Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1992 Jan;66(1):258–269. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.1.258-269.1992

Deletion of the VP16 open reading frame of herpes simplex virus type 1.

S P Weinheimer 1, B A Boyd 1, S K Durham 1, J L Resnick 1, D R O'Boyle 2nd 1
PMCID: PMC238283  PMID: 1309245

Abstract

VP16 (also called Vmw65 and alpha TIF) is a structural protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) that trans-induces HSV-1 immediate-early gene transcription. This report describes an HSV-1 VP16 deletion mutant that was constructed and propagated in a cell line transformed with a VP16 expression vector. The VP16 deletion mutant replicated like wild-type HSV-1 during infection of the VP16-expressing cell line. Deletion mutant virions propagated in this cell line contained wild-type, cell-derived VP16 protein that was recruited during virion assembly and was functional for immediate-early gene trans-induction. The mutant failed to replicate during subsequent infection of cells that do not express VP16, as determined in plaque assays and single-step replication assays. The deletion mutant induced nearly normal levels of viral DNA synthesis and capsid production during these infections, but it induced slightly lower levels of viral DNA encapsidation and appeared by transmission electron microscopy to be defective in further steps of virion maturation. A genetic revertant of the deletion mutant that was restored for VP16-coding sequences exhibited fully wild-type replication properties in both VP16-expressing and nonexpressing cells. The absence of VP16 protein synthesis at late times of HSV-1 infection prevents the production of infectious progeny virus and correlates with a profound defect in HSV-1 particle assembly.

Full text

PDF
260

Images in this article

262Image
on p.262
264Image
on p.264
266Image
on p.266

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ace C. I., Dalrymple M. A., Ramsay F. H., Preston V. G., Preston C. M. Mutational analysis of the herpes simplex virus type 1 trans-inducing factor Vmw65. J Gen Virol. 1988 Oct;69(Pt 10):2595–2605. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-10-2595. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ace C. I., McKee T. A., Ryan J. M., Cameron J. M., Preston C. M. Construction and characterization of a herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant unable to transinduce immediate-early gene expression. J Virol. 1989 May;63(5):2260–2269. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.5.2260-2269.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Batterson W., Roizman B. Characterization of the herpes simplex virion-associated factor responsible for the induction of alpha genes. J Virol. 1983 May;46(2):371–377. doi: 10.1128/jvi.46.2.371-377.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Campbell M. E., Palfreyman J. W., Preston C. M. Identification of herpes simplex virus DNA sequences which encode a trans-acting polypeptide responsible for stimulation of immediate early transcription. J Mol Biol. 1984 Nov 25;180(1):1–19. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(84)90427-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Corsaro C. M., Pearson M. L. Enhancing the efficiency of DNA-mediated gene transfer in mammalian cells. Somatic Cell Genet. 1981 Sep;7(5):603–616. doi: 10.1007/BF01549662. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dalrymple M. A., McGeoch D. J., Davison A. J., Preston C. M. DNA sequence of the herpes simplex virus type 1 gene whose product is responsible for transcriptional activation of immediate early promoters. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Nov 11;13(21):7865–7879. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.21.7865. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Deiss L. P., Frenkel N. Herpes simplex virus amplicon: cleavage of concatemeric DNA is linked to packaging and involves amplification of the terminally reiterated a sequence. J Virol. 1986 Mar;57(3):933–941. doi: 10.1128/jvi.57.3.933-941.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Frame M. C., McGeoch D. J., Rixon F. J., Orr A. C., Marsden H. S. The 10K virion phosphoprotein encoded by gene US9 from herpes simplex virus type 1. Virology. 1986 Apr 30;150(2):321–332. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90297-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Gerster T., Roeder R. G. A herpesvirus trans-activating protein interacts with transcription factor OTF-1 and other cellular proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Sep;85(17):6347–6351. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.17.6347. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Goldin A. L., Sandri-Goldin R. M., Levine M., Glorioso J. C. Cloning of herpes simplex virus type 1 sequences representing the whole genome. J Virol. 1981 Apr;38(1):50–58. doi: 10.1128/jvi.38.1.50-58.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Goldstein D. J., Weller S. K. An ICP6::lacZ insertional mutagen is used to demonstrate that the UL52 gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 is required for virus growth and DNA synthesis. J Virol. 1988 Aug;62(8):2970–2977. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.8.2970-2977.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Graham F. L., van der Eb A. J. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology. 1973 Apr;52(2):456–467. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90341-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Greaves R., O'Hare P. Separation of requirements for protein-DNA complex assembly from those for functional activity in the herpes simplex virus regulatory protein Vmw65. J Virol. 1989 Apr;63(4):1641–1650. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.4.1641-1650.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hall L. M., Draper K. G., Frink R. J., Costa R. H., Wagner E. K. Herpes simplex virus mRNA species mapping in EcoRI fragment I. J Virol. 1982 Aug;43(2):594–607. doi: 10.1128/jvi.43.2.594-607.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Honess R. W., Roizman B. Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis. I. Cascade regulation of the synthesis of three groups of viral proteins. J Virol. 1974 Jul;14(1):8–19. doi: 10.1128/jvi.14.1.8-19.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Jacob R. J., Morse L. S., Roizman B. Anatomy of herpes simplex virus DNA. XII. Accumulation of head-to-tail concatemers in nuclei of infected cells and their role in the generation of the four isomeric arrangements of viral DNA. J Virol. 1979 Feb;29(2):448–457. doi: 10.1128/jvi.29.2.448-457.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kristie T. M., LeBowitz J. H., Sharp P. A. The octamer-binding proteins form multi-protein--DNA complexes with the HSV alpha TIF regulatory protein. EMBO J. 1989 Dec 20;8(13):4229–4238. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08608.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Kristie T. M., Roizman B. Differentiation and DNA contact points of host proteins binding at the cis site for virion-mediated induction of alpha genes of herpes simplex virus 1. J Virol. 1988 Apr;62(4):1145–1157. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.4.1145-1157.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kristie T. M., Sharp P. A. Interactions of the Oct-1 POU subdomains with specific DNA sequences and with the HSV alpha-trans-activator protein. Genes Dev. 1990 Dec;4(12B):2383–2396. doi: 10.1101/gad.4.12b.2383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Ladin B. F., Ihara S., Hampl H., Ben-Porat T. Pathway of assembly of herpesvirus capsids: an analysis using DNA+ temperature-sensitive mutants of pseudorabies virus. Virology. 1982 Jan 30;116(2):544–561. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90147-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Lemaster S., Roizman B. Herpes simplex virus phosphoproteins. II. Characterization of the virion protein kinase and of the polypeptides phosphorylated in the virion. J Virol. 1980 Sep;35(3):798–811. doi: 10.1128/jvi.35.3.798-811.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Mackem S., Roizman B. Structural features of the herpes simplex virus alpha gene 4, 0, and 27 promoter-regulatory sequences which confer alpha regulation on chimeric thymidine kinase genes. J Virol. 1982 Dec;44(3):939–949. doi: 10.1128/jvi.44.3.939-949.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Marsden H. S., Stow N. D., Preston V. G., Timbury M. C., Wilkie N. M. Physical mapping of herpes simplex virus-induced polypeptides. J Virol. 1978 Nov;28(2):624–642. doi: 10.1128/jvi.28.2.624-642.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. McGeoch D. J., Dalrymple M. A., Davison A. J., Dolan A., Frame M. C., McNab D., Perry L. J., Scott J. E., Taylor P. The complete DNA sequence of the long unique region in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Gen Virol. 1988 Jul;69(Pt 7):1531–1574. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-69-7-1531. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. McLean G., Rixon F., Langeland N., Haarr L., Marsden H. Identification and characterization of the virion protein products of herpes simplex virus type 1 gene UL47. J Gen Virol. 1990 Dec;71(Pt 12):2953–2960. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-12-2953. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. O'Hare P., Goding C. R. Herpes simplex virus regulatory elements and the immunoglobulin octamer domain bind a common factor and are both targets for virion transactivation. Cell. 1988 Feb 12;52(3):435–445. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(88)80036-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Pellett P. E., McKnight J. L., Jenkins F. J., Roizman B. Nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of a protein encoded in a small herpes simplex virus DNA fragment capable of trans-inducing alpha genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Sep;82(17):5870–5874. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.17.5870. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Post L. E., Conley A. J., Mocarski E. S., Roizman B. Cloning of reiterated and nonreiterated herpes simplex virus 1 sequences as BamHI fragments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jul;77(7):4201–4205. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.4201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Post L. E., Mackem S., Roizman B. Regulation of alpha genes of herpes simplex virus: expression of chimeric genes produced by fusion of thymidine kinase with alpha gene promoters. Cell. 1981 May;24(2):555–565. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90346-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Post L. E., Roizman B. A generalized technique for deletion of specific genes in large genomes: alpha gene 22 of herpes simplex virus 1 is not essential for growth. Cell. 1981 Jul;25(1):227–232. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90247-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Rigby P. W., Dieckmann M., Rhodes C., Berg P. Labeling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I. J Mol Biol. 1977 Jun 15;113(1):237–251. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90052-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Roizman B., Jenkins F. J. Genetic engineering of novel genomes of large DNA viruses. Science. 1985 Sep 20;229(4719):1208–1214. doi: 10.1126/science.2994215. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Southern P. J., Berg P. Transformation of mammalian cells to antibiotic resistance with a bacterial gene under control of the SV40 early region promoter. J Mol Appl Genet. 1982;1(4):327–341. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Steiner I., Spivack J. G., Deshmane S. L., Ace C. I., Preston C. M., Fraser N. W. A herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant containing a nontransinducing Vmw65 protein establishes latent infection in vivo in the absence of viral replication and reactivates efficiently from explanted trigeminal ganglia. J Virol. 1990 Apr;64(4):1630–1638. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.4.1630-1638.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Stern S., Tanaka M., Herr W. The Oct-1 homoeodomain directs formation of a multiprotein-DNA complex with the HSV transactivator VP16. Nature. 1989 Oct 19;341(6243):624–630. doi: 10.1038/341624a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Triezenberg S. J., Kingsbury R. C., McKnight S. L. Functional dissection of VP16, the trans-activator of herpes simplex virus immediate early gene expression. Genes Dev. 1988 Jun;2(6):718–729. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.6.718. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Werstuck G., Capone J. P. Mutational analysis of the herpes simplex virus trans-inducing factor Vmw65. Gene. 1989 Feb 20;75(2):213–224. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90267-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Xiao P., Capone J. P. A cellular factor binds to the herpes simplex virus type 1 transactivator Vmw65 and is required for Vmw65-dependent protein-DNA complex assembly with Oct-1. Mol Cell Biol. 1990 Sep;10(9):4974–4977. doi: 10.1128/mcb.10.9.4974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Zhang Y., Sirko D. A., McKnight J. L. Role of herpes simplex virus type 1 UL46 and UL47 in alpha TIF-mediated transcriptional induction: characterization of three viral deletion mutants. J Virol. 1991 Feb;65(2):829–841. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.2.829-841.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. al-Kobaisi M. F., Rixon F. J., McDougall I., Preston V. G. The herpes simplex virus UL33 gene product is required for the assembly of full capsids. Virology. 1991 Jan;180(1):380–388. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90043-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES