Skip to main content
Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association logoLink to Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
. 2000;111:271–293.

Myofibroblasts: paracrine cells important in health and disease.

D W Powell 1
PMCID: PMC2194356  PMID: 10881346

Full text

PDF
274

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bajaj-Elliott M., Poulsom R., Pender S. L., Wathen N. C., MacDonald T. T. Interactions between stromal cell--derived keratinocyte growth factor and epithelial transforming growth factor in immune-mediated crypt cell hyperplasia. J Clin Invest. 1998 Oct 15;102(8):1473–1480. doi: 10.1172/JCI2792. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baker D. G., Dayer J. M., Roelke M., Schumacher H. R., Krane S. M. Rheumatoid synovial cell morphologic changes induced by a mononuclear cell factor in culture. Arthritis Rheum. 1983 Jan;26(1):8–14. doi: 10.1002/art.1780260102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Barnes C. J., Lee M. Chemoprevention of spontaneous intestinal adenomas in the adenomatous polyposis coli Min mouse model with aspirin. Gastroenterology. 1998 May;114(5):873–877. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70305-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bauer I., Wanner G. A., Rensing H., Alte C., Miescher E. A., Wolf B., Pannen B. H., Clemens M. G., Bauer M. Expression pattern of heme oxygenase isoenzymes 1 and 2 in normal and stress-exposed rat liver. Hepatology. 1998 Mar;27(3):829–838. doi: 10.1002/hep.510270327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Beecher K. L., Andersen T. T., Fenton J. W., 2nd, Festoff B. W. Thrombin receptor peptides induce shape change in neonatal murine astrocytes in culture. J Neurosci Res. 1994 Jan;37(1):108–115. doi: 10.1002/jnr.490370115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Benyon R. C., Iredale J. P., Goddard S., Winwood P. J., Arthur M. J. Expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 and 2 is increased in fibrotic human liver. Gastroenterology. 1996 Mar;110(3):821–831. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8608892. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Birchmeier C., Birchmeier W. Molecular aspects of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 1993;9:511–540. doi: 10.1146/annurev.cb.09.110193.002455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Blikslager A. T., Roberts M. C., Rhoads J. M., Argenzio R. A. Prostaglandins I2 and E2 have a synergistic role in rescuing epithelial barrier function in porcine ileum. J Clin Invest. 1997 Oct 15;100(8):1928–1933. doi: 10.1172/JCI119723. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Border W. A., Noble N. A. Transforming growth factor beta in tissue fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 10;331(19):1286–1292. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199411103311907. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Boström H., Willetts K., Pekny M., Levéen P., Lindahl P., Hedstrand H., Pekna M., Hellström M., Gebre-Medhin S., Schalling M. PDGF-A signaling is a critical event in lung alveolar myofibroblast development and alveogenesis. Cell. 1996 Jun 14;85(6):863–873. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81270-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bouziges F., Simo P., Simon-Assmann P., Haffen K., Kedinger M. Altered deposition of basement-membrane molecules in co-cultures of colonic cancer cells and fibroblasts. Int J Cancer. 1991 Apr 22;48(1):101–108. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910480119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bradbury J. A two-pronged approach to the clinical use of HGF. Lancet. 1998 Jan 24;351(9098):272–272. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78259-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Brown P. D. Matrix metalloproteinases in gastrointestinal cancer. Gut. 1998 Aug;43(2):161–163. doi: 10.1136/gut.43.2.161. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Buniatian G., Hamprecht B., Gebhardt R. Glial fibrillary acidic protein as a marker of perisinusoidal stellate cells that can distinguish between the normal and myofibroblast-like phenotypes. Biol Cell. 1996;87(1-2):65–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Burns A. R., Simon S. I., Kukielka G. L., Rowen J. L., Lu H., Mendoza L. H., Brown E. S., Entman M. L., Smith C. W. Chemotactic factors stimulate CD18-dependent canine neutrophil adherence and motility on lung fibroblasts. J Immunol. 1996 May 1;156(9):3389–3401. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Chan T. A., Morin P. J., Vogelstein B., Kinzler K. W. Mechanisms underlying nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-mediated apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Jan 20;95(2):681–686. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.2.681. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Chedid M., Rubin J. S., Csaky K. G., Aaronson S. A. Regulation of keratinocyte growth factor gene expression by interleukin 1. J Biol Chem. 1994 Apr 8;269(14):10753–10757. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Christopherson K. S., Bredt D. S. Nitric oxide in excitable tissues: physiological roles and disease. J Clin Invest. 1997 Nov 15;100(10):2424–2429. doi: 10.1172/JCI119783. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Clouthier D. E., Comerford S. A., Hammer R. E. Hepatic fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis, and a lipodystrophy-like syndrome in PEPCK-TGF-beta1 transgenic mice. J Clin Invest. 1997 Dec 1;100(11):2697–2713. doi: 10.1172/JCI119815. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Cohn S. M., Schloemann S., Tessner T., Seibert K., Stenson W. F. Crypt stem cell survival in the mouse intestinal epithelium is regulated by prostaglandins synthesized through cyclooxygenase-1. J Clin Invest. 1997 Mar 15;99(6):1367–1379. doi: 10.1172/JCI119296. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Crowston J. G., Salmon M., Khaw P. T., Akbar A. N. T-lymphocyte-fibroblast interactions. Biochem Soc Trans. 1997 May;25(2):529–531. doi: 10.1042/bst0250529. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Darby I., Skalli O., Gabbiani G. Alpha-smooth muscle actin is transiently expressed by myofibroblasts during experimental wound healing. Lab Invest. 1990 Jul;63(1):21–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Desaki J., Fujiwara T., Komuro T. A cellular reticulum of fibroblast-like cells in the rat intestine: scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Arch Histol Jpn. 1984 Jun;47(2):179–186. doi: 10.1679/aohc.47.179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Desmoulière A., Rubbia-Brandt L., Abdiu A., Walz T., Macieira-Coelho A., Gabbiani G. Alpha-smooth muscle actin is expressed in a subpopulation of cultured and cloned fibroblasts and is modulated by gamma-interferon. Exp Cell Res. 1992 Jul;201(1):64–73. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90348-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Dignass A. U., Podolsky D. K. Cytokine modulation of intestinal epithelial cell restitution: central role of transforming growth factor beta. Gastroenterology. 1993 Nov;105(5):1323–1332. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(93)90136-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Dignass A. U., Stow J. L., Babyatsky M. W. Acute epithelial injury in the rat small intestine in vivo is associated with expanded expression of transforming growth factor alpha and beta. Gut. 1996 May;38(5):687–693. doi: 10.1136/gut.38.5.687. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Dignass A. U., Tsunekawa S., Podolsky D. K. Fibroblast growth factors modulate intestinal epithelial cell growth and migration. Gastroenterology. 1994 May;106(5):1254–1262. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90017-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Dimanche-Boitrel M. T., Vakaet L., Jr, Pujuguet P., Chauffert B., Martin M. S., Hammann A., Van Roy F., Mareel M., Martin F. In vivo and in vitro invasiveness of a rat colon-cancer cell line maintaining E-cadherin expression: an enhancing role of tumor-associated myofibroblasts. Int J Cancer. 1994 Feb 15;56(4):512–521. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910560410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Eberhart C. E., Coffey R. J., Radhika A., Giardiello F. M., Ferrenbach S., DuBois R. N. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology. 1994 Oct;107(4):1183–1188. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90246-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Eyden B. P. Brief review of the fibronexus and its significance for myofibroblastic differentiation and tumor diagnosis. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1993 Nov-Dec;17(6):611–622. doi: 10.3109/01913129309027797. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Fabra A., Nakajima M., Bucana C. D., Fidler I. J. Modulation of the invasive phenotype of human colon carcinoma cells by organ specific fibroblasts of nude mice. Differentiation. 1992 Dec;52(1):101–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1992.tb00504.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Finch P. W., Pricolo V., Wu A., Finkelstein S. D. Increased expression of keratinocyte growth factor messenger RNA associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 1996 Feb;110(2):441–451. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8566591. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Fiocchi C. Intestinal inflammation: a complex interplay of immune and nonimmune cell interactions. Am J Physiol. 1997 Oct;273(4 Pt 1):G769–G775. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.4.G769. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Friedman S. L. Closing in on the signals of hepatic fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 1997 Apr;112(4):1406–1409. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)70158-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Friedman S. L. Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. The cellular basis of hepatic fibrosis. Mechanisms and treatment strategies. N Engl J Med. 1993 Jun 24;328(25):1828–1835. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199306243282508. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Fries K. M., Blieden T., Looney R. J., Sempowski G. D., Silvera M. R., Willis R. A., Phipps R. P. Evidence of fibroblast heterogeneity and the role of fibroblast subpopulations in fibrosis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1994 Sep;72(3):283–292. doi: 10.1006/clin.1994.1144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Fritsch C., Simon-Assmann P., Kedinger M., Evans G. S. Cytokines modulate fibroblast phenotype and epithelial-stroma interactions in rat intestine. Gastroenterology. 1997 Mar;112(3):826–838. doi: 10.1053/gast.1997.v112.pm9041244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Fuchs E., Cleveland D. W. A structural scaffolding of intermediate filaments in health and disease. Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):514–519. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5350.514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Furuya S., Nagata R., Ozaki Y., Furuya K., Nakayama T., Nagahama M. A monoclonal antibody to astrocytes, subepithelial fibroblasts of small intestinal villi and interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus layer. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1997 Feb;195(2):113–126. doi: 10.1007/s004290050030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Förstermann U., Boissel J. P., Kleinert H. Expressional control of the 'constitutive' isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS I and NOS III). FASEB J. 1998 Jul;12(10):773–790. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Gabbiani G., Ryan G. B., Majne G. Presence of modified fibroblasts in granulation tissue and their possible role in wound contraction. Experientia. 1971 May 15;27(5):549–550. doi: 10.1007/BF02147594. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Gabbiani G. The cellular derivation and the life span of the myofibroblast. Pathol Res Pract. 1996 Jul;192(7):708–711. doi: 10.1016/S0344-0338(96)80092-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Giardiello F. M., Hamilton S. R., Krush A. J., Piantadosi S., Hylind L. M., Celano P., Booker S. V., Robinson C. R., Offerhaus G. J. Treatment of colonic and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med. 1993 May 6;328(18):1313–1316. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199305063281805. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Giovannucci E., Egan K. M., Hunter D. J., Stampfer M. J., Colditz G. A., Willett W. C., Speizer F. E. Aspirin and the risk of colorectal cancer in women. N Engl J Med. 1995 Sep 7;333(10):609–614. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199509073331001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Giovannucci E., Rimm E. B., Stampfer M. J., Colditz G. A., Ascherio A., Willett W. C. Aspirin use and the risk for colorectal cancer and adenoma in male health professionals. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Aug 15;121(4):241–246. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-121-4-199408150-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Gressner A. M. Transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells) to myofibroblasts: a key event in hepatic fibrogenesis. Kidney Int Suppl. 1996 May;54:S39–S45. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Grotendorst G. R. Connective tissue growth factor: a mediator of TGF-beta action on fibroblasts. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 1997 Sep;8(3):171–179. doi: 10.1016/s1359-6101(97)00010-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Guido M., Rugge M., Chemello L., Leandro G., Fattovich G., Giustina G., Cassaro M., Alberti A. Liver stellate cells in chronic viral hepatitis: the effect of interferon therapy. J Hepatol. 1996 Mar;24(3):301–307. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(96)80008-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Göke M., Kanai M., Podolsky D. K. Intestinal fibroblasts regulate intestinal epithelial cell proliferation via hepatocyte growth factor. Am J Physiol. 1998 May;274(5 Pt 1):G809–G818. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.5.G809. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Hall A. Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):509–514. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5350.509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Hinterleitner T. A., Saada J. I., Berschneider H. M., Powell D. W., Valentich J. D. IL-1 stimulates intestinal myofibroblast COX gene expression and augments activation of Cl- secretion in T84 cells. Am J Physiol. 1996 Oct;271(4 Pt 1):C1262–C1268. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1996.271.4.C1262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Hirota S., Isozaki K., Moriyama Y., Hashimoto K., Nishida T., Ishiguro S., Kawano K., Hanada M., Kurata A., Takeda M. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):577–580. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5350.577. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Hogaboam C. M., Smith R. E., Kunkel S. L. Dynamic interactions between lung fibroblasts and leukocytes: implications for fibrotic lung disease. Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 1998 Jul-Aug;110(4):313–320. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Huizinga J. D., Thuneberg L., Klüppel M., Malysz J., Mikkelsen H. B., Bernstein A. W/kit gene required for interstitial cells of Cajal and for intestinal pacemaker activity. Nature. 1995 Jan 26;373(6512):347–349. doi: 10.1038/373347a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Isaji M., Momose Y., Tatsuzawa Y., Naito J. Modulation of morphology, proliferation and collagen synthesis in fibroblasts by the exudate from hypersensitive granulomatous inflammation in rats. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1994 Aug;104(4):340–347. doi: 10.1159/000236689. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Iwasaki H., Isayama T., Ichiki T., Kikuchi M. Intermediate filaments of myofibroblasts. Immunochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. Pathol Res Pract. 1987 Apr;182(2):248–254. doi: 10.1016/S0344-0338(87)80113-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Jacoby R. F., Schlack S., Cole C. E., Skarbek M., Harris C., Meisner L. F. A juvenile polyposis tumor suppressor locus at 10q22 is deleted from nonepithelial cells in the lamina propria. Gastroenterology. 1997 Apr;112(4):1398–1403. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)70156-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Jain M. K., Layne M. D., Watanabe M., Chin M. T., Feinberg M. W., Sibinga N. E., Hsieh C. M., Yet S. F., Stemple D. L., Lee M. E. In vitro system for differentiating pluripotent neural crest cells into smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 1998 Mar 13;273(11):5993–5996. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.11.5993. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Jarnagin W. R., Rockey D. C., Koteliansky V. E., Wang S. S., Bissell D. M. Expression of variant fibronectins in wound healing: cellular source and biological activity of the EIIIA segment in rat hepatic fibrogenesis. J Cell Biol. 1994 Dec;127(6 Pt 2):2037–2048. doi: 10.1083/jcb.127.6.2037. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Jobson T. M., Billington C. K., Hall I. P. Regulation of proliferation of human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts by mediators important in intestinal inflammation. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jun 15;101(12):2650–2657. doi: 10.1172/JCI1876. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Joyce N. C., Haire M. F., Palade G. E. Morphologic and biochemical evidence for a contractile cell network within the rat intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology. 1987 Jan;92(1):68–81. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90841-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Kargman S. L., O'Neill G. P., Vickers P. J., Evans J. F., Mancini J. A., Jothy S. Expression of prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 and -2 protein in human colon cancer. Cancer Res. 1995 Jun 15;55(12):2556–2559. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Kaye G. I., Pascal R. R., Lane N. The colonic pericryptal fibroblast sheath: replication, migration, and cytodifferentiation of a mesenchymal cell system in adult tissue. 3. Replication and differentiation in human hyperplastic and adenomatous polyps. Gastroenterology. 1971 Apr;60(4):515–536. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Kinzler K. W., Vogelstein B. Landscaping the cancer terrain. Science. 1998 May 15;280(5366):1036–1037. doi: 10.1126/science.280.5366.1036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Knittel T., Aurisch S., Neubauer K., Eichhorst S., Ramadori G. Cell-type-specific expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) in Ito cells of rat liver. Up-regulation during in vitro activation and in hepatic tissue repair. Am J Pathol. 1996 Aug;149(2):449–462. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Kohnen G., Kertschanska S., Demir R., Kaufmann P. Placental villous stroma as a model system for myofibroblast differentiation. Histochem Cell Biol. 1996 Jun;105(6):415–429. doi: 10.1007/BF01457655. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Komuro T., Hashimoto Y. Three-dimensional structure of the rat intestinal wall (mucosa and submucosa). Arch Histol Cytol. 1990 Mar;53(1):1–21. doi: 10.1679/aohc.53.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Kothapalli D., Hayashi N., Grotendorst G. R. Inhibition of TGF-beta-stimulated CTGF gene expression and anchorage-independent growth by cAMP identifies a CTGF-dependent restriction point in the cell cycle. FASEB J. 1998 Sep;12(12):1151–1161. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.12.12.1151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Lane N., Kaplan H., Pascal R. R. Minute adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps of the colon: divergent patterns of epithelial growth with specific associated mesenchymal changes. Contrasting roles in the pathogenesis of carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 1971 Apr;60(4):537–551. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Levéen P., Pekny M., Gebre-Medhin S., Swolin B., Larsson E., Betsholtz C. Mice deficient for PDGF B show renal, cardiovascular, and hematological abnormalities. Genes Dev. 1994 Aug 15;8(16):1875–1887. doi: 10.1101/gad.8.16.1875. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Lindahl P., Johansson B. R., Levéen P., Betsholtz C. Pericyte loss and microaneurysm formation in PDGF-B-deficient mice. Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):242–245. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5323.242. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. MacDonald T. T., Pender S. L. Proteolytic enzymes in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 1998 May;4(2):157–164. doi: 10.1002/ibd.3780040211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Mallat A., Gallois C., Tao J., Habib A., Maclouf J., Mavier P., Préaux A. M., Lotersztajn S. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB and thrombin generate positive and negative signals for human hepatic stellate cell proliferation. Role of a prostaglandin/cyclic AMP pathway and cross-talk with endothelin receptors. J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 16;273(42):27300–27305. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.42.27300. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Markowitz S. D. Atherosclerosis, just another cancer? J Clin Invest. 1997 Nov 1;100(9):2143–2145. doi: 10.1172/JCI119749. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Markowitz S., Wang J., Myeroff L., Parsons R., Sun L., Lutterbaugh J., Fan R. S., Zborowska E., Kinzler K. W., Vogelstein B. Inactivation of the type II TGF-beta receptor in colon cancer cells with microsatellite instability. Science. 1995 Jun 2;268(5215):1336–1338. doi: 10.1126/science.7761852. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Martin M., Pujuguet P., Martin F. Role of stromal myofibroblasts infiltrating colon cancer in tumor invasion. Pathol Res Pract. 1996 Jul;192(7):712–717. doi: 10.1016/S0344-0338(96)80093-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Martinez-Hernandez A., Amenta P. S. The extracellular matrix in hepatic regeneration. FASEB J. 1995 Nov;9(14):1401–1410. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.9.14.7589981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Masur S. K., Dewal H. S., Dinh T. T., Erenburg I., Petridou S. Myofibroblasts differentiate from fibroblasts when plated at low density. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Apr 30;93(9):4219–4223. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.9.4219. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. McCaffrey T. A., Du B., Consigli S., Szabo P., Bray P. J., Hartner L., Weksler B. B., Sanborn T. A., Bergman G., Bush H. L., Jr Genomic instability in the type II TGF-beta1 receptor gene in atherosclerotic and restenotic vascular cells. J Clin Invest. 1997 Nov 1;100(9):2182–2188. doi: 10.1172/JCI119754. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. McKaig B. C., Makh S. S., Hawkey C. J., Podolsky D. K., Mahida Y. R. Normal human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts enhance epithelial migration (restitution) via TGF-beta3. Am J Physiol. 1999 May;276(5 Pt 1):G1087–G1093. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.5.G1087. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Mermall V., Post P. L., Mooseker M. S. Unconventional myosins in cell movement, membrane traffic, and signal transduction. Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):527–533. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5350.527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Miller S. M., Farrugia G., Schmalz P. F., Ermilov L. G., Maines M. D., Szurszewski J. H. Heme oxygenase 2 is present in interstitial cell networks of the mouse small intestine. Gastroenterology. 1998 Feb;114(2):239–244. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70473-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Moore R., Carlson S., Madara J. L. Villus contraction aids repair of intestinal epithelium after injury. Am J Physiol. 1989 Aug;257(2 Pt 1):G274–G283. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.2.G274. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Mori N., Doi Y., Hara K., Yoshizuka M., Ohsato K., Fujimoto S. Role of multipotent fibroblasts in the healing colonic mucosa of rabbits. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. Histol Histopathol. 1992 Oct;7(4):583–590. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Musso O., Rehn M., Saarela J., Théret N., Liétard J., Hintikka, Lotrian D., Campion J. P., Pihlajaniemi T., Clément B. Collagen XVIII is localized in sinusoids and basement membrane zones and expressed by hepatocytes and activated stellate cells in fibrotic human liver. Hepatology. 1998 Jul;28(1):98–107. doi: 10.1002/hep.510280115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Mühl H., Pfeilschifter J. Amplification of nitric oxide synthase expression by nitric oxide in interleukin 1 beta-stimulated rat mesangial cells. J Clin Invest. 1995 Apr;95(4):1941–1946. doi: 10.1172/JCI117876. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Nakahara M., Isozaki K., Hirota S., Miyagawa J., Hase-Sawada N., Taniguchi M., Nishida T., Kanayama S., Kitamura Y., Shinomura Y. A novel gain-of-function mutation of c-kit gene in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Gastroenterology. 1998 Nov;115(5):1090–1095. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70079-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Ogawa M., Matsuzaki Y., Nishikawa S., Hayashi S., Kunisada T., Sudo T., Kina T., Nakauchi H., Nishikawa S. Expression and function of c-kit in hemopoietic progenitor cells. J Exp Med. 1991 Jul 1;174(1):63–71. doi: 10.1084/jem.174.1.63. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Oshima M., Dinchuk J. E., Kargman S. L., Oshima H., Hancock B., Kwong E., Trzaskos J. M., Evans J. F., Taketo M. M. Suppression of intestinal polyposis in Apc delta716 knockout mice by inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Cell. 1996 Nov 29;87(5):803–809. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81988-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Pang G., Couch L., Batey R., Clancy R., Cripps A. GM-CSF, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 gene expression and cytokine production in human duodenal fibroblasts stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994 Jun;96(3):437–443. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06048.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Pasricha P. J., Bedi A., O'Connor K., Rashid A., Akhtar A. J., Zahurak M. L., Piantadosi S., Hamilton S. R., Giardiello F. M. The effects of sulindac on colorectal proliferation and apoptosis in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology. 1995 Sep;109(3):994–998. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90411-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Podolsky D. K. Healing the epithelium: solving the problem from two sides. J Gastroenterol. 1997 Feb;32(1):122–126. doi: 10.1007/BF01213309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Polk D. B. Epidermal growth factor receptor-stimulated intestinal epithelial cell migration requires phospholipase C activity. Gastroenterology. 1998 Mar;114(3):493–502. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70532-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Powell D. W., Mifflin R. C., Valentich J. D., Crowe S. E., Saada J. I., West A. B. Myofibroblasts. I. Paracrine cells important in health and disease. Am J Physiol. 1999 Jul;277(1 Pt 1):C1–C9. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.1.C1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Powell D. W., Mifflin R. C., Valentich J. D., Crowe S. E., Saada J. I., West A. B. Myofibroblasts. II. Intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts. Am J Physiol. 1999 Aug;277(2 Pt 1):C183–C201. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.2.C183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Pujuguet P., Hammann A., Martin F., Martin M. Abnormal basement membrane in tumors induced by rat colon cancer cells. Gastroenterology. 1994 Sep;107(3):701–711. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90117-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Pujuguet P., Hammann A., Moutet M., Samuel J. L., Martin F., Martin M. Expression of fibronectin ED-A+ and ED-B+ isoforms by human and experimental colorectal cancer. Contribution of cancer cells and tumor-associated myofibroblasts. Am J Pathol. 1996 Feb;148(2):579–592. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Racine-Samson L., Rockey D. C., Bissell D. M. The role of alpha1beta1 integrin in wound contraction. A quantitative analysis of liver myofibroblasts in vivo and in primary culture. J Biol Chem. 1997 Dec 5;272(49):30911–30917. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.49.30911. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Reddy L., Wang H. S., Keese C. R., Giaever I., Smith T. J. Assessment of rapid morphological changes associated with elevated cAMP levels in human orbital fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res. 1998 Dec 15;245(2):360–367. doi: 10.1006/excr.1998.4273. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Richman P. I., Bodmer W. F. Control of differentiation in human colorectal carcinoma cell lines: epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. J Pathol. 1988 Nov;156(3):197–211. doi: 10.1002/path.1711560305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Richman P. I., Tilly R., Jass J. R., Bodmer W. F. Colonic pericrypt sheath cells: characterisation of cell type with new monoclonal antibody. J Clin Pathol. 1987 Jun;40(6):593–600. doi: 10.1136/jcp.40.6.593. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Riegler M., Sedivy R., Sogukoglu T., Cosentini E., Bischof G., Teleky B., Feil W., Schiessel R., Hamilton G., Wenzl E. Epidermal growth factor promotes rapid response to epithelial injury in rabbit duodenum in vitro. Gastroenterology. 1996 Jul;111(1):28–36. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8698221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Rockey D. C., Chung J. J. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat hepatic lipocytes and the effect of nitric oxide on lipocyte contractility. J Clin Invest. 1995 Mar;95(3):1199–1206. doi: 10.1172/JCI117769. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Rubin J. S., Bottaro D. P., Chedid M., Miki T., Ron D., Cheon G., Taylor W. G., Fortney E., Sakata H., Finch P. W. Keratinocyte growth factor. Cell Biol Int. 1995 May;19(5):399–411. doi: 10.1006/cbir.1995.1085. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Rønnov-Jessen L., Petersen O. W. Induction of alpha-smooth muscle actin by transforming growth factor-beta 1 in quiescent human breast gland fibroblasts. Implications for myofibroblast generation in breast neoplasia. Lab Invest. 1993 Jun;68(6):696–707. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Rønnov-Jessen L., Petersen O. W., Koteliansky V. E., Bissell M. J. The origin of the myofibroblasts in breast cancer. Recapitulation of tumor environment in culture unravels diversity and implicates converted fibroblasts and recruited smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest. 1995 Feb;95(2):859–873. doi: 10.1172/JCI117736. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Sanders K. M. A case for interstitial cells of Cajal as pacemakers and mediators of neurotransmission in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology. 1996 Aug;111(2):492–515. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8690216. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Sandler R. S., Galanko J. C., Murray S. C., Helm J. F., Woosley J. T. Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and risk for colorectal adenomas. Gastroenterology. 1998 Mar;114(3):441–447. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70526-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Sappino A. P., Dietrich P. Y., Skalli O., Widgren S., Gabbiani G. Colonic pericryptal fibroblasts. Differentiation pattern in embryogenesis and phenotypic modulation in epithelial proliferative lesions. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol. 1989;415(6):551–557. doi: 10.1007/BF00718649. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Sappino A. P., Schürch W., Gabbiani G. Differentiation repertoire of fibroblastic cells: expression of cytoskeletal proteins as marker of phenotypic modulations. Lab Invest. 1990 Aug;63(2):144–161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Sawaoka H., Kawano S., Tsuji S., Tsujii M., Gunawan E. S., Takei Y., Nagano K., Hori M. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors suppress the growth of gastric cancer xenografts via induction of apoptosis in nude mice. Am J Physiol. 1998 Jun;274(6 Pt 1):G1061–G1067. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1998.274.6.G1061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Schmitt-Gräff A., Desmoulière A., Gabbiani G. Heterogeneity of myofibroblast phenotypic features: an example of fibroblastic cell plasticity. Virchows Arch. 1994;425(1):3–24. doi: 10.1007/BF00193944. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Schuppan D., Schmid M., Somasundaram R., Ackermann R., Ruehl M., Nakamura T., Riecken E. O. Collagens in the liver extracellular matrix bind hepatocyte growth factor. Gastroenterology. 1998 Jan;114(1):139–152. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70642-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Serini G., Bochaton-Piallat M. L., Ropraz P., Geinoz A., Borsi L., Zardi L., Gabbiani G. The fibronectin domain ED-A is crucial for myofibroblastic phenotype induction by transforming growth factor-beta1. J Cell Biol. 1998 Aug 10;142(3):873–881. doi: 10.1083/jcb.142.3.873. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Sheehan K. M., Sheahan K., O'Donoghue D. P., MacSweeney F., Conroy R. M., Fitzgerald D. J., Murray F. E. The relationship between cyclooxygenase-2 expression and colorectal cancer. JAMA. 1999 Oct 6;282(13):1254–1257. doi: 10.1001/jama.282.13.1254. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Sheng G. G., Shao J., Sheng H., Hooton E. B., Isakson P. C., Morrow J. D., Coffey R. J., Jr, DuBois R. N., Beauchamp R. D. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor suppresses the growth of H-ras-transformed rat intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology. 1997 Dec;113(6):1883–1891. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)70007-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Simon-Assmann P., Kedinger M., De Arcangelis A., Rousseau V., Simo P. Extracellular matrix components in intestinal development. Experientia. 1995 Sep 29;51(9-10):883–900. doi: 10.1007/BF01921739. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Soriano P. Abnormal kidney development and hematological disorders in PDGF beta-receptor mutant mice. Genes Dev. 1994 Aug 15;8(16):1888–1896. doi: 10.1101/gad.8.16.1888. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Sprenger H., Kaufmann A., Garn H., Lahme B., Gemsa D., Gressner A. M. Induction of neutrophil-attracting chemokines in transforming rat hepatic stellate cells. Gastroenterology. 1997 Jul;113(1):277–285. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)70105-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Synnerstad I., Ekblad E., Sundler F., Holm L. Gastric mucosal smooth muscles may explain oscillations in glandular pressure: role of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Gastroenterology. 1998 Feb;114(2):284–294. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70479-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Tang W. W., Ulich T. R., Lacey D. L., Hill D. C., Qi M., Kaufman S. A., Van G. Y., Tarpley J. E., Yee J. S. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB induces renal tubulointerstitial myofibroblast formation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Am J Pathol. 1996 Apr;148(4):1169–1180. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Tetsuka T., Baier L. D., Morrison A. R. Antioxidants inhibit interleukin-1-induced cyclooxygenase and nitric-oxide synthase expression in rat mesangial cells. Evidence for post-transcriptional regulation. J Biol Chem. 1996 May 17;271(20):11689–11693. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.20.11689. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Tiitta O., Sipponen P., Gould V., Virtanen I. Tenascin expression in inflammatory, dysplastic and neoplastic lesions of the human stomach. Virchows Arch. 1994;425(4):369–374. doi: 10.1007/BF00189574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Tomasek J. J., Haaksma C. J., Eddy R. J., Vaughan M. B. Fibroblast contraction occurs on release of tension in attached collagen lattices: dependency on an organized actin cytoskeleton and serum. Anat Rec. 1992 Mar;232(3):359–368. doi: 10.1002/ar.1092320305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Torihashi S., Gerthoffer W. T., Kobayashi S., Sanders K. M. Identification and classification of interstitial cells in the canine proximal colon by ultrastructure and immunocytochemistry. Histochemistry. 1994 Mar;101(3):169–183. doi: 10.1007/BF00269542. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Torihashi S., Ward S. M., Sanders K. M. Development of c-Kit-positive cells and the onset of electrical rhythmicity in murine small intestine. Gastroenterology. 1997 Jan;112(1):144–155. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)70229-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Tsujii M., DuBois R. N. Alterations in cellular adhesion and apoptosis in epithelial cells overexpressing prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2. Cell. 1995 Nov 3;83(3):493–501. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90127-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Tsushima H., Kawata S., Tamura S., Ito N., Shirai Y., Kiso S., Imai Y., Shimomukai H., Nomura Y., Matsuda Y. High levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 in patients with colorectal cancer: association with disease progression. Gastroenterology. 1996 Feb;110(2):375–382. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.pm8566583. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Valentich J. D., Popov V., Saada J. I., Powell D. W. Phenotypic characterization of an intestinal subepithelial myofibroblast cell line. Am J Physiol. 1997 May;272(5 Pt 1):C1513–C1524. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.272.5.C1513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Vyas S. K., Leyland H., Gentry J., Arthur M. J. Rat hepatic lipocytes synthesize and secrete transin (stromelysin) in early primary culture. Gastroenterology. 1995 Sep;109(3):889–898. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90399-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Wallace J. L., Granger D. N. The cellular and molecular basis of gastric mucosal defense. FASEB J. 1996 May;10(7):731–740. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.10.7.8635690. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Wang Q. P., Escudier E., Roudot-Thoraval F., Abd-Al Samad I., Peynegre R., Coste A. Myofibroblast accumulation induced by transforming growth factor-beta is involved in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. Laryngoscope. 1997 Jul;107(7):926–931. doi: 10.1097/00005537-199707000-00018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Webber M. M., Trakul N., Thraves P. S., Bello-DeOcampo D., Chu W. W., Storto P. D., Huard T. K., Rhim J. S., Williams D. E. A human prostatic stromal myofibroblast cell line WPMY-1: a model for stromal-epithelial interactions in prostatic neoplasia. Carcinogenesis. 1999 Jul;20(7):1185–1192. doi: 10.1093/carcin/20.7.1185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Wilborn J., Crofford L. J., Burdick M. D., Kunkel S. L., Strieter R. M., Peters-Golden M. Cultured lung fibroblasts isolated from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have a diminished capacity to synthesize prostaglandin E2 and to express cyclooxygenase-2. J Clin Invest. 1995 Apr;95(4):1861–1868. doi: 10.1172/JCI117866. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Yao T., Tsuneyoshi M. Significance of pericryptal fibroblasts in colorectal epithelial tumors: a special reference to the histologic features and growth patterns. Hum Pathol. 1993 May;24(5):525–533. doi: 10.1016/0046-8177(93)90165-d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Yee H. F., Jr Rho directs activation-associated changes in rat hepatic stellate cell morphology via regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Hepatology. 1998 Sep;28(3):843–850. doi: 10.1002/hep.510280336. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Yoshioka H., Ohshio G., Inada M., Hamashima Y., Miyake T. Immunohistochemical localization of the actin in the healing stage of gastric ulcers. J Exp Pathol. 1987;3(3):271–280. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Zimmermann E. M., Li L., Hou Y. T., Cannon M., Christman G. M., Bitar K. N. IGF-I induces collagen and IGFBP-5 mRNA in rat intestinal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol. 1997 Oct;273(4 Pt 1):G875–G882. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.4.G875. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association are provided here courtesy of American Clinical and Climatological Association

RESOURCES