigby C., Wilt J. C., Hildes J. A. The significance of antibody to the psittacosis--L.G.V. group antigen. Can J Microbiol. 1969 Oct;15(10):1173–1178. doi: 10.1139/m69-213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. YERASIMIDES T. G. Isolation of a new strain of feline pneumonitis virus from a domestic cat. J Infect Dis. 1960 May-Jun;106:290–296. doi: 10.1093/infdis/106.3.290. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. YORK C. J., BAKER J. A. A new member of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group of viruses that causes infection in calves. J Exp Med. 1951 Jun;93(6):587–604. doi: 10.1084/jem.93.6.587. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. YOUNG S., PARKER H., FIREHAMMER B. D. Abortion in sheep due to a virus of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1958 Oct 1;133(7):374–379. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Young S., Storz J., Maierhofer C. A. Pathologic features of experimentally induced chlamydial infection in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1972 Feb;33(2):377–383. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Canadian Veterinary Journal are provided here courtesy of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association

RESOURCES