Skip to main content
PMC home page
Epidemiology and Infection logoLink to Epidemiology and Infection
. 1991 Aug;107(1):225–233. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800048846

Genetic diversity among toxigenic and nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated from the Western Hemisphere.

F Chen 1, G M Evins 1, W L Cook 1, R Almeida 1, N Hargrett-Bean 1, K Wachsmuth 1
PMCID: PMC2272037  PMID: 1879486

Abstract

Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to examine genetic relationships among and between toxigenic and non-toxigenic isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 obtained from patients and the environment in the US Gulf Coast and surrounding areas. A total of 23 toxigenic and 23 non-toxigenic strains were examined. All the toxigenic and 7 of the non-toxigenic strains had the same alleles at 16 enzyme loci, whereas the balance of the nontoxigenic strains had 9 distinct combinations of alleles. This study suggests that all of the toxigenic strains belong to a single clone, and that while some of the non-toxigenic isolates were related, most were of diverse origin.

Full text

PDF
226

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Almeida R. J., Hickman-Brenner F. W., Sowers E. G., Puhr N. D., Farmer J. J., 3rd, Wachsmuth I. K. Comparison of a latex agglutination assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting cholera toxin. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Jan;28(1):128–130. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.1.128-130.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Barrett T. J., Blake P. A. Epidemiological usefulness of changes in hemolytic activity of Vibrio cholerae biotype El Tor during the seventh pandemic. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Jan;13(1):126–129. doi: 10.1128/jcm.13.1.126-129.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Batchelor R. A., Wignall F. S. Nontoxigenic 01 Vibrio cholerae in Peru: a report of two cases associated with diarrhea. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1988 Jul;10(3):135–138. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(88)90031-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Blake P. A., Allegra D. T., Snyder J. D., Barrett T. J., McFarland L., Caraway C. T., Feeley J. C., Craig J. P., Lee J. V., Puhr N. D. Cholera--a possible endemic focus in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1980 Feb 7;302(6):305–309. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198002073020601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Blake P. A. Vibrios on the half shell: what the walrus and the carpenter didn't know. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Oct;99(4):558–559. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-99-4-558. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Blake P. A., Wachsmuth K., Davis B. R., Bopp C. A., Chaiken B. P., Lee J. V. Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 strain from Mexico identical to United States isolates. Lancet. 1983 Oct 15;2(8355):912–912. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90894-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Cholera in Louisiana--update. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1986 Nov 7;35(44):687–688. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae 01 infections--Louisiana and Florida. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1986 Sep 26;35(38):606–607. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 infection acquired in Colorado. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1989 Jan 20;38(2):19–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Colwell R. R., Seidler R. J., Kaper J., Joseph S. W., Garges S., Lockman H., Maneval D., Bradford H., Roberts N., Remmers E. Occurrence of Vibrio cholerae serotype O1 in Maryland and Louisiana estuaries. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1981 Feb;41(2):555–558. doi: 10.1128/aem.41.2.555-558.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cook W. L., Wachsmuth K., Johnson S. R., Birkness K. A., Samadi A. R. Persistence of plasmids, cholera toxin genes, and prophage DNA in classical Vibrio cholerae O1. Infect Immun. 1984 Jul;45(1):222–226. doi: 10.1128/iai.45.1.222-226.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Desmarchelier P. M., Momen H., Salles C. A. A zymovar analysis of Vibrio cholerae isolated in Australia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1988;82(6):914–917. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(88)90041-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Goldberg S., Murphy J. R. Molecular epidemiological studies of United States Gulf Coast Vibrio cholerae strains: integration site of mutator vibriophage VcA-3. Infect Immun. 1983 Oct;42(1):224–230. doi: 10.1128/iai.42.1.224-230.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Johnston J. M., Martin D. L., Perdue J., McFarland L. M., Caraway C. T., Lippy E. C., Blake P. A. Cholera on a Gulf Coast oil rig. N Engl J Med. 1983 Sep 1;309(9):523–526. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198309013090903. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Johnston J. M., McFarland L. M., Bradford H. B., Caraway C. T. Isolation of nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 from a human wound infection. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 May;17(5):918–920. doi: 10.1128/jcm.17.5.918-920.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kaper J. B., Bradford H. B., Roberts N. C., Falkow S. Molecular epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae in the U.S. Gulf Coast. J Clin Microbiol. 1982 Jul;16(1):129–134. doi: 10.1128/jcm.16.1.129-134.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kaper J. B., Moseley S. L., Falkow S. Molecular characterization of environmental and nontoxigenic strains of Vibrio cholerae. Infect Immun. 1981 May;32(2):661–667. doi: 10.1128/iai.32.2.661-667.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Kaper J. B., Nataro J. P., Roberts N. C., Siebeling R. J., Bradford H. B. Molecular epidemiology of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus in the U.S. Gulf Coast region. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Mar;23(3):652–654. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.3.652-654.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kelly M. T., Peterson J. W., Sarles H. E., Jr, Romanko M., Martin D., Hafkin B. Cholera on the Texas Gulf Coast. JAMA. 1982 Mar 19;247(11):1598–1599. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kirn T. F. As number of contact lens users increases, research seeks to determine risk factors, how best to prevent potential eye infections. JAMA. 1987 Jul 3;258(1):17–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Klontz K. C., Tauxe R. V., Cook W. L., Riley W. H., Wachsmuth I. K. Cholera after the consumption of raw oysters. A case report. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Dec;107(6):846–848. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-107-6-846. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Levine M. M., Black R. E., Clements M. L., Cisneros L., Saah A., Nalin D. R., Gill D. M., Craig J. P., Young C. R., Ristaino P. The pathogenicity of nonenterotoxigenic Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 biotype El Tor isolated from sewage water in Brazil. J Infect Dis. 1982 Mar;145(3):296–299. doi: 10.1093/infdis/145.3.296. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Lin F. Y., Morris J. G., Jr, Kaper J. B., Gross T., Michalski J., Morrison C., Libonati J. P., Israel E. Persistence of cholera in the United States: isolation of Vibrio cholerae O1 from a patient with diarrhea in Maryland. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Mar;23(3):624–626. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.3.624-626.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Mekalanos J. J. Cholera toxin: genetic analysis, regulation, and role in pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1985;118:97–118. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-70586-1_6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Merson M. H., Martin W. T., Craig J. P., Morris G. K., Blake P. A., Craun G. F., Feeley J. C., Camacho J. C., Gangarosa E. J. Cholera on Guam, 1974: epidemiologic findings and isolation of non-toxinogenic strains. Am J Epidemiol. 1977 Apr;105(4):349–361. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Momen H., Salles C. A. An electrophoretic analysis of variation in the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio fluvialis. J Appl Bacteriol. 1981 Dec;51(3):425–432. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1981.tb01262.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Momen H., Salles C. A. Enzyme markers for Vibrio cholerae: identification of classical, El Tor and environmental strains. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1985;79(6):773–776. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(85)90113-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Morris J. G., Jr, Black R. E. Cholera and other vibrioses in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1985 Feb 7;312(6):343–350. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198502073120604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Morris J. G., Jr, Picardi J. L., Lieb S., Lee J. V., Roberts A., Hood M., Gunn R. A., Blake P. A. Isolation of nontoxigenic Vibrio cholerae O group 1 from a patient with severe gastrointestinal disease. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Feb;19(2):296–297. doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.2.296-297.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Ochman H., Whittam T. S., Caugant D. A., Selander R. K. Enzyme polymorphism and genetic population structure in Escherichia coli and Shigella. J Gen Microbiol. 1983 Sep;129(9):2715–2726. doi: 10.1099/00221287-129-9-2715. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Selander R. K., Caugant D. A., Ochman H., Musser J. M., Gilmour M. N., Whittam T. S. Methods of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis for bacterial population genetics and systematics. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1986 May;51(5):873–884. doi: 10.1128/aem.51.5.873-884.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Selander R. K., McKinney R. M., Whittam T. S., Bibb W. F., Brenner D. J., Nolte F. S., Pattison P. E. Genetic structure of populations of Legionella pneumophila. J Bacteriol. 1985 Sep;163(3):1021–1037. doi: 10.1128/jb.163.3.1021-1037.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Shandera W. X., Hafkin B., Martin D. L., Taylor J. P., Maserang D. L., Wells J. G., Kelly M., Ghandi K., Kaper J. B., Lee J. V. Persistence of cholera in the United States. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1983 Jul;32(4):812–817. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1983.32.812. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Weissman J. B., DeWitt W. E., Thompson J., Muchnick C. N., Portnoy B. L., Feeley J. C., Gangarosa E. J. A case of cholera in Texas, 1973. Am J Epidemiol. 1974 Dec;100(6):487–498. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Woods T. C., McKinney R. M., Plikaytis B. D., Steigerwalt A. G., Bibb W. F., Brenner D. J. Multilocus enzyme analysis of Legionella dumoffii. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 May;26(5):799–803. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.5.799-803.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Epidemiology and Infection are provided here courtesy of Cambridge University Press

RESOURCES