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. 1997 Aug;3(8):553–564.

TNF-alpha opens a paracellular route for HIV-1 invasion across the blood-brain barrier.

M Fiala 1, D J Looney 1, M Stins 1, D D Way 1, L Zhang 1, X Gan 1, F Chiappelli 1, E S Schweitzer 1, P Shapshak 1, M Weinand 1, M C Graves 1, M Witte 1, K S Kim 1
PMCID: PMC2230176  PMID: 9307983

Abstract

BACKGROUND: HIV-1 invades the central nervous system early after infection when macrophage infiltration of the brain is low but myelin pallor is suggestive of blood-brain-barrier damage. High-level plasma viremia is a likely source of brain infection. To understand the invasion route, we investigated virus penetration across in vitro models with contrasting paracellular permeability subjected to TNF-alpha. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood-brain-barrier models constructed with human brain microvascular endothelial cells, fetal astrocytes, and collagen I or fibronectin matrix responded in a dose-related fashion to cytokines and ligands modulating paracellular permeability and cell migration. Virus penetration was measured by infectious and quantitative HIV-1 RNA assays. Barrier permeability was determined using inulin or dextran. RESULTS: Cell-free HIV-1 was retained by the blood-brain barrier with close to 100% efficiency. TNF-alpha increased virus penetration by a paracellular route in a dose-dependent manner proportionately to basal permeability. Brain endothelial cells were the main barrier to HIV-1. HIV-1 with monocytes attracted monocyte migration into the brain chamber. CONCLUSIONS: Early after the infection, the blood-brain barrier protects the brain from HIV-1. Immune mediators, such as TNF-alpha, open a paracellular route for the virus into the brain. The virus and viral proteins stimulate brain microglia and macrophages to attract monocytes into the brain. Infiltrating macrophages cause progression of HIV-1 encephalitis.

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Selected References

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