Skip to main content
The American Journal of Pathology logoLink to The American Journal of Pathology
. 1978 Nov;93(2):526–617.

The effects of bacterial endotoxins on host mediation systems. A review.

D C Morrison, R J Ulevitch
PMCID: PMC2018378  PMID: 362943

Full text

PDF
618

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ANTWEILER H., HIRSCH E. [On the problem of an acute mast cell damage and histamine release by endotoxins]. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol. 1961;241:213–214. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. ASBOE-HANSEN G., GLICK D. Influence of various agents on mast cells isolated from rat peritoneal fluid. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1958 Jul;98(3):458–461. doi: 10.3181/00379727-98-24075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. ATHENS J. W., HAAB O. P., RAAB S. O., MAUER A. M., ASHENBRUCKER H., CARTWRIGHT G. E., WINTROBE M. M. Leukokinetic studies. IV. The total blood, circulating and marginal granulocyte pools and the granulocyte turnover rate in normal subjects. J Clin Invest. 1961 Jun;40:989–995. doi: 10.1172/JCI104338. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Alexander P., Evans R. Endotoxin and double stranded RNA render macrophages cytotoxic. Nat New Biol. 1971 Jul 21;232(29):76–78. doi: 10.1038/newbio232076a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Anderson F. L., Jubiz W., Tsagaris T. J., Kuida H. Endotoxin-induced prostaglandin E and F release in dogs. Am J Physiol. 1975 Feb;228(2):410–414. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1975.228.2.410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Apte R. N., Galanos C., Pluznik D. H. Lipid A, the active part of bacterial endotoxins in inducing serum colony stimulating activity and proliferation of splenic granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells. J Cell Physiol. 1976 Jan;87(1):71–78. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1040870110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Apte R. N., Hertogs C. F., Pluznik D. H. Regulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced granulopoiesis and macrophage formation by spleen cells. I. Relationship between colony-stimulating factor release and lymphocyte activation in vitro. J Immunol. 1977 Apr;118(4):1435–1440. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. BENNETT I. L., Jr, BEESON P. B. The properties and biologic effects of bacterial pyrogens. Medicine (Baltimore) 1950 Dec;29(4):365–400. doi: 10.1097/00005792-195012000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. BRUNNING R. D., WOOLFREY B. F., SCHRADER W. H. STUDIES WITH TRITIATED ENDOTOXIN. II. ENDOTOXIN LOCALIZATION IN THE FORMED ELEMENTS OF THE BLOOD. Am J Pathol. 1964 Mar;44:401–409. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. BURTON A. J., CARTER H. E. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE LIPID A COMPONENT OF THE LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI. Biochemistry. 1964 Mar;3:411–418. doi: 10.1021/bi00891a018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Balis J. U., Gerber L. I., Rappaport E. S., Neville W. E. Mechanisms of blood-vascular reactions of the primate lung to acute endotoxemia. Exp Mol Pathol. 1974 Aug;21(1):123–137. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(74)90084-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bannatyne R. M., Harnett N. M., Lee K. Y., Biggar W. D. Inhibition of the biologic effects of endotoxin on neutrophils by polymyxin B sulfate. J Infect Dis. 1977 Oct;136(4):469–474. doi: 10.1093/infdis/136.4.469. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Beller F. K. The role of endotoxin in disseminated intravascular coagulation. Thromb Diath Haemorrh Suppl. 1969;36:125–149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bennett W. E., Cohn Z. A. The isolation and selected properties of blood monocytes. J Exp Med. 1966 Jan 1;123(1):145–160. doi: 10.1084/jem.123.1.145. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bergstein J. M., Michael A. F., Jr Failure of cobra venom factor to prevent the generalized Shwartzman reaction and loss of renal cortical fibrinolytic activity. Am J Pathol. 1974 Jan;74(1):19–31. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bohn E., Müller-Berghaus G. The effect of leukocyte and platelet transfusion on the activation of intravascular coagulation by endotoxin in granulocytopenic and thrombocytopenic rabbits. Am J Pathol. 1976 Aug;84(2):239–258. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Brown D. L., Lachmann P. J. The behaviour of complement and platelets in lethal endotoxin shock in rabbits. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1973;45(1):193–205. doi: 10.1159/000231028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. COHEN P., BRAUNWALD J., GARDNER F. H. DESTRUCTION OF CANINE AND RABBIT PLATELETS FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF CARBON PARTICLES OR ENDOTOXIN. J Lab Clin Med. 1965 Aug;66:263–271. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. COHN Z. A., BENSON B. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES. MORPHOLOGY, CYTOCHEMISTRY, AND BIOCHEMISTRY. J Exp Med. 1965 Jan 1;121:153–170. doi: 10.1084/jem.121.1.153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. COHN Z. A., MORSE S. I. Functional and metabolic properties of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. II. The influence of a lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. J Exp Med. 1960 May 1;111:689–704. doi: 10.1084/jem.111.5.689. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. COLLINS R. D., WOOD W. B., Jr Studies on the pathogenesis of fever. VI. The interaction of leucocytes and endotoxin in vitro. J Exp Med. 1959 Dec 1;110:1005–1016. doi: 10.1084/jem.110.6.1005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Cochrane C. G., Müller-Eberhard H. J., Aikin B. S. Depletion of plasma complement in vivo by a protein of cobra venom: its effect on various immunologic reactions. J Immunol. 1970 Jul;105(1):55–69. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Colman R. W., Wong P. Y. Participation of Hageman factor dependent pathways in human disease states. Thromb Haemost. 1977 Dec 15;38(4):751–775. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Cooper N. R. Formation and function of a complex of the C3 proactivator with a protein from cobra venom. J Exp Med. 1973 Feb 1;137(2):451–460. doi: 10.1084/jem.137.2.451. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Cooper N. R., Morrison D. C. Binding and activation of the first component of human complement by the lipid A region of lipopolysaccharides. J Immunol. 1978 Jun;120(6):1862–1868. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Corrigan J. J., Jr, Bell B. M. Comparison between the polymyxins and gentamicin in preventing endotoxin-induced intravascular coagulation and leukopenia. Infect Immun. 1971 Nov;4(5):563–566. doi: 10.1128/iai.4.5.563-566.1971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Corrigan J. J., Jr, Sieber O. E., Jr, Ratajczak H., Bennett B. B. Modification of human neutrophil response to endotoxin with polymyxin B sulfate. J Infect Dis. 1974 Oct;130(4):384–387. doi: 10.1093/infdis/130.4.384. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Currie G. A., Basham C. Activated macrophages release a factor which lyses malignant cells but not normal cells. J Exp Med. 1975 Dec 1;142(6):1600–1605. doi: 10.1084/jem.142.6.1600. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. DAVIS R. B., MEEKER W. R., Jr, BAILEY W. L. Serotonin release by bacterial endotoxin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1961 Dec;108:774–776. doi: 10.3181/00379727-108-27063. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. DAVIS R. B., MEEKER W. R., Jr, McQUARRIE D. G. Early changes in intravascular pressures, platelets, and serotonin after E. coli endotoxin administration. Surg Forum. 1960;10:401–405. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. DAVIS R. B., MEEKER W. R., McQUARRIE D. G. Immediate effects of intravenous endotoxin on serotonin concentrations and blood platelets. Circ Res. 1960 Jan;8:234–239. doi: 10.1161/01.res.8.1.234. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. DES PREZ R. M., HOROWITZ H. I., HOOK E. W. Effects of bacterial endotoxin on rabbit platelets. I. Platelet aggregation and release of platelet factors in vitro. J Exp Med. 1961 Dec 1;114:857–874. doi: 10.1084/jem.114.6.857. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. DESPREZ R. M. EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN ON RABBIT PLATELETS. 3. COMPARISON OF PLATELET INJURY INDUCED BY THROMBIN AND BY ENDOTOXIN. J Exp Med. 1964 Aug 1;120:305–313. doi: 10.1084/jem.120.2.305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Davis R. B. Electron microscopic changes in blood platelets induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Exp Mol Pathol. 1966 Dec;5(6):559–574. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(66)90046-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Des Prez R. M., Bryant R. E. Effects of bacterial endotoxin on rabbit platelets. IV. The divalent ion requirements of endotoxin-induced and immunologically induced platelet injury. J Exp Med. 1966 Nov 1;124(5):971–982. doi: 10.1084/jem.124.5.971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Des Prez R. M. The effects of bacterial endotoxin on rabbit platelets. V. Heat labile plasma factor requirements of endotoxin-induced platelet injury. J Immunol. 1967 Nov;99(5):966–973. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Dierich M. P., Bitter-Suermann D., König W., Hadding U., Galanos C., Rietschel E. T. Analysis of bypass activation of C3 by endotoxic LPS and loss of this potency. Immunology. 1973 Apr;24(4):721–733. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Dinarello C. A., Wolff S. M. Pathogenesis of fever in man. N Engl J Med. 1978 Mar 16;298(11):607–612. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197803162981107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Dinbar A., Rapaport S. I., Patch M. J., Grant W., Fonkalsrud E. W. Hematologic effects of endotoxin on the macaque monkey. Surgery. 1971 Oct;70(4):596–603. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Doe W. F., Henson P. M. Macrophage stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. I. Cytolytic effect on tumor target cells. J Exp Med. 1978 Aug 1;148(2):544–556. doi: 10.1084/jem.148.2.544. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Doe W. F., Yang S. T., Morrison D. C., Betz S. J., Henson P. M. Macrophage stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. II. Evidence for differentiation signals delivered by lipid A and by a protein rich fraction of lipopolysaccharides. J Exp Med. 1978 Aug 1;148(2):557–568. doi: 10.1084/jem.148.2.557. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Eaves A. C., Bruce W. R. In vitro production of colony-stimulating activity. I. Exposure of mouse peritoneal cells to endotoxin. Cell Tissue Kinet. 1974 Jan;7(1):19–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1974.tb00395.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Edstrom R. D., Heath E. C. The biosynthesis of cell wall lipopolysaccharide in Escherichia coli. VII. Studies on the structure of the O-antigenic polysaccharide. J Biol Chem. 1967 Sep 25;242(18):4125–4133. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Erdös E. G., Miwa I. Effect of endotoxin shock on the plasma kallikrein-kinin system of the rabbit. Fed Proc. 1968 Jan-Feb;27(1):92–95. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Evans G., Lewis A. F., Mustard J. F. The role of platelet aggregation in the development of endotoxin shock. Br J Surg. 1969 Aug;56(8):624–624. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. FRITZE E., WENDT F. Zum Wirkungsmechanismus bakterieller Lipopolysaccharide. II. Die Phagocytoseaktivität menschlicher Blutgranulocyten unter dem Einfluss bakterieller Lipopolysaccharide in vitro. Klin Wochenschr. 1955 Jun 15;33(23-24):575–576. doi: 10.1007/BF01473769. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Fearon D. T., Ruddy S., Schur P. H., McCabe W. R. Activation of the properdin pathway of complement in patients with gram-negative of bacteremia. N Engl J Med. 1975 May 1;292(18):937–940. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197505012921802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Fehr J., Jacob H. S. In vitro granulocyte adherence and in vivo margination: two associated complement-dependent functions. Studies based on the acute neutropenia of filtration leukophoresis. J Exp Med. 1977 Sep 1;146(3):641–652. doi: 10.1084/jem.146.3.641. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Fitzpatrick T. M., Alter I., Corey E. J., Ramwell P. W., Rose J. C., Kot P. A. Cardiovascular responses to PGI2 (prostacyclin) in the dog. Circ Res. 1978 Feb;42(2):192–194. doi: 10.1161/01.res.42.2.192. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Fletcher J. R., Ramwell P. W., Herman C. M. Prostaglandins and the hemodynamic course of endotoxin shock. J Surg Res. 1976 Jun;20(6):589–594. doi: 10.1016/0022-4804(76)90095-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Fong J. S., Good R. A. Prevention of the localized and generalized Shwartzman reactions by an anticomplementary agent, cobra venom factor. J Exp Med. 1971 Sep 1;134(3 Pt 1):642–655. doi: 10.1084/jem.134.3.642. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Frank M. M., May J., Gaither T., Ellman L. In vitro studies of complement function in sera of C4-deficient guinea pigs. J Exp Med. 1971 Jul 1;134(1):176–187. doi: 10.1084/jem.134.1.176. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. From A. H., Gewurz H., Gruninger R. P., Pickering R. J., Spink W. W. Complement in endotoxin shock: effect of complement depletion on the early hypotensive phase. Infect Immun. 1970 Jul;2(1):38–41. doi: 10.1128/iai.2.1.38-41.1970. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. GILBERT V. E., BRAUDE A. I. Reduction of serum complement in rabbits after injection of endotoxin. J Exp Med. 1962 Oct 1;116:477–490. doi: 10.1084/jem.116.4.477. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. GOODALE F., FILLMORE R., HILLMAN E. Electron microscopic observations of human lucocytes. I. Response in vitro to bacterial endotoxin. Exp Mol Pathol. 1962 Jun;1:229–250. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(62)90022-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. GOOD R. A., THOMAS L. Studies on the generalized Shwartzman reaction. II. The production of bilateral cortical necrosis of the kidneys by a single injection of bacterial toxin in rabbits previously treated with thorotrast or trypan blue. J Exp Med. 1952 Dec;96(6):625–641. doi: 10.1084/jem.96.6.625. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. GREISMAN S. E. Activation of histamine-releasing factor in normal rat plasma by E. coli endotoxin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1960 Mar;103:628–632. doi: 10.3181/00379727-103-25618. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. GUSTAFSON G. T., CRONBERG S. EFFECT OF ENDOTOXIN ON MAST CELLS AND THE EXTENSION OF THE LOCAL SHWARTZMAN REACTION TO THE HAMSTER. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1963;59:21–31. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1963.tb01767.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Galanos C., Lüderitz O. The role of the physical state of lipopolysaccharides in the interaction with complement. High molecular weight as prerequisite for the expression of anti-complementary activity. Eur J Biochem. 1976 Jun 1;65(2):403–408. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10354.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Galanos C., Lüderitz O., Westphal O. A new method for the extraction of R lipopolysaccharides. Eur J Biochem. 1969 Jun;9(2):245–249. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00601.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Galanos C., Rietschel E. T., Lüderitz O., Westphal O. Interaction of lipopolysaccharides and lipid A with complement. Eur J Biochem. 1971 Mar 1;19(1):143–152. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01298.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Garg S. K., Niemetz J. Tissue factor activity of normal and leukemic cells. Blood. 1973 Nov;42(5):729–735. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Garner R., Chater B. V., Brown D. L. The role of complement in endotoxin shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation: experimental observations in the dog. Br J Haematol. 1974 Nov;28(3):393–401. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1974.tb00820.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Garner R., Evensen S. A. Endotoxin-induced intravascular coagulation and shock in dogs: the role of factor VII. Br J Haematol. 1974 Aug;27(4):655–668. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1974.tb06632.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Gaynor E., Bouvier C., Spaet T. H. Vascular lesions: possible pathogenetic basis of the generalized Shwartzman reaction. Science. 1970 Nov 27;170(3961):986–988. doi: 10.1126/science.170.3961.986. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Gerrity R. G., Caplan B. A., Richardson M., Cade J. F., Hirsh J., Schwartz C. J. Endotoxin-induced endothelial injury and repair. I. Endothelial cell turnover in the aorta of the rabbit. Exp Mol Pathol. 1975 Dec;23(3):379–385. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(75)90031-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Gewurz H., Mergenhagen S. E., Nowotny A., Phillips J. K. Interactions of the complement system with native and chemically modified endotoxins. J Bacteriol. 1968 Feb;95(2):397–405. doi: 10.1128/jb.95.2.397-405.1968. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Gewurz H., Pickering R. J., Snyderman R., Lichtenstein L. M., Good R. A., Mergenhagen S. E. Interactions of the complement system with endotoxic lipopolysaccharides in immunoglobulin-deficient sera. J Exp Med. 1970 Apr 1;131(4):817–831. doi: 10.1084/jem.131.4.817. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Gewurz H., Shin H. S., Mergenhagen S. E. Interactions of the complement system with endotoxic lipopolysaccharide: consumption of each of the six terminal complement components. J Exp Med. 1968 Nov 1;128(5):1049–1057. doi: 10.1084/jem.128.5.1049. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Gimber P. E., Rafter G. W. The interaction of Escherichia coli endotoxin with leukocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1969 Dec;135(1):14–20. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90510-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Ginsberg M. H., Henson P. M. Enhancement of platelet response to immune complexes and IgG aggregates by lipid A-rich bacterial lipopolysaccharides. J Exp Med. 1978 Jan 1;147(1):207–217. doi: 10.1084/jem.147.1.207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Ginsberg M. H., Morrison D. C. The selective binding of aggregated IgG to lipid A-rich bacterial lipopolysaccharides. J Immunol. 1978 Jan;120(1):317–319. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Glauser F. L., Palmer J., Cecconi S., Schoolcraft W., Wells I., Novey H., Egan P., Smeltzer D. The effect of endotoxin on the mast cell c'AMP system. Ann Allergy. 1977 Feb;38(2):104–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Glode L. M., Mergenhagen S. E., Rosenstreich D. L. Significant contribution of spleen cells in mediating the lethal effects of endotoxin in vivo. Infect Immun. 1976 Sep;14(3):626–630. doi: 10.1128/iai.14.3.626-630.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Gmeiner J., Lüderitz O., Westphal O. Biochemical studies on lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella R mutants. 6. Investigations on the structure of the lipid A component. Eur J Biochem. 1969 Jan;7(3):370–379. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb19618.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Gmeiner J. The isolation of two different lipopolysaccharide fractions from various Proteus mirabilis strains. Eur J Biochem. 1975 Oct 15;58(2):621–626. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02413.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Goetzl E. J., Austen K. F. A neutrophil-immobilizing factor derived from human leukocytes. I. Generation and partial characterization. J Exp Med. 1972 Dec 1;136(6):1564–1580. doi: 10.1084/jem.136.6.1564. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Goihman-Yahr M., Rodríguez-Ochoa G., Aranzazu N., Convit J. Polymorphonuclear activation in leprosy. I. Spontaneous and endotoxin-stimulated reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium: effects of serum and plasma on endotoxin-induced activation. Clin Exp Immunol. 1975 May;20(2):257–264. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Goodman G. W., Sultzer B. M. Mild alkaline hydrolysis of lipopolysaccharide endotoxin enhances its mitogencity for murine B cells. Infect Immun. 1977 Jul;17(1):205–214. doi: 10.1128/iai.17.1.205-214.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Gordon S., Unkeless J. C., Cohn Z. A. Induction of macrophage plasminogen activator by endotoxin stimulation and phagocytosis: evidence for a two-stage process. J Exp Med. 1974 Oct 1;140(4):995–1010. doi: 10.1084/jem.140.4.995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Graham R. C., Jr, Karnovsky M. J., Shafer A. W., Glass E. A., Karnovsky M. L. Metabolic and morphological observations on the effect of surface-active agents of leukocytes. J Cell Biol. 1967 Mar;32(3):629–647. doi: 10.1083/jcb.32.3.629. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Griffin J. H., Cochrane C. G. Mechanisms for the involvement of high molecular weight kininogen in surface-dependent reactions of Hageman factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Aug;73(8):2554–2558. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.8.2554. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Götze O., Müller-Eberhard H. J. The C3-activator system: an alternate pathway of complement activation. J Exp Med. 1971 Sep 1;134(3 Pt 2):90s–108s. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. HERRING W. B., HERION J. C., WALKER R. I., PALMER J. G. Distribution and clearance of circulating endotoxin. J Clin Invest. 1963 Jan;42:79–87. doi: 10.1172/JCI104698. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. HINSHAW L. B., JORDAN M. M., VICK J. A. Histamine release and endotoxin shock in the primate. J Clin Invest. 1961 Sep;40:1631–1637. doi: 10.1172/JCI104385. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. HOOK W. A., CAREY W. F., MUSCHEL L. H. Alterations in serum lysozyme and properdin titers of mice following x-irradiation or treatment with zymosan or endotoxin. J Immunol. 1960 Jun;84:569–575. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Hase S., Rietschel E. T. Isolation and analysis of the lipid A backbone. Lipid A structure of lipopolysaccharides from various bacterial groups. Eur J Biochem. 1976 Mar 16;63(1):101–107. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10212.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Hawiger A., Hawiger J., Timmons S., Steckley S., Cheng C. Proceedings: The role of membrane receptors in pathways of human platelet activation by endotoxin and other microbial products. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1975 Nov 15;34(2):594–594. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Hawiger J., Hawiger A., Steckley S., Timmons S., Cheng C. Membrane changes in human platelets induced by lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. Br J Haematol. 1977 Feb;35(2):285–299. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1977.tb00585.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Hawiger J., Hawiger A., Timmons S. Endotoxin-sensitive membrane component of human platelets. Nature. 1975 Jul 10;256(5513):125–127. doi: 10.1038/256125a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Herman A. G., Vane J. R. Release of renal prostaglandins during endotoxin-induced hypotension. Eur J Pharmacol. 1976 Sep;39(1):79–90. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(76)90115-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Hibbs J. B., Jr, Taintor R. R., Chapman H. A., Jr, Weinberg J. B. Macrophage tumor killing: influence of the local environment. Science. 1977 Jul 15;197(4300):279–282. doi: 10.1126/science.327547. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Hiller E., Saal J. G., Ostendorf P., Griffiths G. W. The procoagulant activity of human granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes stimulated by endotoxin. Coagulation and electron microscopic studies. Klin Wochenschr. 1977 Aug 1;55(15):751–757. doi: 10.1007/BF01476962. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Hook W. A., Snyderman R., Mergenhagen S. E. Consumption of hamster complement by bacterial endotoxin. J Immunol. 1970 Jul;105(1):268–270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Hook W. A., Snyderman R., Mergenhagen S. E. Further characterization of a factor from endotoxin-treated serum which releases histamine and heparin from mast cells. Infect Immun. 1972 Jun;5(6):909–914. doi: 10.1128/iai.5.6.909-914.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Hook W. A., Snyderman R., Mergenhagen S. E. Histamine-releasing factor generated by the interaction of endotoxin with hamster serum. Infect Immun. 1970 Oct;2(4):462–467. doi: 10.1128/iai.2.4.462-467.1970. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Howes E. L., Jr, Kwok M. T., McKay D. G. The effects of indomethacin on the generalized shwartzman reaction. Am J Pathol. 1978 Jan;90(1):7–22. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Humes J. L., Bonney R. J., Pelus L., Dahlgren M. E., Sadowski S. J., Kuehl F. A., Jr, Davies P. Macrophages synthesis and release prostaglandins in response to inflammatory stimuli. Nature. 1977 Sep 8;269(5624):149–151. doi: 10.1038/269149a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Irvin R. T., Chatterjee A. K., Sanderson K. E., Costerton J. W. Comparison of the cell envelope structure of a lipopolysaccharide-defective (heptose-deficient) strain and a smooth strain of Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol. 1975 Nov;124(2):930–941. doi: 10.1128/jb.124.2.930-941.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Issekutz A. C., Biggar W. D. Influence of serum-derived chemotactic factors and bacterial products on human neutrophil chemotaxis. Infect Immun. 1977 Jan;15(1):212–220. doi: 10.1128/iai.15.1.212-220.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Jacobs D. M., Morrison D. C. Inhibition of the mitogenic response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse spleen cells by polymyxin B. J Immunol. 1977 Jan;118(1):21–27. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Jacobs M. D., Morrison D. C. Dissociation between mitogenicity and immunogenicity of TNP-lipopolysaccharide, a T-independent antigen. J Exp Med. 1975 Jun 1;141(6):1453–1458. doi: 10.1084/jem.141.6.1453. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Jann B., Reske K., Jann K. Heterogeneity of lipopolysaccharides. Analysis of polysaccharide chain lengths by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Eur J Biochem. 1975 Dec 1;60(1):239–246. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb20996.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Johnson K. J., Ward P. A. Protective function of C6 in rabbits treated with bacterial endotoxin. J Immunol. 1971 Apr;106(4):1125–1127. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Jókay I., Karczag E. Cellular- and permeability-changes in the peritoneal cavity of mice after injection of endotoxon. Z Immunitatsforsch Exp Klin Immunol. 1975 May;148(5):414–424. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Jókay I., Karczag E. Effect of endotoxin on the peritoneal mast cells in mice. Acta Biol Acad Sci Hung. 1976;27(2-3):119–124. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. KOSTKA J., STERZL J. The action of endotoxin on complement. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1962 May;7:191–192. doi: 10.1007/BF02928241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Kane M. A., May J. E., Frank M. M. Interactions of the classical and alternate complement pathway with endotoxin lipopolysaccharide. Effect on platelets and blood coagulation. J Clin Invest. 1973 Feb;52(2):370–376. doi: 10.1172/JCI107193. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Kasai N. Chemical studies on the lipid component of endotoxin, with special emphasis on its relation to biological activities. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1966 Jun 30;133(2):486–507. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb52385.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Kasai N., Nowotny A. Endotoxic glycolipid from a heptoseless mutant of Salmonella minnesota. J Bacteriol. 1967 Dec;94(6):1824–1836. doi: 10.1128/jb.94.6.1824-1836.1967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Kim Y. B., Watson D. W. Biologically active endotoxins from Salmonella mutants deficient in O- and R-polysaccharides and heptose. J Bacteriol. 1967 Nov;94(5):1320–1326. doi: 10.1128/jb.94.5.1320-1326.1967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Kimball H. R., Melmon M. L., Wolff S. M. Endotoxin-induced kinin production in man. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1972 Mar;139(3):1078–1082. doi: 10.3181/00379727-139-36302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Kitzmiller J. L., Lucas W. E., Yelenosky P. F. The role of complement in feline endotoxin shock. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1972 Feb 1;112(3):414–421. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(72)90488-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Koplow J., Goldfine H. Alterations in the outer membrane of the cell envelope of heptose-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1974 Feb;117(2):527–543. doi: 10.1128/jb.117.2.527-543.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Kurland J. I., Bockman R. Prostaglandin E production by human blood monocytes and mouse peritoneal macrophages. J Exp Med. 1978 Mar 1;147(3):952–957. doi: 10.1084/jem.147.3.952. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. LANDY M., PILLEMER L. Elevation of properdin levels in mice following administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. J Exp Med. 1956 Jun 1;103(6):823–833. doi: 10.1084/jem.103.6.823. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. LEVIN J., CLUFF L. E. PLATELETS AND THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON. J Exp Med. 1965 Feb 1;121:235–246. doi: 10.1084/jem.121.2.235. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Leive L. Release of lipopolysaccharide by EDTA treatment of E. coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1965 Nov 22;21(4):290–296. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(65)90191-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Leive L., Shovlin V. K., Mergenhagen S. E. Physical, chemical, and immunological properties of lipopolysaccharide released from Escherichia coli by ethylenediaminetetraacetate. J Biol Chem. 1968 Dec 25;243(24):6384–6391. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Lerner R. G., Goldstein R., Cummings G., Lange K. Stimulation of human leukocyte thromboplastic activity by endotoxin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1971 Oct;138(1):145–148. doi: 10.3181/00379727-138-35848. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Levin J., Beck E. A re-appraisal of the role of blood coagulation and platelets in the generalized shwartzman phenomenon. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1966 May 15;15(3):519–538. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Lichtenstein L. M., Gewurz H., Adkinson N. F., Jr, Shin H. S., Mergenhagen S. E. Interactions of the complement system with endotoxic lipopolysaccharide: the generation of an anaphylatoxin. Immunology. 1969 Mar;16(3):327–336. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Loos M., Bitter-Suermann D., Dierich M. Interaction of the first (C1), the second (C2) and the fourth (C4) component of complement with different preparations of bacterial lipopolysaccharides and with lipid A. J Immunol. 1974 Mar;112(3):935–940. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Lüderitz O., Staub A. M., Westphal O. Immunochemistry of O and R antigens of Salmonella and related Enterobacteriaceae. Bacteriol Rev. 1966 Mar;30(1):192–255. doi: 10.1128/br.30.1.192-255.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. MACLEAN L. D., WEIL M. H. Hypotension (shock) in dogs produced by Escherichia coli endotoxin. Circ Res. 1956 Sep;4(5):546–556. doi: 10.1161/01.res.4.5.546. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. MECHANIC R. C., FREI E., 3rd, LANDY M., SMITH W. W. Quantitative studies of human leukocytic and febrile response to single and repeated doses of purified bacterial endotoxin. J Clin Invest. 1962 Jan;41:162–172. doi: 10.1172/JCI104459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. MUSCHEL L. H., SCHMOKER K., WEBB P. M. ANTICOMPLEMENTARY ACTION OF ENDOTOXIN. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1964 Dec;117:639–643. doi: 10.3181/00379727-117-29657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. MacIntyre D. E., Allen A. P., Thorne K. J., Glauert A. M., Gordon J. L. Endotoxin-induced platelet aggregation and secretion. I. Morphological changes and pharmacological effects. J Cell Sci. 1977 Dec;28:211–223. doi: 10.1242/jcs.28.1.211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. MacIntyre D. E., Pearson J. D., Gordon J. L. Localisation and stimulation of prostacyclin production in vascular cells. Nature. 1978 Feb 9;271(5645):549–551. doi: 10.1038/271549a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Margaretten W., McKay D. G. The role of the platelet in the generalized Shwartzman reaction. J Exp Med. 1969 Mar 1;129(3):585–590. doi: 10.1084/jem.129.3.585. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Mason J. W., Colman R. W. The role of Hageman factor in disseminated intravascular coagulation induced by septicemia, neoplasia, or liver disease. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1971 Oct 31;26(2):325–331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Matula G., Paterson P. Y. Spontaneous in vitro reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by neutrophils of adult patients with bacterial infection. N Engl J Med. 1971 Aug 5;285(6):311–317. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197108052850603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. McCabe W. R. Serum complement levels in bacteremia due to gram-negative organisms. N Engl J Med. 1973 Jan 4;288(1):21–23. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197301042880105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. McGrath J. M., Stewart G. J. The effects of endotoxin on vascular endothelium. J Exp Med. 1969 May 1;129(5):833–848. doi: 10.1084/jem.129.5.833. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. McKAY D. G., SHAPIRO S. S. Alterations in the blood coagulation system induced by bacterial endotoxin. I. In vivo (generalized Shwartzman reaction). J Exp Med. 1958 Mar 1;107(3):353–367. doi: 10.1084/jem.107.3.353. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. McKay D. G., Margaretten W., Csavossy I. An electron microscope study of endotoxin shock in rhesus monkeys. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1967 Oct;125(4):825–832. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. McKay D. G. Vessel wall and thrombogenesis--endotoxin. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1973 Feb 28;29(1):11–26. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Mergenhagen S. E., Gewurz H., Bladen H. A., Nowotny A., Kasai N., Lüderitz O. Interactions of the complement system with endotoxins from a Salmonella minnesota mutant deficient in O-polysaccharide and heptose. J Immunol. 1968 Jan;100(1):227–229. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Mergenhagen S. E., Snyderman R., Gewurz H., Shin H. S. Significance of complement to the mechanism of action of endotoxin. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1969;50:37–77. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-46169-9_2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Miler I., Tlaskalová H., Kostka J., Jílek M. Effect of endotoxin on the complement level in sera of precolostral newborn pigs. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1966;11(6):475–478. doi: 10.1007/BF02875862. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Morgan W. T. Studies in immuno-chemistry: The isolation and properties of a specific antigenic substance from B. dysenteriae (Shiga). Biochem J. 1937 Nov;31(11):2003–2021. doi: 10.1042/bj0312003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Morrison D. C., Betz S. J. Chemical and biological properties of a protein-rich fraction of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. II. The in vitro rat peritoneal mast cell response. J Immunol. 1977 Nov;119(5):1790–1795. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Morrison D. C., Betz S. J., Jacobs D. M. Isolation of a lipid A bound polypeptide responsible for "LPS-initiated" mitogenesis of C3H/HeJ spleen cells. J Exp Med. 1976 Sep 1;144(3):840–846. doi: 10.1084/jem.144.3.840. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Morrison D. C., Cochrane C. G. Direct evidence for Hageman factor (factor XII) activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins). J Exp Med. 1974 Sep 1;140(3):797–811. doi: 10.1084/jem.140.3.797. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Morrison D. C., Jacobs D. M. Binding of polymyxin B to the lipid A portion of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Immunochemistry. 1976 Oct;13(10):813–818. doi: 10.1016/0019-2791(76)90181-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Morrison D. C., Jacobs D. M. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-initiated activation of serum complement by polymyxin B. Infect Immun. 1976 Jan;13(1):298–301. doi: 10.1128/iai.13.1.298-301.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Morrison D. C., Kline L. F., Oades Z. G., Henson P. M. Mechanisms of lipopolysaccharide-initiated rabbit platelet responses: alternative complement pathway dependence of the lytic response. Infect Immun. 1978 Jun;20(3):744–751. doi: 10.1128/iai.20.3.744-751.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Morrison D. C., Leive L. Fractions of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O111:B4 prepared by two extraction procedures. J Biol Chem. 1975 Apr 25;250(8):2911–2919. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Mueller-Eckhardt C., Lüscher E. F. Immune reactions of human blood platelets. IV. Investigations on the problem of an immunologically induced effect of endotoxin on human platelets. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1968 Dec 31;20(3):336–344. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Müller-Berghaus G., Bohn E., Höbel W. Activation of intravascular coagulation by endotoxin: the significance of granulocytes and platelets. Br J Haematol. 1976 Jun;33(2):213–220. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1976.tb03532.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Müller-Berghaus G., Goldfinger D., Margaretten W., McKay D. G. Platelet factor 3 and the generalized Shwartzman reaction. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1967 Dec 31;18(3-4):726–735. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Müller-Berghaus G., Kramer W. Effect of platelet antiserum on the precipitation of soluble fibrin by endotoxin. Thromb Haemost. 1976 Feb 29;35(1):237–248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Müller-Berghaus G., Lohmann E. The role of complement in endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: studies in congenitally C6-deficient rabbits. Br J Haematol. 1974 Nov;28(3):403–418. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1974.tb00821.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. NETER E., GORZYNSKI E. A., WESTPHAL O., LUDERITZ O. The effects of antibiotics on enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins), hemagglutination and hemolysis. J Immunol. 1958 Jan;80(1):66–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. NETER E., WESTPHAL O., LUDERITZ O., GORZYNSKI E. A., EICHENBERGER E. Studies of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides; effects of heat and chemicals on erythrocyte-modifying, antigenic, toxic and pyrogenic properties. J Immunol. 1956 May;76(5):377–385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Nagayama M., Zucker M. B., Beller F. K. Effects of a variety of endotoxins on human and rabbit platelet function. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1971 Dec 31;26(3):467–473. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Niemetz J., Fani K. Role of leukocytes in blood coagulation and the generalized Shwartzman reaction. Nat New Biol. 1971 Aug 25;232(34):247–248. doi: 10.1038/newbio232247a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Niemetz J., Fani K. Thrombogenic activity of leukocytes. Blood. 1973 Jul;42(1):47–59. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Niemetz J., Morrison D. C. Lipid A as the biologically active moiety in bacterial endotoxin (LPS)-initiated generation of procoagulant activity by peripheral blood leukocytes. Blood. 1977 Jun;49(6):947–956. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Nies A. S., Forsyth R. P., Williams H. E., Melmon K. L. Contribution of kinins to endotoxin shock in unanesthetized Rhesus monkeys. Circ Res. 1968 Feb;22(2):155–164. doi: 10.1161/01.res.22.2.155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Nies A. S., Melmon K. L. Variation in endotoxin-induced kinin production and effect between the rabbit and rhesus monkey. Am J Physiol. 1973 Jul;225(1):230–233. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1973.225.1.230. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Niwa M., Milner K. C., Ribi E., Rudbach J. A. Alteration of physical, chemical, and biological properties of endotoxin by treatment with mild alkali. J Bacteriol. 1969 Mar;97(3):1069–1077. doi: 10.1128/jb.97.3.1069-1077.1969. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Nowotny A., Behling U. H., Chang H. L. Relation of structure to function in bacterial endotoxins. VIII. Biological activities in a polysaccharide-rich fraction. J Immunol. 1975 Jul;115(1):199–203. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Nowotny A. Molecular aspects of endotoxic reactions. Bacteriol Rev. 1969 Mar;33(1):72–98. doi: 10.1128/br.33.1.72-98.1969. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. PEARLMAN D. S., SAUERS J. B., TALMAGE D. W. THE EFFECT OF ADJUVANT AMOUNTS OF ENDOTOXINS ON THE SERUM HEMOLYTIC COMPLEMENT ACTIVITY IN RABBITS. J Immunol. 1963 Dec;91:748–756. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. PILLEMER L., SCHOENBERG M. D., BLUM L., WURZ L. Properdin system and immunity. II. Interaction of the properdin system with polysaccharides. Science. 1955 Sep 23;122(3169):545–549. doi: 10.1126/science.122.3169.545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Palmer J. D., Rifkind D. Neutralization of the hemodynamic effects of endotoxin by polymyxin B. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1974 May;138(5):755–759. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Park H. H., Good R. A. N.B.T. test stimulated. Lancet. 1970 Sep 19;2(7673):616–616. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(70)90207-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Pfueller S. L., Lüscher E. F. Studies of the mechanisms of the human platelet release reaction induced by immunologic stimuli. II. The effects of zymosan. J Immunol. 1974 Mar;112(3):1211–1218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Pingleton W. W., Coalson J. J., Guenter C. A. Significance of leukocytes in endotoxic shock. Exp Mol Pathol. 1975 Apr;22(2):183–194. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(75)90062-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Polák L., Turk J. L. Suppression of the haemorrhagic component of the Schwartzmann reaction by anti-complement serum. Nature. 1969 Aug 16;223(5207):738–739. doi: 10.1038/223738a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. REAM V. J., DEYKIN D., GUREWICH V., WESSLER S. THE AGGREGATION OF HUMAN PLATELETS BY BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN. J Lab Clin Med. 1965 Aug;66:245–252. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. RIBI E., HASKINS W. T., LANDY M., MILNER K. C. Symposium on bacterial endotoxins. I. Relationship of chemical composition to biological activity. Bacteriol Rev. 1961 Dec;25:427–436. doi: 10.1128/br.25.4.427-436.1961. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. RIBI E., MILNER K. C., PERRINE T. D. Endotoxic and antigenic fractions from the cell wall of Salmonella enteritidis; methods for separation and some biologic activities. J Immunol. 1959 Jan;82(1):75–84. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. RODRIGUEZ ERDMANN F. STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION. 3. TRIGGER MECHANISM FOR THE ACTIVATION OF THE PROTHROMBIN MOLECULE. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1964 Dec 31;12:470–483. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. RUBENSTEIN H. S., FINE J., COONS A. H. Localization of endotoxin in the walls of the peripheral vascular system during lethal endotoxemia. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1962 Nov;111:458–467. doi: 10.3181/00379727-111-27824. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Radcliffe R., Bagdasarian A., Colman R., Nemerson Y. Activation of bovine factor VII by hageman factor fragments. Blood. 1977 Oct;50(4):611–617. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Radvany R., Neale N. L., Nowotny A. Relation of structure to function in bacterial O-antigens. VI. Neutralization of endotoxic O-antigens by homologous O-antibody. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1966 Jun 30;133(2):763–786. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb52404.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Raij L., Keane W. F., Michael A. F. Unilateral Shwartzman reaction: cortical necrosis in one kidney following in vivo perfusion with endotoxin. Kidney Int. 1977 Aug;12(2):91–95. doi: 10.1038/ki.1977.85. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Reichgott M. J., Melmon K. L., Forsyth R. P., Greineder D. Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of whole or fractionated gram-negative bacterial endotoxin in the unanesthetized Rhesus monkey. Circ Res. 1973 Sep;33(3):346–352. doi: 10.1161/01.res.33.3.346. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Rickles F. R., Levin J., Hardin J. A., Barr C. F., Conrad M. E., Jr Tissue factor generation by human mononuclear cells: effects of endotoxin and dissociation of tissue factor generation from mitogenic response. J Lab Clin Med. 1977 Apr;89(4):792–803. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Rickles F. R., Rick P. D. Structural features of Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide required for activation of tissue factor in human mononuclear cells. J Clin Invest. 1977 Jun;59(6):1188–1195. doi: 10.1172/JCI108743. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Rietschel E. T., Gottert H., Lüderitz O., Westphal O. Nature and linkages of the fatty acids present in the lipid-A component of Salmonella lipopolysaccharides. Eur J Biochem. 1972 Jul 13;28(2):166–173. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01899.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Rifkind D., Hill R. B., Jr Neutralization of the Shwartzman reactions by polymyxins B. J Immunol. 1967 Sep;99(3):564–569. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Rifkind D., Palmer J. D. Neutralization of endotoxin toxicity in chick embryos by antibiotics. J Bacteriol. 1966 Oct;92(4):815–819. doi: 10.1128/jb.92.4.815-819.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Rifkind D. Studies on the interaction between endotoxin and polymyxin B. J Infect Dis. 1967 Dec;117(5):433–438. doi: 10.1093/infdis/117.5.433. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Rivers R. P., Hathaway W. E., Weston W. L. The endotoxin-induced coagulant activity of human monocytes. Br J Haematol. 1975 Jul;30(3):311–316. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1975.tb00547.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Robin M., Intrator L., André C., Lagrue G., Rapin M. Anomalies du complément et choc infectieux. Nouv Presse Med. 1974 Apr 6;3(14):883–884. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Robinson J. A., Klondnycky M. L., Loeb H. S., Racic M. R., Gunnar R. M. Endotoxin, prekallikrein, complement and systemic vascular resistance. Sequential measurements in man. Am J Med. 1975 Jul;59(1):61–67. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(75)90322-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Rodríguez-Erdmann F. Intravascular activation of the clotting system with phospholipids. Production of the generalized Shwartzman reaction with platelet factor 3. Blood. 1965 Nov;26(5):541–553. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Rudbach J. A., Anacker R. L., Haskins W. T., Milner K. C., Ribi E. Physical structure of a native protoplasmic polysaccharide from Escherichia coli. J Immunol. 1967 Jan;98(1):1–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Ruscetti F. W., Chervenick P. A. Release of colony-stimulating factor from monocytes by endotoxin and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. J Lab Clin Med. 1974 Jan;83(1):64–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Russell S. W., Doe W. F., McIntosh A. T. Functional characterization of a stable, noncytolytic stage of macrophage activation in tumors. J Exp Med. 1977 Dec 1;146(6):1511–1520. doi: 10.1084/jem.146.6.1511. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. SOULIER J. P., WARTELLE O., MENACHE D. Hageman trait and PTA deficiency; the role of contact of blood with glass. Br J Haematol. 1959 Jan;5(1):121–138. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1959.tb04017.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. SPINK W. W., DAVIS R. B., POTTER R., CHARTRAND S. THE INITIAL STAGE OF CANINE ENDOTOXIN SHOCK AS AN EXPRESSION OF ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK: STUDIES ON COMPLEMENT TITERS AND PLASMA HISTAMINE CONCENTRATIONS. J Clin Invest. 1964 Apr;43:696–704. doi: 10.1172/JCI104954. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. STETSON C. A., GOOD R. A. Studies on the mechanism of the Shwartzman-phenomenon; evidence for the participation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the phenomenon. J Exp Med. 1951 Jan;93(1):49–63. doi: 10.1084/jem.93.1.49. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. STETSON C. A., Jr Studies on the mechanism of the Shwartzman phenomenon; certain factors involved in the production of the local hemorrhagic necrosis. J Exp Med. 1951 May;93(5):489–504. doi: 10.1084/jem.93.5.489. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Sandusky C. B., Johnson A. R., Moran N. C. Effect of endotoxin and anaphylatoxin on rat mast cells and chopped rat lung. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1973 Jul;143(3):764–768. doi: 10.3181/00379727-143-37409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Schrader W. H., Woolfrey B. F., Brunning R. D. Studies with tritiated endotoxin. 3. The local Shwartzman reaction. Am J Pathol. 1964 Apr;44(4):597–611. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Sheagren J. N., Wolff S. M., Shulman N. R. Febrile and hematologic responses of rhesus monkeys to bacterial endotoxin. Am J Physiol. 1967 Apr;212(4):884–890. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.4.884. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Shen S. M., Rapaport S. I., Feinstein D. I. Intravascular clotting after endotoxin in rabbits with impaired intrinsic clotting produced by a factor VIII antibody. Blood. 1973 Oct;42(4):523–534. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Siraganian R. P. Platelet requirement in the interaction of the complement and clotting systems. Nat New Biol. 1972 Oct 18;239(94):208–210. doi: 10.1038/newbio239208a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Skidmore B. J., Morrison D. C., Chiller J. M., Weigle W. O. Immunologic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). II. The unresponsiveness of C3H/HeJ Mouse spleen cells to LPS-induced mitogenesis is dependent on the method used to extract LPS. J Exp Med. 1975 Dec 1;142(6):1488–1508. doi: 10.1084/jem.142.6.1488. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Skjorten F., Evensen S. A. Induction of disseminated intravascular coagulation in the factor XII-deficient fowl. Morphological effects of liquoid, bacterial endotoxin and tissue thromboplastin in the normal and anticoagulated fowl. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1973 Sep 15;30(1):25–35. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Snyderman R., Gewurz H., Mergenhagen S. E. Interactions of the complement system with endotoxic lipopolysaccharide. Generation of a factor chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Exp Med. 1968 Aug 1;128(2):259–275. doi: 10.1084/jem.128.2.259. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Snyderman R., Pike M. C. Interaction of complex polysaccharides with the complement system: effect of calcium depletion on terminal component consumption. Infect Immun. 1975 Feb;11(2):273–279. doi: 10.1128/iai.11.2.273-279.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Snyderman R., Shin H. S., Phillips J. K., Gewurz H., Mergenhagen S. E. A neutrophil chemotatic factor derived from C'5 upon interaction of guinea pig serum with endotoxin. J Immunol. 1969 Sep;103(3):413–422. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Spielvogel A. R. An ultrastructural study of the mechanisms of platelet-endotoxin interaction. J Exp Med. 1967 Aug 1;126(2):235–250. doi: 10.1084/jem.126.2.235. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Springer G. F., Adye J. C. Endotoxin-binding substances from human leukocytes and platelets. Infect Immun. 1975 Nov;12(5):978–986. doi: 10.1128/iai.12.5.978-986.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  210. Sultzer B. M., Goodman G. W. Endotoxin protein: a B-cell mitogen and polyclonal activator of C3H/HeJ lymphocytes. J Exp Med. 1976 Sep 1;144(3):821–827. doi: 10.1084/jem.144.3.821. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. TAL C., GOEBEL W. F. On the nature of the toxic component of the somatic antigen of Shigella paradysenteriae type Z (Flexner). J Exp Med. 1950 Jul 1;92(1):25–34. doi: 10.1084/jem.92.1.25. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. TANAKA N., NISHIMURA T., YOSHIYUKI T. Histochemical studies on the cellular distribution of endotoxin of Salmonella enteritidis in mouse tissues. Jpn J Microbiol. 1959 Apr;3:191–201. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1959.tb00115.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  213. THOMAS L., GOOD R. A. Studies on the generalized Shwartzman reaction: I. General observations concerning the phenomenon. J Exp Med. 1952 Dec;96(6):605–624. doi: 10.1084/jem.96.6.605. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  214. Tenney S. R., Rafter G. W. Leukocyte adenosine triphosphatases and the effect of endotoxin on their activity. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1968 Jul;126(1):53–58. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90558-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Thorne K. J., Oliver R. C., MacIntyre D. E., Gordon J. L. Endotoxin-induced platelet aggregation and secretion. II. Changes in plasma membrane proteins. J Cell Sci. 1977 Dec;28:225–236. doi: 10.1242/jcs.28.1.225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Tripodi D., Nowotny A. Relation of structure to function in bacterial O-antigens. V. Nature of active sites in endotoxic lipopolysaccharides of Serratia marcescens. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1966 Jun 30;133(2):604–621. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1966.tb52392.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Ulevitch R. J., Cochrane C. G., Bangs K., Herman C. M., Fletcher J. R., Rice C. L. The effect of complement depletion on bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hemodynamic and hematologic changes in the Rhesus monkey. Am J Pathol. 1978 Jul;92(1):227–240. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. Ulevitch R. J., Cochrane C. G., Henson P. M., Morrison D. C., Doe W. F. Mediation systems in bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced hypotension and disseminated intravascular coagulation. I. The role of complement. J Exp Med. 1975 Dec 1;142(6):1570–1590. doi: 10.1084/jem.142.6.1570. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Ulevitch R. J., Cochrane C. G. Role of complement in lethal bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced hypotensive and coagulative changes. Infect Immun. 1978 Jan;19(1):204–211. doi: 10.1128/iai.19.1.204-211.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  220. Unanue E. R. Secretory function of mononuclear phagocytes: a review. Am J Pathol. 1976 May;83(2):396–418. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Urbaschek B. Zur Pathophysiologie der intialen Wirkung bakterieller Endotoxine. Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig. 1970;212(2):537–544. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. Vermylen J., Fumarola D., Semeraro N. Proceedings: The effect of endotoxins on generation of thrombin in the platelet atmosphere. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1975 Sep 30;34(1):315–315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. WEIL M. H., SPINK W. W. A comparison of shock due to endotoxin with anaphylactic shock. J Lab Clin Med. 1957 Oct;50(4):501–515. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. WESTPHAL O., NOWOTNY A., LUDERITZ O., HURNI H., EICHENBERGER E., SCHONHOLZER G. Die Bedeutung der Lipoid-Komponente (Lipoid A) für die biologischen Wirkungen bakterieller Endotoxine (Lipopolysaccharide). Pharm Acta Helv. 1958 Aug-Oct;33(8-10):401–411. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  225. WOLFF S. M., RUBENSTEIN M., MULHOLLAND J. H., ALLING D. W. COMPARISON OF HEMATOLOGIC AND FEBRILE RESPONSE TO ENDOTOXIN IN MAN. Blood. 1965 Aug;26:190–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. WOOD W. B., Jr Studies on the cause of fever. N Engl J Med. 1958 May 22;258(21):1023–1031. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195805222582101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. Wahl L. M., Olsen C. E., Sandberg A. L., Mergenhagen S. E. Prostaglandin regulation of macrophage collagenase production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Nov;74(11):4955–4958. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.11.4955. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  228. Wahl L. M., Wahl S. M., Mergenhagen S. E., Martin G. R. Collagenase production by endotoxin-activated macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1974 Sep;71(9):3598–3601. doi: 10.1073/pnas.71.9.3598. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Watson J., Riblet R. Genetic control of responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharides in mice. I. Evidence for a single gene that influences mitogenic and immunogenic respones to lipopolysaccharides. J Exp Med. 1974 Nov 1;140(5):1147–1161. doi: 10.1084/jem.140.5.1147. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Westphal O. Bacterial endotoxins. The second Carl Prausnitz Memorial Lecture. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1975;49(1-2):1–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  231. Wiener E., Levanon D. The in vitro interaction between bacterial lipopolysaccharide and differentiating monocytes. Lab Invest. 1968 Dec;19(6):584–590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Wober W., Alaupović P. Studies on the protein moiety of endotoxin from gram-negative bacteria. Characterization of the protein moiety isolated by acetic acid hydrolysis of endotoxin from Serratia marcescens 08. Eur J Biochem. 1971 Apr;19(3):357–367. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01324.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Wober W., Alaupović P. Studies on the protein moiety of endotoxin from gram-negative bacteria. Characterization of the protein moiety isolated by phenol treatment of endotoxin from Serratia marcescens 08 and Escherichia coli 0 141:K85(B). Eur J Biochem. 1971 Apr;19(3):340–356. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01323.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Wu M. C., Heath E. C. Isolation and characterization of lipopolysaccharide protein from Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 Sep;70(9):2572–2576. doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.9.2572. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The American Journal of Pathology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Investigative Pathology

RESOURCES