Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1995 Aug;69(8):5077–5086. doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.8.5077-5086.1995

Transactivation of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax1-responsive 21-base-pair repeats requires Holo-TFIID and TFIIA.

J F Duvall 1, F Kashanchi 1, A Cvekl 1, M F Radonovich 1, G Piras 1, J N Brady 1
PMCID: PMC189325  PMID: 7609077

Abstract

The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent for adult T-cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. The HTLV-1 Tax1 gene product has been shown to transactivate transcription of viral and cellular promoters. To examine the biochemical mechanism of Tax1 transactivation, we have developed an in vitro transactivation assay in which wild-type Tax1 is able to specifically transactivate a polymerase II promoter through upstream Tax1-responsive elements. The in vitro system utilizes the HTLV-1 21-bp repeats cloned upstream of the ovalbumin promoter and G-free cassette. Purified Tax1 specifically transactivates this template 5- to 10-fold in a concentration-dependent manner. No transactivation of the ovalbumin promoter (pLovTATA) template control was observed. Tax1 transactivation was inhibited by low concentrations of alpha-amanitin and was effectively neutralized by anti-Tax1 but not control sera. Consistent with in vivo transactivating activity, Tax1 NF-kappa B mutant M22, but not cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein mutant M47, transactivated the template containing the tandem 21-bp repeat. In a reconstituted in vitro transcription assay, Tax1 transactivation was dependent upon basal transcription factors TFIIB, TFIIF, Pol II, TFIID, and TFIIA. TATA-binding protein did not functionally substitute for TFIID in the transactivation assay by Tax1 but was sufficient for basal transcription. Finally, we have used anti-TFIIA antibody (p55) to ask if Tax1 transactivation required TFIIA activity. Addition of TFIIA antibody to in vitro transcription reactions, as well as depletion of TFIIA by preclearing with antibody, showed that TFIIA was required for Tax1 transactivation. Only a slight (twofold) drop of basal transcription was observed. Tax1 transactivation was restored when purified HeLa TFIIA was added back into the reconstituted system. We propose that Tax1 utilizes a transactivation pathway involving the activator regulated basal transcription factors TFIID and TFIIA.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (743.5 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alexandre C., Charnay P., Verrier B. Transactivation of Krox-20 and Krox-24 promoters by the HTLV-1 Tax protein through common regulatory elements. Oncogene. 1991 Oct;6(10):1851–1857. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alexandre C., Verrier B. Four regulatory elements in the human c-fos promoter mediate transactivation by HTLV-1 Tax protein. Oncogene. 1991 Apr;6(4):543–551. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bangham C. R., Daenke S., Phillips R. E., Cruickshank J. K., Bell J. I. Enzymatic amplification of exogenous and endogenous retroviral sequences from DNA of patients with tropical spastic paraparesis. EMBO J. 1988 Dec 20;7(13):4179–4184. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03314.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Beimling P., Moelling K. Direct interaction of CREB protein with 21 bp Tax-response elements of HTLV-ILTR. Oncogene. 1992 Feb;7(2):257–262. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Beimling P., Moelling K. Tax-independent binding of multiple cellular factors to Tax-response element DNA of HTLV-I. Oncogene. 1990 Mar;5(3):361–368. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bhagavati S., Ehrlich G., Kula R. W., Kwok S., Sninsky J., Udani V., Poiesz B. J. Detection of human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type I DNA and antigen in spinal fluid and blood of patients with chronic progressive myelopathy. N Engl J Med. 1988 May 5;318(18):1141–1147. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198805053181801. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Brady J., Jeang K. T., Duvall J., Khoury G. Identification of p40x-responsive regulatory sequences within the human T-cell leukemia virus type I long terminal repeat. J Virol. 1987 Jul;61(7):2175–2181. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.7.2175-2181.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Béraud C., Lombard-Platet G., Michal Y., Jalinot P. Binding of the HTLV-I Tax1 transactivator to the inducible 21 bp enhancer is mediated by the cellular factor HEB1. EMBO J. 1991 Dec;10(12):3795–3803. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04949.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Béraud C., Sun S. C., Ganchi P., Ballard D. W., Greene W. C. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax associates with and is negatively regulated by the NF-kappa B2 p100 gene product: implications for viral latency. Mol Cell Biol. 1994 Feb;14(2):1374–1382. doi: 10.1128/mcb.14.2.1374. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Caron C., Rousset R., Béraud C., Moncollin V., Egly J. M., Jalinot P. Functional and biochemical interaction of the HTLV-I Tax1 transactivator with TBP. EMBO J. 1993 Nov;12(11):4269–4278. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb06111.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cross S. L., Feinberg M. B., Wolf J. B., Holbrook N. J., Wong-Staal F., Leonard W. J. Regulation of the human interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain promoter: activation of a nonfunctional promoter by the transactivator gene of HTLV-I. Cell. 1987 Apr 10;49(1):47–56. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90754-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cvekl A., Kashanchi F., Sax C. M., Brady J. N., Piatigorsky J. Transcriptional regulation of the mouse alpha A-crystallin gene: activation dependent on a cyclic AMP-responsive element (DE1/CRE) and a Pax-6-binding site. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Feb;15(2):653–660. doi: 10.1128/mcb.15.2.653. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. DeJong J., Roeder R. G. A single cDNA, hTFIIA/alpha, encodes both the p35 and p19 subunits of human TFIIA. Genes Dev. 1993 Nov;7(11):2220–2234. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.11.2220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Dittmer J., Gitlin S. D., Reid R. L., Brady J. N. Transactivation of the P2 promoter of parathyroid hormone-related protein by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax1: evidence for the involvement of transcription factor Ets1. J Virol. 1993 Oct;67(10):6087–6095. doi: 10.1128/jvi.67.10.6087-6095.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Duyao M. P., Kessler D. J., Spicer D. B., Bartholomew C., Cleveland J. L., Siekevitz M., Sonenshein G. E. Transactivation of the c-myc promoter by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 tax is mediated by NF kappa B. J Biol Chem. 1992 Aug 15;267(23):16288–16291. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Felber B. K., Paskalis H., Kleinman-Ewing C., Wong-Staal F., Pavlakis G. N. The pX protein of HTLV-I is a transcriptional activator of its long terminal repeats. Science. 1985 Aug 16;229(4714):675–679. doi: 10.1126/science.2992082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Ferreri K., Gill G., Montminy M. The cAMP-regulated transcription factor CREB interacts with a component of the TFIID complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Feb 15;91(4):1210–1213. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.4.1210. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Flores O., Ha I., Reinberg D. Factors involved in specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II. Purification and subunit composition of transcription factor IIF. J Biol Chem. 1990 Apr 5;265(10):5629–5634. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Franklin A. A., Kubik M. F., Uittenbogaard M. N., Brauweiler A., Utaisincharoen P., Matthews M. A., Dynan W. S., Hoeffler J. P., Nyborg J. K. Transactivation by the human T-cell leukemia virus Tax protein is mediated through enhanced binding of activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2) ATF-2 response and cAMP element-binding protein (CREB). J Biol Chem. 1993 Oct 5;268(28):21225–21231. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Fujii M., Sassone-Corsi P., Verma I. M. c-fos promoter trans-activation by the tax1 protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Nov;85(22):8526–8530. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.22.8526. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Fujii M., Tsuchiya H., Chuhjo T., Akizawa T., Seiki M. Interaction of HTLV-1 Tax1 with p67SRF causes the aberrant induction of cellular immediate early genes through CArG boxes. Genes Dev. 1992 Nov;6(11):2066–2076. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.11.2066. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Giam C. Z., Nerenberg M., Khoury G., Jay G. Expression of the complete human T-cell leukemia virus type I pX coding sequence as a functional protein in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Oct;83(19):7192–7196. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.19.7192. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Giam C. Z., Xu Y. L. HTLV-I tax gene product activates transcription via pre-existing cellular factors and cAMP responsive element. J Biol Chem. 1989 Sep 15;264(26):15236–15241. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Grassmann R., Berchtold S., Radant I., Alt M., Fleckenstein B., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A., Ramstedt U. Role of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 X region proteins in immortalization of primary human lymphocytes in culture. J Virol. 1992 Jul;66(7):4570–4575. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.7.4570-4575.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Grassmann R., Dengler C., Müller-Fleckenstein I., Fleckenstein B., McGuire K., Dokhelar M. C., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A. Transformation to continuous growth of primary human T lymphocytes by human T-cell leukemia virus type I X-region genes transduced by a Herpesvirus saimiri vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 May;86(9):3351–3355. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.9.3351. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Green J. E., Begley C. G., Wagner D. K., Waldmann T. A., Jay G. trans activation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the interleukin-2 receptor in transgenic mice carrying the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 tax gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Nov;9(11):4731–4737. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.11.4731. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Hinrichs S. H., Nerenberg M., Reynolds R. K., Khoury G., Jay G. A transgenic mouse model for human neurofibromatosis. Science. 1987 Sep 11;237(4820):1340–1343. doi: 10.1126/science.2888191. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hirai H., Fujisawa J., Suzuki T., Ueda K., Muramatsu M., Tsuboi A., Arai N., Yoshida M. Transcriptional activator Tax of HTLV-1 binds to the NF-kappa B precursor p105. Oncogene. 1992 Sep;7(9):1737–1742. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Inostroza J. A., Mermelstein F. H., Ha I., Lane W. S., Reinberg D. Dr1, a TATA-binding protein-associated phosphoprotein and inhibitor of class II gene transcription. Cell. 1992 Aug 7;70(3):477–489. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90172-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Inoue J., Seiki M., Taniguchi T., Tsuru S., Yoshida M. Induction of interleukin 2 receptor gene expression by p40x encoded by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. EMBO J. 1986 Nov;5(11):2883–2888. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04583.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Jeang K. T., Boros I., Brady J., Radonovich M., Khoury G. Characterization of cellular factors that interact with the human T-cell leukemia virus type I p40x-responsive 21-base-pair sequence. J Virol. 1988 Dec;62(12):4499–4509. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.12.4499-4509.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Jeang K. T., Widen S. G., Semmes O. J., 4th, Wilson S. H. HTLV-I trans-activator protein, tax, is a trans-repressor of the human beta-polymerase gene. Science. 1990 Mar 2;247(4946):1082–1084. doi: 10.1126/science.2309119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Kashanchi F., Duvall J. F., Brady J. N. Electroporation of viral transactivator proteins into lymphocyte suspension cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1992 Sep 11;20(17):4673–4674. doi: 10.1093/nar/20.17.4673. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kashanchi F., Piras G., Radonovich M. F., Duvall J. F., Fattaey A., Chiang C. M., Roeder R. G., Brady J. N. Direct interaction of human TFIID with the HIV-1 transactivator tat. Nature. 1994 Jan 20;367(6460):295–299. doi: 10.1038/367295a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Klein-Hitpass L., Tsai S. Y., Weigel N. L., Allan G. F., Riley D., Rodriguez R., Schrader W. T., Tsai M. J., O'Malley B. W. The progesterone receptor stimulates cell-free transcription by enhancing the formation of a stable preinitiation complex. Cell. 1990 Jan 26;60(2):247–257. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90740-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kraus V. B., Inostroza J. A., Yeung K., Reinberg D., Nevins J. R. Interaction of the Dr1 inhibitory factor with the TATA binding protein is disrupted by adenovirus E1A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994 Jul 5;91(14):6279–6282. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.14.6279. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Leung K., Nabel G. J. HTLV-1 transactivator induces interleukin-2 receptor expression through an NF-kappa B-like factor. Nature. 1988 Jun 23;333(6175):776–778. doi: 10.1038/333776a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Lindholm P. F., Marriott S. J., Gitlin S. D., Brady J. N. Differential precipitation and zinc chelate chromatography purification of biologically active HTLV-I Tax1 expressed in E. coli. J Biochem Biophys Methods. 1991 Apr;22(3):233–241. doi: 10.1016/0165-022x(91)90071-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Lu H., Flores O., Weinmann R., Reinberg D. The nonphosphorylated form of RNA polymerase II preferentially associates with the preinitiation complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Nov 15;88(22):10004–10008. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.22.10004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Manley J. L., Fire A., Cano A., Sharp P. A., Gefter M. L. DNA-dependent transcription of adenovirus genes in a soluble whole-cell extract. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jul;77(7):3855–3859. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.3855. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Marriott S. J., Boros I., Duvall J. F., Brady J. N. Indirect binding of human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax1 to a responsive element in the viral long terminal repeat. Mol Cell Biol. 1989 Oct;9(10):4152–4160. doi: 10.1128/mcb.9.10.4152. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Marriott S. J., Lindholm P. F., Brown K. M., Gitlin S. D., Duvall J. F., Radonovich M. F., Brady J. N. A 36-kilodalton cellular transcription factor mediates an indirect interaction of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type I TAX1 with a responsive element in the viral long terminal repeat. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Aug;10(8):4192–4201. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.8.4192. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Matthews M. A., Markowitz R. B., Dynan W. S. In vitro activation of transcription by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 May;12(5):1986–1996. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.5.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Meisterernst M., Roeder R. G. Family of proteins that interact with TFIID and regulate promoter activity. Cell. 1991 Nov 1;67(3):557–567. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90530-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Miyatake S., Seiki M., Yoshida M., Arai K. T-cell activation signals and human T-cell leukemia virus type I-encoded p40x protein activate the mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene through a common DNA element. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Dec;8(12):5581–5587. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.12.5581. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Nerenberg M., Hinrichs S. H., Reynolds R. K., Khoury G., Jay G. The tat gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 induces mesenchymal tumors in transgenic mice. Science. 1987 Sep 11;237(4820):1324–1329. doi: 10.1126/science.2888190. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Ozer J., Moore P. A., Bolden A. H., Lee A., Rosen C. A., Lieberman P. M. Molecular cloning of the small (gamma) subunit of human TFIIA reveals functions critical for activated transcription. Genes Dev. 1994 Oct 1;8(19):2324–2335. doi: 10.1101/gad.8.19.2324. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Paskalis H., Felber B. K., Pavlakis G. N. Cis-acting sequences responsible for the transcriptional activation of human T-cell leukemia virus type I constitute a conditional enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Sep;83(17):6558–6562. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.17.6558. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Paul N. L., Lenardo M. J., Novak K. D., Sarr T., Tang W. L., Ruddle N. H. Lymphotoxin activation by human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected cell lines: role for NF-kappa B. J Virol. 1990 Nov;64(11):5412–5419. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.11.5412-5419.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Piras G., Kashanchi F., Radonovich M. F., Duvall J. F., Brady J. N. Transcription of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I promoter by an alpha-amanitin-resistant polymerase. J Virol. 1994 Oct;68(10):6170–6179. doi: 10.1128/jvi.68.10.6170-6179.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Poiesz B. J., Ruscetti F. W., Gazdar A. F., Bunn P. A., Minna J. D., Gallo R. C. Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Dec;77(12):7415–7419. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Rosen C. A., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A. Location of cis-acting regulatory sequences in the human T-cell leukemia virus type I long terminal repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Oct;82(19):6502–6506. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.19.6502. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Ruben S., Poteat H., Tan T. H., Kawakami K., Roeder R., Haseltine W., Rosen C. A. Cellular transcription factors and regulation of IL-2 receptor gene expression by HTLV-I tax gene product. Science. 1988 Jul 1;241(4861):89–92. doi: 10.1126/science.2838905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Sawadogo M., Roeder R. G. Factors involved in specific transcription by human RNA polymerase II: analysis by a rapid and quantitative in vitro assay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jul;82(13):4394–4398. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.13.4394. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Seiki M., Inoue J., Hidaka M., Yoshida M. Two cis-acting elements responsible for posttranscriptional trans-regulation of gene expression of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Oct;85(19):7124–7128. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.19.7124. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Shapiro D. J., Sharp P. A., Wahli W. W., Keller M. J. A high-efficiency HeLa cell nuclear transcription extract. DNA. 1988 Jan-Feb;7(1):47–55. doi: 10.1089/dna.1988.7.47. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Shimotohno K., Takano M., Teruuchi T., Miwa M. Requirement of multiple copies of a 21-nucleotide sequence in the U3 regions of human T-cell leukemia virus type I and type II long terminal repeats for trans-acting activation of transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Nov;83(21):8112–8116. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.21.8112. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Siekevitz M., Feinberg M. B., Holbrook N., Wong-Staal F., Greene W. C. Activation of interleukin 2 and interleukin 2 receptor (Tac) promoter expression by the trans-activator (tat) gene product of human T-cell leukemia virus, type I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Aug;84(15):5389–5393. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.15.5389. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Slamon D. J., Boyle W. J., Keith D. E., Press M. F., Golde D. W., Souza L. M. Subnuclear localization of the trans-activating protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. J Virol. 1988 Mar;62(3):680–686. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.3.680-686.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Smith M. R., Greene W. C. Identification of HTLV-I tax trans-activator mutants exhibiting novel transcriptional phenotypes. Genes Dev. 1990 Nov;4(11):1875–1885. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.11.1875. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Sodroski J. G., Rosen C. A., Haseltine W. A. Trans-acting transcriptional activation of the long terminal repeat of human T lymphotropic viruses in infected cells. Science. 1984 Jul 27;225(4660):381–385. doi: 10.1126/science.6330891. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Suzuki T., Fujisawa J. I., Toita M., Yoshida M. The trans-activator tax of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) interacts with cAMP-responsive element (CRE) binding and CRE modulator proteins that bind to the 21-base-pair enhancer of HTLV-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jan 15;90(2):610–614. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.2.610. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Timmers H. T., Sharp P. A. The mammalian TFIID protein is present in two functionally distinct complexes. Genes Dev. 1991 Nov;5(11):1946–1956. doi: 10.1101/gad.5.11.1946. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Wagner S., Green M. R. HTLV-I Tax protein stimulation of DNA binding of bZIP proteins by enhancing dimerization. Science. 1993 Oct 15;262(5132):395–399. doi: 10.1126/science.8211160. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Wano Y., Feinberg M., Hosking J. B., Bogerd H., Greene W. C. Stable expression of the tax gene of type I human T-cell leukemia virus in human T cells activates specific cellular genes involved in growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(24):9733–9737. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.24.9733. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Watanabe T., Yamaguchi K., Takatsuki K., Osame M., Yoshida M. Constitutive expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein gene in human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers and adult T cell leukemia patients that can be trans-activated by HTLV-1 tax gene. J Exp Med. 1990 Sep 1;172(3):759–765. doi: 10.1084/jem.172.3.759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Yokomori K., Zeidler M. P., Chen J. L., Verrijzer C. P., Mlodzik M., Tjian R. Drosophila TFIIA directs cooperative DNA binding with TBP and mediates transcriptional activation. Genes Dev. 1994 Oct 1;8(19):2313–2323. doi: 10.1101/gad.8.19.2313. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Zhao L. J., Giam C. Z. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) transcriptional activator, Tax, enhances CREB binding to HTLV-I 21-base-pair repeats by protein-protein interaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 1;89(15):7070–7074. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.15.7070. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Zhao L. J., Giam C. Z. Interaction of the human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I) transcriptional activator Tax with cellular factors that bind specifically to the 21-base-pair repeats in the HTLV-I enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 15;88(24):11445–11449. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11445. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Zhou Q., Lieberman P. M., Boyer T. G., Berk A. J. Holo-TFIID supports transcriptional stimulation by diverse activators and from a TATA-less promoter. Genes Dev. 1992 Oct;6(10):1964–1974. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.10.1964. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Zhou Q., Sharp P. A. Novel mechanism and factor for regulation by HIV-1 Tat. EMBO J. 1995 Jan 16;14(2):321–328. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07006.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES