Skip to main content
PMC home page
Gut logoLink to Gut
. 2005 Mar;54(Suppl 1):i13–i20. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.041533

The interplay between Helicobacter pylori, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and intestinal metaplasia

P Malfertheiner, U Peitz
PMCID: PMC1867793  PMID: 15711003

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (133.0 KB).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

 Prevalence of intestinal metaplasia dependent on endoscopic appearance of oesophagogastric junction.

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Arents N. L., van Zwet A. A., Thijs J. C., Kooistra-Smid A. M., van Slochteren K. R., Degener J. E., Kleibeuker J. H., van Doorn L. J. The importance of vacA, cagA, and iceA genotypes of Helicobacter pylori infection in peptic ulcer disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Sep;96(9):2603–2608. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04104.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Blaser M. J. Hypothesis: the changing relationships of Helicobacter pylori and humans: implications for health and disease. J Infect Dis. 1999 Jun;179(6):1523–1530. doi: 10.1086/314785. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Byrne J. P., Bhatnagar S., Hamid B., Armstrong G. R., Attwood S. E. Comparative study of intestinal metaplasia and mucin staining at the cardia and esophagogastric junction in 225 symptomatic patients presenting for diagnostic open-access gastroscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 Jan;94(1):98–103. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00778.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Calam J., Gibbons A., Healey Z. V., Bliss P., Arebi N. How does Helicobacter pylori cause mucosal damage? Its effect on acid and gastrin physiology. Gastroenterology. 1997 Dec;113(6 Suppl):S43–S50. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)80010-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Carton E., Caldwell M. T., McDonald G., Rama D., Tanner W. A., Reynolds J. V. Specialized intestinal metaplasia in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Br J Surg. 2000 Jan;87(1):116–121. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01322.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Carton E, Mulligan ED, Keeling PW, Tanner A, McDonald G, Reynolds JV. Specialized intestinal metaplasia: analysis of prevalence, risk factors and association with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Br J Surg. 2000 Mar;87(3):362–373. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01383-30.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Chalasani N., Wo J. M., Hunter J. G., Waring J. P. Significance of intestinal metaplasia in different areas of esophagus including esophagogastric junction. Dig Dis Sci. 1997 Mar;42(3):603–607. doi: 10.1023/a:1018863529777. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chandrasoma P. T., Der R., Dalton P., Kobayashi G., Ma Y., Peters J., Demeester T. Distribution and significance of epithelial types in columnar-lined esophagus. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001 Sep;25(9):1188–1193. doi: 10.1097/00000478-200109000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Chen Y. Y., Antonioli D. A., Spechler S. J., Zeroogian J. M., Goyal R. K., Wang H. H. Gastroesophageal reflux disease versus Helicobacter pylori infection as the cause of gastric carditis. Mod Pathol. 1998 Oct;11(10):950–956. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Chow W. H., Blaser M. J., Blot W. J., Gammon M. D., Vaughan T. L., Risch H. A., Perez-Perez G. I., Schoenberg J. B., Stanford J. L., Rotterdam H. An inverse relation between cagA+ strains of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 1998 Feb 15;58(4):588–590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Couvelard A., Cauvin J. M., Goldfain D., Rotenberg A., Robaszkiewicz M., Fléjou J. F., Groupe d'Etude l'Oesophage de Barrett Cytokeratin immunoreactivity of intestinal metaplasia at normal oesophagogastric junction indicates its aetiology. Gut. 2001 Dec;49(6):761–766. doi: 10.1136/gut.49.6.761. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Csendes A., Smok G., Flores N., Rojas J., Quiroz J., Henriquez A. Comparison of clinical, endoscopic and functional findings in patients with intestinal metaplasia at the cardia, carditis and short-segment columnar epithelium of the distal esophagus with and without intestinal metaplasia. Dis Esophagus. 2000;13(1):61–68. doi: 10.1046/j.1442-2050.2000.00093.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. DeMeester S. R., Campos G. M., DeMeester T. R., Bremner C. G., Hagen J. A., Peters J. H., Crookes P. F. The impact of an antireflux procedure on intestinal metaplasia of the cardia. Ann Surg. 1998 Oct;228(4):547–556. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199810000-00011. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. DeMeester Steven R., Wickramasinghe Kumari S., Lord Reginald V. N., Friedman Adam, Balaji Nagammapudur S., Chandrasoma Parakrama T., Hagen Jeffrey A., Peters Jeffrey H., DeMeester Tom R. Cytokeratin and DAS-1 immunostaining reveal similarities among cardiac mucosa, CIM, and Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Oct;97(10):2514–2523. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.06033.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Devesa S. S., Blot W. J., Fraumeni J. F., Jr Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 1998 Nov 15;83(10):2049–2053. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Dinçer Dinc, Besisik Fatih, Sahin Edibe, Demir Kadir, Tuncer Ilyas, Cevikbas Ugur, Mungan Zeynel, Kaymakoglu Sabahattin, Boztas Güngör, Ozdil Sadakat. Intestinal metaplasia of the gastric cardia: a study from Turkey. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002 Jul-Aug;49(46):1153–1156. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Dixon M. F. Histological responses to Helicobacter pylori infection: gastritis, atrophy and preneoplasia. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. 1995 Sep;9(3):467–486. doi: 10.1016/0950-3528(95)90043-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Dixon M. F., Mapstone N. P., Neville P. M., Moayyedi P., Axon A. T. R. Bile reflux gastritis and intestinal metaplasia at the cardia. Gut. 2002 Sep;51(3):351–355. doi: 10.1136/gut.51.3.351. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Dixon M. F. Prospects for intervention in gastric carcinogenesis: reversibility of gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia. Gut. 2001 Jul;49(1):2–4. doi: 10.1136/gut.49.1.2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. El-Omar E. M., Oien K., El-Nujumi A., Gillen D., Wirz A., Dahill S., Williams C., Ardill J. E., McColl K. E. Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastric acid hyposecretion. Gastroenterology. 1997 Jul;113(1):15–24. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)70075-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. El-Serag H. B., Sonnenberg A., Jamal M. M., Inadomi J. M., Crooks L. A., Feddersen R. M. Corpus gastritis is protective against reflux oesophagitis. Gut. 1999 Aug;45(2):181–185. doi: 10.1136/gut.45.2.181. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. El-Serag H. B., Sonnenberg A., Jamal M. M., Kunkel D., Crooks L., Feddersen R. M. Characteristics of intestinal metaplasia in the gastric cardia. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 Mar;94(3):622–627. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00924.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. El-Zimaity H. M., Graham D. Y. Cytokeratin subsets for distinguishing Barrett's esophagus from intestinal metaplasia in the cardia using endoscopic biopsy specimens. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 May;96(5):1378–1382. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03792.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Eloubeidi M. A., Provenzale D. Does this patient have Barrett's esophagus? The utility of predicting Barrett's esophagus at the index endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 Apr;94(4):937–943. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.990_m.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Falk Gary W. Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2002 May;122(6):1569–1591. doi: 10.1053/gast.2002.33427. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Fallone C. A., Barkun A. N., Friedman G., Mayrand S., Loo V., Beech R., Best L., Joseph L. Is Helicobacter pylori eradication associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease? Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Apr;95(4):914–920. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01929.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Fallone C. A., Barkun A. N., Göttke M. U., Best L. M., Loo V. G., Veldhuyzen van Zanten S., Nguyen T., Lowe A., Fainsilber T., Kouri K. Association of Helicobacter pylori genotype with gastroesophageal reflux disease and other upper gastrointestinal diseases. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Mar;95(3):659–669. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01970.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Fitzgerald R. C., Abdalla S., Onwuegbusi B. A., Sirieix P., Saeed I. T., Burnham W. R., Farthing M. J. G. Inflammatory gradient in Barrett's oesophagus: implications for disease complications. Gut. 2002 Sep;51(3):316–322. doi: 10.1136/gut.51.3.316. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Fletcher J., Wirz A., Young J., Vallance R., McColl K. E. Unbuffered highly acidic gastric juice exists at the gastroesophageal junction after a meal. Gastroenterology. 2001 Oct;121(4):775–783. doi: 10.1053/gast.2001.27997. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Genta R. M., Graham D. Y. Comparison of biopsy sites for the histopathologic diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: a topographic study of H. pylori density and distribution. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994 May-Jun;40(3):342–345. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5107(94)70067-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Genta R. M., Huberman R. M., Graham D. Y. The gastric cardia in Helicobacter pylori infection. Hum Pathol. 1994 Sep;25(9):915–919. doi: 10.1016/0046-8177(94)90011-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Glickman J. N., Wang H., Das K. M., Goyal R. K., Spechler S. J., Antonioli D., Odze R. D. Phenotype of Barrett's esophagus and intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: an immunohistochemical study of cytokeratins 7 and 20, Das-1 and 45 MI. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001 Jan;25(1):87–94. doi: 10.1097/00000478-200101000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Goldblum John R., Richter Joel E., Vaezi Michael, Falk Gary W., Rice Thomas W., Peek Richard M. Helicobacter pylori infection, not gastroesophageal reflux, is the major cause of inflammation and intestinal metaplasia of gastric cardiac mucosa. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Feb;97(2):302–311. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05462.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Goldstein N. S. Gastric cardia intestinal metaplasia: biopsy follow-up of 85 patients. Mod Pathol. 2000 Oct;13(10):1072–1079. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.3880198. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Goldstein N. S., Karim R. Gastric cardia inflammation and intestinal metaplasia: associations with reflux esophagitis and Helicobacter pylori. Mod Pathol. 1999 Nov;12(11):1017–1024. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Günther T., Hackelsberger A., Malfertheiner P., Roessner A. Is typing of metaplasia at the squamocolumnar junction revealing its aetiology? Virchows Arch. 2000 Jan;436(1):6–11. doi: 10.1007/pl00008200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Hackelsberger A., Günther T., Schultze V., Labenz J., Roessner A., Malfertheiner P. Prevalence and pattern of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in the gastric cardia. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Dec;92(12):2220–2224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Hackelsberger A., Günther T., Schultze V., Manes G., Dominguez-Muñoz J. E., Roessner A., Malfertheiner P. Intestinal metaplasia at the gastro-oesophageal junction: Helicobacter pylori gastritis or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease? Gut. 1998 Jul;43(1):17–21. doi: 10.1136/gut.43.1.17. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Hackelsberger A., Schultze V., Günther T., von Arnim U., Manes G., Malfertheiner P. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in patients with reflux oesophagitis: a case-control study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1998 Jun;10(6):465–468. doi: 10.1097/00042737-199806000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Haruma K., Mihara M., Okamoto E., Kusunoki H., Hananoki M., Tanaka S., Yoshihara M., Sumii K., Kajiyama G. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori increases gastric acidity in patients with atrophic gastritis of the corpus-evaluation of 24-h pH monitoring. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Feb;13(2):155–162. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00459.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Hirota W. K., Loughney T. M., Lazas D. J., Maydonovitch C. L., Rholl V., Wong R. K. Specialized intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: prevalence and clinical data. Gastroenterology. 1999 Feb;116(2):277–285. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70123-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Holtmann G., Cain C., Malfertheiner P. Gastric Helicobacter pylori infection accelerates healing of reflux esophagitis during treatment with the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole. Gastroenterology. 1999 Jul;117(1):11–16. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70544-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Jass J. R., Filipe M. I. The mucin profiles of normal gastric mucosa, intestinal metaplasia and its variants and gastric carcinoma. Histochem J. 1981 Nov;13(6):931–939. doi: 10.1007/BF01002633. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Johnston M. H., Hammond A. S., Laskin W., Jones D. M. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of short segments of specialized intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus on routine endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996 Aug;91(8):1507–1511. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Jones Thomas F., Sharma Prateek, Daaboul Bisher, Cherian Rachel, Mayo M., Topalovski Margarita, Weston Allan P. Yield of intestinal metaplasia in patients with suspected short-segment Barrett's esophagus (SSBE) on repeat endoscopy. Dig Dis Sci. 2002 Sep;47(9):2108–2111. doi: 10.1023/a:1019697501650. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Jovanovic I., Tzardi M., Mouzas I. A., Micev M., Pesko P., Milosavljevic T., Zois M., Sganzos M., Delides G., Kanavaros P. Changing pattern of cytokeratin 7 and 20 expression from normal epithelium to intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa and gastroesophageal junction. Histol Histopathol. 2002 Apr;17(2):445–454. doi: 10.14670/HH-17.445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Khulusi S., Mendall M. A., Patel P., Levy J., Badve S., Northfield T. C. Helicobacter pylori infection density and gastric inflammation in duodenal ulcer and non-ulcer subjects. Gut. 1995 Sep;37(3):319–324. doi: 10.1136/gut.37.3.319. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Koike T., Ohara S., Sekine H., Iijima K., Abe Y., Kato K., Toyota T., Shimosegawa T. Helicobacter pylori infection prevents erosive reflux oesophagitis by decreasing gastric acid secretion. Gut. 2001 Sep;49(3):330–334. doi: 10.1136/gut.49.3.330. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Koike T., Ohara S., Sekine H., Iijima K., Kato K., Toyota T., Shimosegawa T. Increased gastric acid secretion after Helicobacter pylori eradication may be a factor for developing reflux oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Jun;15(6):813–820. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00988.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Kuipers E. J., Nelis G. F., Klinkenberg-Knol E. C., Snel P., Goldfain D., Kolkman J. J., Festen H. P. M., Dent J., Zeitoun P., Havu N. Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux oesophagitis treated with long term omeprazole reverses gastritis without exacerbation of reflux disease: results of a randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2004 Jan;53(1):12–20. doi: 10.1136/gut.53.1.12. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Labenz J., Blum A. L., Bayerdörffer E., Meining A., Stolte M., Börsch G. Curing Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with duodenal ulcer may provoke reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology. 1997 May;112(5):1442–1447. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)70024-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Labenz J., Malfertheiner P. Helicobacter pylori in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: causal agent, independent or protective factor? Gut. 1997 Sep;41(3):277–280. doi: 10.1136/gut.41.3.277. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Laine Loren, Sugg Jennifer. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on development of erosive esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a post hoc analysis of eight double blind prospective studies. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Dec;97(12):2992–2997. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.07116.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Law Simon, Lam King Yin, Chu Kent-Man, Wong John. Specialized intestinal metaplasia and carditis at the gastroesophageal junction in Chinese patients undergoing endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Aug;97(8):1924–1929. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05901.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Leodolter A., Wolle K., Peitz U., Ebert M., Günther T., Kahl S., Malfertheiner P. Helicobacter pylori genotypes and expression of gastritis in erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003 May;38(5):498–502. doi: 10.1080/00365520310002481. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Lundell L. R., Dent J., Bennett J. R., Blum A. L., Armstrong D., Galmiche J. P., Johnson F., Hongo M., Richter J. E., Spechler S. J. Endoscopic assessment of oesophagitis: clinical and functional correlates and further validation of the Los Angeles classification. Gut. 1999 Aug;45(2):172–180. doi: 10.1136/gut.45.2.172. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Malfertheiner P., Dent J., Zeijlon L., Sipponen P., Veldhuyzen Van Zanten S. J. O., Burman C-F, Lind T., Wrangstadh M., BayerdOrffer E., Lonovics J. Impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication on heartburn in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer disease -- results from a randomized trial programme. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Aug;16(8):1431–1442. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01285.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Malfertheiner P., Gerards C. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: coincidence or association? Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2000 Oct;14(5):731–741. doi: 10.1053/bega.2000.0121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Malfertheiner P., Mégraud F., O'Morain C., Hungin A. P. S., Jones R., Axon A., Graham D. Y., Tytgat G., European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group (EHPSG) Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection--the Maastricht 2-2000 Consensus Report. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Feb;16(2):167–180. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01169.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Manifold D. K., Anggiansah A., Rowe I., Sanderson J. D., Chinyama C. N., Owen W. J. Gastro-oesophageal reflux and duodenogastric reflux before and after eradication in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001 May;13(5):535–539. doi: 10.1097/00042737-200105000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Meining A., Kiel G., Stolte M. Changes in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis in the antrum and corpus during and after 12 months of treatment with ranitidine and lansoprazole in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Aug;12(8):735–740. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1998.00370.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Moayyedi P., Bardhan C., Young L., Dixon M. F., Brown L., Axon A. T. Helicobacter pylori eradication does not exacerbate reflux symptoms in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology. 2001 Nov;121(5):1120–1126. doi: 10.1053/gast.2001.29332. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Mohammed I. A., Streutker C. J., Riddell R. H. Utilization of cytokeratins 7 and 20 does not differentiate between Barrett's esophagus and gastric cardiac intestinal metaplasia. Mod Pathol. 2002 Jun;15(6):611–616. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.3880574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Morales T. G., Bhattacharyya A., Johnson C., Sampliner R. E. Is Barrett's esophagus associated with intestinal metaplasia of the gastric cardia? Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Oct;92(10):1818–1822. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Morales T. G., Camargo E., Bhattacharyya A., Sampliner R. E. Long-term follow-up of intestinal metaplasia of the gastric cardia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Jul;95(7):1677–1680. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02195.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Morini S., Zullo A., Hassan C., Lorenzetti R., Stella F., Martini M. T. Gastric cardia inflammation: role of Helicobacter pylori infection and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Aug;96(8):2337–2340. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.04038.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Nandurkar S., Talley N. J., Martin C. J., Ng T. H., Adams S. Short segment Barrett's oesophagus: prevalence, diagnosis and associations. Gut. 1997 Jun;40(6):710–715. doi: 10.1136/gut.40.6.710. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. O'Connor H. J. Review article: Helicobacter pylori and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease-clinical implications and management. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Feb;13(2):117–127. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00460.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Oberg S., Johansson J., Wenner J., Johnsson F., Zilling T., von Holstein C. S., Nilsson J., Walther B. Endoscopic surveillance of columnar-lined esophagus: frequency of intestinal metaplasia detection and impact of antireflux surgery. Ann Surg. 2001 Nov;234(5):619–626. doi: 10.1097/00000658-200111000-00006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Oberg S., Peters J. H., DeMeester T. R., Chandrasoma P., Hagen J. A., Ireland A. P., Ritter M. P., Mason R. J., Crookes P., Bremner C. G. Inflammation and specialized intestinal metaplasia of cardiac mucosa is a manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ann Surg. 1997 Oct;226(4):522–532. doi: 10.1097/00000658-199710000-00013. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Oberg S., Peters J. H., DeMeester T. R., Lord R. V., Johansson J., DeMeester S. R., Hagen J. A. Determinants of intestinal metaplasia within the columnar-lined esophagus. Arch Surg. 2000 Jun;135(6):651–656. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.135.6.651. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Oksanen A., Sipponen P., Karttunen R., Rautelin H. Inflammation and intestinal metaplasia at the squamocolumnar junction in young patients with or without Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut. 2003 Feb;52(2):194–198. doi: 10.1136/gut.52.2.194. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Ormsby A. H., Goldblum J. R., Rice T. W., Richter J. E., Gramlich T. L. The utility of cytokeratin subsets in distinguishing Barrett's-related oesophageal adenocarcinoma from gastric adenocarcinoma. Histopathology. 2001 Apr;38(4):307–311. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2001.01079.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Ormsby A. H., Kilgore S. P., Goldblum J. R., Richter J. E., Rice T. W., Gramlich T. L. The location and frequency of intestinal metaplasia at the esophagogastric junction in 223 consecutive autopsies: implications for patient treatment and preventive strategies in Barrett's esophagus. Mod Pathol. 2000 Jun;13(6):614–620. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.3880106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Padda S., Ramirez F. C. Accuracy in the diagnosis of short-segment Barrett's esophagus: the role of endoscopic experience. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001 Nov;54(5):605–608. doi: 10.1067/mge.2001.118714. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Peck-Radosavljevic M., Püspök A., Pötzi R., Oberhuber G. Histological findings after routine biopsy at the gastro-oesophageal junction. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999 Nov;11(11):1265–1270. doi: 10.1097/00042737-199911000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Pereira A. D., Suspiro A., Chaves P., Saraiva A., Glória L., de Almeida J. C., Leitão C. N., Soares J., Mira F. C. Short segments of Barrett's epithelium and intestinal metaplasia in normal appearing oesophagogastric junctions: the same or two different entities? Gut. 1998 May;42(5):659–662. doi: 10.1136/gut.42.5.659. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Peters F. T., Kuipers E. J., Ganesh S., Sluiter W. J., Klinkenberg-Knol E. C., Lamers C. B., Kleibeuker J. H. The influence of Helicobacter pylori on oesophageal acid exposure in GERD during acid suppressive therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Jul;13(7):921–926. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00556.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Pieramico O., Zanetti M. V. Relationship between intestinal metaplasia of the gastro-oesophageal junction, Helicobacter pylori infection and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a prospective study. Dig Liver Dis. 2000 Oct;32(7):567–572. doi: 10.1016/s1590-8658(00)80837-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Prach A. T., MacDonald T. A., Hopwood D. A., Johnston D. A. Increasing incidence of Barrett's oesophagus: education, enthusiasm, or epidemiology? Lancet. 1997 Sep 27;350(9082):933–933. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63269-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Robert M. E., Weinstein W. M. Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric pathology. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1993 Mar;22(1):59–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Sampliner Richard E., Camargo Lisa, Fass Ronnie. Impact of esophageal acid exposure on the endoscopic reversal of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Feb;97(2):270–272. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05453.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Schultze V., Hackelsberger A., Günther T., Miehlke S., Roessner A., Malfertheiner P. Differing patterns of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in patients with duodenal, prepyloric, and gastric ulcer disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998 Feb;33(2):137–142. doi: 10.1080/00365529850166851. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Schwizer W., Thumshirn M., Dent J., Guldenschuh I., Menne D., Cathomas G., Fried M. Helicobacter pylori and symptomatic relapse of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2001 Jun 2;357(9270):1738–1742. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04894-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Shaheen N. J., Crosby M. A., Bozymski E. M., Sandler R. S. Is there publication bias in the reporting of cancer risk in Barrett's esophagus? Gastroenterology. 2000 Aug;119(2):333–338. doi: 10.1053/gast.2000.9302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Sharma P., Sidorenko E. I. Are screening and surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus really worthwhile? Gut. 2005 Mar;54 (Suppl 1):i27–i32. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.041566. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Sharma P., Sidorenko E. I. Are screening and surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus really worthwhile? Gut. 2005 Mar;54 (Suppl 1):i27–i32. doi: 10.1136/gut.2004.041566. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Sharma P., Vakil N. Review article: Helicobacter pylori and reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Feb;17(3):297–305. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01428.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Sharma P., Weston A. P., Morales T., Topalovski M., Mayo M. S., Sampliner R. E. Relative risk of dysplasia for patients with intestinal metaplasia in the distal oesophagus and in the gastric cardia. Gut. 2000 Jan;46(1):9–13. doi: 10.1136/gut.46.1.9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Spechler S. J., Zeroogian J. M., Antonioli D. A., Wang H. H., Goyal R. K. Prevalence of metaplasia at the gastro-oesophageal junction. Lancet. 1994 Dec 3;344(8936):1533–1536. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90349-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Trudgill N. J., Suvarna S. K., Kapur K. C., Riley S. A. Intestinal metaplasia at the squamocolumnar junction in patients attending for diagnostic gastroscopy. Gut. 1997 Nov;41(5):585–589. doi: 10.1136/gut.41.5.585. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Vaezi M. F., Falk G. W., Peek R. M., Vicari J. J., Goldblum J. R., Perez-Perez G. I., Rice T. W., Blaser M. J., Richter J. E. CagA-positive strains of Helicobacter pylori may protect against Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Sep;95(9):2206–2211. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02305.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Vicari J. J., Peek R. M., Falk G. W., Goldblum J. R., Easley K. A., Schnell J., Perez-Perez G. I., Halter S. A., Rice T. W., Blaser M. J. The seroprevalence of cagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains in the spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology. 1998 Jul;115(1):50–57. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70364-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Voutilainen M., Färkkilä M., Juhola M., Mecklin J. P., Sipponen P. Complete and incomplete intestinal metaplasia at the oesophagogastric junction: prevalences and associations with endoscopic erosive oesophagitis and gastritis. Gut. 1999 Nov;45(5):644–648. doi: 10.1136/gut.45.5.644. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Voutilainen M., Färkkilä M., Mecklin J. P., Juhola M., Sipponen P. Chronic inflammation at the gastroesophageal junction (carditis) appears to be a specific finding related to Helicobacter pylori infection and gastroesophageal reflux disease. The Central Finland Endoscopy Study Group. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999 Nov;94(11):3175–3180. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01513.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Voutilainen M., Färkkilä M., Mecklin J. P., Juhola M., Sipponen P. Classical Barrett esophagus contrasted with Barrett-type epithelium at normal-appearing esophagogastric junction. Central Finland Endoscopy Study Group. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000 Jan;35(1):2–9. doi: 10.1080/003655200750024452. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Wallner B., Sylvan A., Janunger K. G., Bozoky B., Stenling R. Immunohistochemical markers for Barrett's esophagus and associations to esophageal Z-line appearance. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2001 Sep;36(9):910–915. doi: 10.1080/003655201750305404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Wieczorek Tad J., Wang Helen H., Antonioli Donald A., Glickman Jonathan N., Odze Robert D. Pathologic features of reflux and Helicobacter pylori-associated carditis: a comparative study. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003 Jul;27(7):960–968. doi: 10.1097/00000478-200307000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Wolf C., Seldenrijk C. A., Timmer R., Breumelhof R., Smout A. J. Epidemiological, clinical, and histological characteristics of intestinal metaplasia at the oesophagogastric junction compared to short segments of columnar-lined oesophagus. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001 Feb;13(2):113–120. doi: 10.1097/00042737-200102000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Wu Anna H., Crabtree Jean E., Bernstein Leslie, Hawtin Peter, Cockburn Myles, Tseng Chiu-chen, Forman David. Role of Helicobacter pylori CagA+ strains and risk of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus. Int J Cancer. 2003 Mar 1;103(6):815–821. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10887. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Wu J. C. Y., Chan F. K. L., Ching J. Y. L., Leung W-K, Hui Y., Leong R., Chung S. C. S., Sung J. J. Y. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a double blind, placebo controlled, randomised trial. Gut. 2004 Feb;53(2):174–179. doi: 10.1136/gut.2003.012641. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Xia H. H., Talley N. J. Helicobacter pylori infection, reflux esophagitis, and atrophic gastritis: an unexplored triangle. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998 Mar;93(3):394–400. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00394.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Yamaji Y., Mitsushima T., Ikuma H., Okamoto M., Yoshida H., Kawabe T., Shiratori Y., Saito K., Yokouchi K., Omata M. Inverse background of Helicobacter pylori antibody and pepsinogen in reflux oesophagitis compared with gastric cancer: analysis of 5732 Japanese subjects. Gut. 2001 Sep;49(3):335–340. doi: 10.1136/gut.49.3.335. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Zentilin P., Iiritano E., Vignale C., Bilardi C., Mele M. R., Spaggiari P., Gambaro C., Dulbecco P., Tessieri L., Reglioni S. Helicobacter pylori infection is not involved in the pathogenesis of either erosive or non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Apr;17(8):1057–1064. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01547.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. el-Serag H. B., Sonnenberg A. Opposing time trends of peptic ulcer and reflux disease. Gut. 1998 Sep;43(3):327–333. doi: 10.1136/gut.43.3.327. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. el-Zimaity H. M., Verghese V. J., Ramchatesingh J., Graham D. Y. The gastric cardia in gastro-oesophageal disease. J Clin Pathol. 2000 Aug;53(8):619–625. doi: 10.1136/jcp.53.8.619. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. van Sandick Johanna W., van Lanschot Jan B., van Felius Lonneke, Haringsma Jelle, Tytgat Guido N. J., Dekker Wim, Drillenburg Paul, Offerhaus G. Johan A., ten Kate Fiebo J. W. Intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction: evidence of distinct clinical, pathologic, and histochemical staining features. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002 Jan;117(1):117–125. doi: 10.1309/N15U-FN5R-3M5D-PE0U. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Gut are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES