Skip to main content
Anesthesia Progress logoLink to Anesthesia Progress
. 1991 Jul-Oct;38(4-5):154–171.

Adult sedation: oral, rectal, IM, IV.

J A Giovannitti 1, L D Trapp 1
PMCID: PMC2190303  PMID: 1819968

Full text

PDF
155

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Agurell S., Berlin A., Ferngren H., Hellström B. Plasma levels of diazepam after parenteral and rectal administration in children. Epilepsia. 1975 Jun;16(2):277–283. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1975.tb06058.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Arendt R. M., Greenblatt D. J., deJong R. H., Bonin J. D., Abernethy D. R., Ehrenberg B. L., Giles H. G., Sellers E. M., Shader R. I. In vitro correlates of benzodiazepine cerebrospinal fluid uptake, pharmacodynamic action and peripheral distribution. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1983 Oct;227(1):98–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Björkman S., Gabrielsson J., Quaynor H., Corbey M. Pharmacokinetics of i.v. and rectal methohexitone in children. Br J Anaesth. 1987 Dec;59(12):1541–1547. doi: 10.1093/bja/59.12.1541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. CACCHILLO A. F., HASSLER W. H. The influence of suppository bases upon the rectal absorption of acetylsalicylic acid. J Am Pharm Assoc Am Pharm Assoc. 1954 Nov;43(11):683–685. doi: 10.1002/jps.3030431117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Caldwell C. B., Gross J. B. Physostigmine reversal of midazolam-induced sedation. Anesthesiology. 1982 Aug;57(2):125–127. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198208000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Ceravolo F. J., Meyers H. E., Michael J. J., Bennett C. R. Full dentition periodontal surgery using intravenous conscious-sedation. A report of 10,000 cases. J Periodontol. 1986 Jun;57(6):383–384. doi: 10.1902/jop.1986.57.6.383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Chang K. J., Cuatrecasas P. Heterogeneity and properties of opiate receptors. Fed Proc. 1981 Nov;40(13):2729–2734. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. De Boer A. G., De Leede L. G., Breimer D. D. Drug absorption by sublingual and rectal routes. Br J Anaesth. 1984 Jan;56(1):69–82. doi: 10.1093/bja/56.1.69. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Dionne R. A., Goldstein D. S., Wirdzek P. R. Effects of diazepam premedication and epinephrine-containing local anesthetic on cardiovascular and plasma catecholamine responses to oral surgery. Anesth Analg. 1984 Jul;63(7):640–646. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Dionne R. A. Pharmacologic consideration in the training of dentists in anesthesia and sedation. J Dent Educ. 1989 May-Jun;53(5-6):297–299. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Evans E. F., Proctor J. D., Fratkin M. J., Velandia J., Wasserman A. J. Blood flow in muscle groups and drug absorption. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1975 Jan;17(1):44–47. doi: 10.1002/cpt197517144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Forster A., Gardaz J. P., Suter P. M., Gemperle M. Respiratory depression by midazolam and diazepam. Anesthesiology. 1980 Dec;53(6):494–497. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198012000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gerecke M. Chemical structure and properties of midazolam compared with other benzodiazepines. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1983;16 (Suppl 1):11S–16S. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb02266.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Greenblatt D. J., Koch-Weser J. Intramuscular injection of drugs. N Engl J Med. 1976 Sep 2;295(10):542–546. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197609022951006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Greenblatt D. J., Shader R. I., Koch-Weser J. Serum creatine phosphokinase concentrations after intramuscular chlordiazepoxide and its solvent. J Clin Pharmacol. 1976 Feb-Mar;16(2-3):118–121. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1976.tb02392.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Gross J. B., Zebrowski M. E., Carel W. D., Gardner S., Smith T. C. Time course of ventilatory depression after thiopental and midazolam in normal subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Anesthesiology. 1983 Jun;58(6):540–544. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198306000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Knudsen F. U. Plasma-diazepam in infants after rectal administration in solution and by suppository. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1977 Sep;66(5):563–567. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1977.tb07947.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Korttila K., Linnoila M. Absorption and sedative effects of diazepam after oral administration and intramuscular administration into the vastus lateralis muscle and the deltoid muscle. Br J Anaesth. 1975 Aug;47(8):857–862. doi: 10.1093/bja/47.8.857. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Lundgren S., Rosenquist J. B. Comparison of sedation, amnesia, and patient comfort produced by intravenous and rectal diazepam. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1984 Oct;42(10):646–650. doi: 10.1016/0278-2391(84)90206-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Lundgren S. Serum concentration and drug effect after intravenous and rectal administration of diazepam. Anesth Prog. 1987 Jul-Aug;34(4):128–133. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Ochs M. W., Tucker M. R., White R. P., Jr, Anderson J. A. Recovery following sedation with midazolam or diazepam alone or in combination with fentanyl for outpatient surgery. Anesth Prog. 1986 Sep-Oct;33(5):230–234. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Popio K. A., Jackson D. H., Ross A. M., Schreiner B. F., Yu P. N. Hemodynamic and respiratory effects of morphine and butorphanol. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978 Mar;23(3):281–287. doi: 10.1002/cpt1978233281. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Power S. J., Morgan M., Chakrabarti M. K. Carbon dioxide response curves following midazolam and diazepam. Br J Anaesth. 1983 Sep;55(9):837–841. doi: 10.1093/bja/55.9.837. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Quaynor H., Corbey M., Björkman S. Rectal induction of anaesthesia in children with methohexitone. Patient acceptability and clinical pharmacokinetics. Br J Anaesth. 1985 Jun;57(6):573–577. doi: 10.1093/bja/57.6.573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Ravnborg M., Hasselstrøm L., Ostergård D. Premedication with oral and rectal diazepam. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1986 Feb;30(2):132–138. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1986.tb02383.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Richter J. J. Current theories about the mechanisms of benzodiazepines and neuroleptic drugs. Anesthesiology. 1981 Jan;54(1):66–72. doi: 10.1097/00000542-198101000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Rodrigo M. R., Cheung L. K. Oral midazolam sedation in third molar surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987 Jun;16(3):333–337. doi: 10.1016/s0901-5027(87)80155-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Romagnoli Alexander, Keats Arthur S. COMPARATIVE HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF NALBUPHINE AND MORPHINE IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE. Cardiovasc Dis. 1978 Mar;5(1):19–24. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. SAMELIUS U., ASTROM A. The absorption of an n-methylated barbiturate and acetyl salicylic acid from different suppository masses. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) 1958;14(3):240–250. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1958.tb01162.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Sidell F. R., Culver D. L., Kaminskis A. Serum creatine phosphokinase activity after intramuscular injection. The effect of dose, concentration, and volume. JAMA. 1974 Sep 30;229(14):1894–1897. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Smith M. T., Heazlewood V., Eadie M. J., Brophy T. O., Tyrer J. H. Pharmacokinetics of midazolam in the aged. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1984;26(3):381–388. doi: 10.1007/BF00548771. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Study R. E., Barker J. L. Cellular mechanisms of benzodiazepine action. JAMA. 1982 Apr 16;247(15):2147–2151. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Vercauteren M., Boeckx E., Hanegreefs G., Noorduin H., Vanden Bussche G. Intranasal sufentanil for pre-operative sedation. Anaesthesia. 1988 Apr;43(4):270–273. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1988.tb08970.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. ZELMAN S. Notes on techniques of intramuscular injection. The avoidance of needless pain and morbidity. Am J Med Sci. 1961 May;241:563–574. doi: 10.1097/00000441-196105000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. de Boer A. G., Moolenaar F., de Leede L. G., Breimer D. D. Rectal drug administration: clinical pharmacokinetic considerations. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1982 Jul-Aug;7(4):285–311. doi: 10.2165/00003088-198207040-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. de Jong R. H., Bonin J. D. Benzodiazepines protect mice from local anesthetic convulsions and deaths. Anesth Analg. 1981 Jun;60(6):385–389. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Anesthesia Progress are provided here courtesy of American Dental Society of Anesthesiology

RESOURCES