Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Journal of Cell Biology logoLink to The Journal of Cell Biology
. 1980 Apr 1;85(1):96–107. doi: 10.1083/jcb.85.1.96

Cell cycle phase expansion in nitrogen-limited cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

PMCID: PMC2110600  PMID: 6988443

Abstract

The time and coordination of cell cycle events were examined in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Whole-cell autoradiographic techniques and time-lapse photography were used to measure the duration of the S, G1, and G2 phases, and the cell cycle positions of "start" and bud emergence, in cells whose growth rates were determined by the source of nitrogen. It was observed that the G1, S, and G2 phases underwent a proportional expansion with increasing cell cycle length, with the S phase occupying the middle half of the cell cycle. In each growth condition, start appeared to correspond to the G1 phase/S phase boundary. Bud emergence did not occur until mid S phase. These results show that the rate of transit through all phases of the cell cycle can vary considerably when cell cycle length changes. When cells growing at different rates were arrested in G1, the following synchronous S phase were of the duration expected from the length of S in each asynchronous population. Cells transferred from a poor nitrogen source to a good one after arrest in G1 went through the subsequent S phase at a rate characteristic of the better medium, indicating that cells are not committed in G1 to an S phase of a particular duration.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (871.8 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Barford J. P., Hall R. J. Estimation of the length of cell cycle phases from asynchronous cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exp Cell Res. 1976 Oct 15;102(2):276–284. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(76)90043-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Beck C., von Meyenburg H. K. Enzyme pattern and aerobic growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under various degrees of glucose limitation. J Bacteriol. 1968 Aug;96(2):479–486. doi: 10.1128/jb.96.2.479-486.1968. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Caro L. G. Chromosome replication in Escherichia coli. 3. Segregation of chromosomal strands in multi-forked replication. J Mol Biol. 1970 Mar 14;48(2):329–338. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90164-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Carter B. L., Jagadish M. N. Control of cell division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured at different growth rates. Exp Cell Res. 1978 Mar 15;112(2):373–383. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90220-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Carter B. L., Jagadish M. N. The relationship between cell size and cell division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exp Cell Res. 1978 Mar 1;112(1):15–24. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90520-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Hartwell L. H. Cell division from a genetic perspective. J Cell Biol. 1978 Jun;77(3):627–637. doi: 10.1083/jcb.77.3.627. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Hartwell L. H., Culotti J., Pringle J. R., Reid B. J. Genetic control of the cell division cycle in yeast. Science. 1974 Jan 11;183(4120):46–51. doi: 10.1126/science.183.4120.46. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Hartwell L. H. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. Bacteriol Rev. 1974 Jun;38(2):164–198. doi: 10.1128/br.38.2.164-198.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Hartwell L. H. Three additional genes required for deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol. 1973 Sep;115(3):966–974. doi: 10.1128/jb.115.3.966-974.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Hereford L. M., Hartwell L. H. Sequential gene function in the initiation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA synthesis. J Mol Biol. 1974 Apr 15;84(3):445–461. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90451-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Jagadish M. N., Carter B. L. Genetic control of cell division in yeast cultured at different growth rates. Nature. 1977 Sep 8;269(5624):145–147. doi: 10.1038/269145a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Johnston G. C., Pringle J. R., Hartwell L. H. Coordination of growth with cell division in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Exp Cell Res. 1977 Mar 1;105(1):79–98. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(77)90154-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. PUCK T. T., STEFFEN J. LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF MAMMALIAN CELLS. I. A METHOD FOR LOCALIZING METABOLIC EVENTS WITHIN THE LIFE CYCLE, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE ACTION OF COLCEMIDE AND SUBLETHAL DOSES OF X-IRRADIATION. Biophys J. 1963 Sep;3:379–397. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3495(63)86828-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Reid B. J., Hartwell L. H. Regulation of mating in the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol. 1977 Nov;75(2 Pt 1):355–365. doi: 10.1083/jcb.75.2.355. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Rivin C. J., Fangman W. L. Replication fork rate and origin activation during the S phase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol. 1980 Apr;85(1):108–115. doi: 10.1083/jcb.85.1.108. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Shulman R. W., Hartwell L. H., Warner J. R. Synthesis of ribosomal proteins during the yeast cell cycle. J Mol Biol. 1973 Feb 5;73(4):513–525. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90097-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Slater M. L. Rapid nuclear staining method for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol. 1976 Jun;126(3):1339–1341. doi: 10.1128/jb.126.3.1339-1341.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Slater M. L., Sharrow S. O., Gart J. J. Cell cycle of Saccharomycescerevisiae in populations growing at different rates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Sep;74(9):3850–3854. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.9.3850. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Sumrada R., Cooper T. Basic amino acid inhibition of growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1976 Jan 26;68(2):598–602. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(76)91187-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Williamson D. H., Moustacchi E. The synthesis of mitochondrial DNA during the cell cycle in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1971 Jan 22;42(2):195–201. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90087-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Williamson D. H. The timing of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol. 1965 Jun;25(3):517–528. doi: 10.1083/jcb.25.3.517. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Zakian V. A., Brewer B. J., Fangman W. L. Replication of each copy of the yeast 2 micron DNA plasmid occurs during the S phase. Cell. 1979 Aug;17(4):923–934. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90332-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Journal of Cell Biology are provided here courtesy of The Rockefeller University Press

RESOURCES