Skip to main content
PMC home page
Postgraduate Medical Journal logoLink to Postgraduate Medical Journal
. 1992 Jul;68(801):549–557. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.68.801.549

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori: therapies and clinical implications.

H J O'Connor 1
PMCID: PMC2399381  PMID: 1437952

Abstract

This review presents a critical evaluation of the role of Helicobacter pylori eradication in the management of peptic ulcer disease and non-ulcer dyspepsia. On current evidence, H. pylori eradication therapy seems likely to emerge as the most rational and cost-effective treatment for duodenal ulcer. The role of H. pylori eradication in the treatment of gastric ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia is unclear and requires further study. The emerging problem of antibiotic resistance in H. pylori is of major clinical importance and a prime cause of treatment failure. There is increasing evidence of a link between H. pylori and gastric cancer but it is premature to recommend large-scale eradication of H. pylori as a valid strategy for the primary prevention of gastric cancer. The search continues for the ideal H. pylori eradication regimen.

Full text

PDF
553

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Ashton T. Cost-effectiveness of alternative medications in the treatment of duodenal ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1991 Jan;26(1):82–88. doi: 10.3109/00365529108996487. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Axon A. R. Duodenal ulcer: the villain unmasked? BMJ. 1991 Apr 20;302(6782):919–921. doi: 10.1136/bmj.302.6782.919. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bardhan K. D., Cole D. S., Hawkins B. W., Franks C. R. Does treatment with cimetidine extended beyond initial healing of duodenal ulcer reduce the subsequent relapse rate? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1982 Feb 27;284(6316):621–623. doi: 10.1136/bmj.284.6316.621. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Barker D. J., Coggon D., Osmond C., Wickham C. Poor housing in childhood and high rates of stomach cancer in England and Wales. Br J Cancer. 1990 Apr;61(4):575–578. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1990.129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barthel J. S., Westblom T. U., Havey A. D., Gonzalez F., Everett E. D. Gastritis and Campylobacter pylori in healthy, asymptomatic volunteers. Arch Intern Med. 1988 May;148(5):1149–1151. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bianchi Porro G., Lazzaroni M. Campylobacter pylori and ulcer recurrence. Lancet. 1988 Mar 12;1(8585):593–593. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91390-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Blaser M. J. Gastric Campylobacter-like organisms, gastritis, and peptic ulcer disease. Gastroenterology. 1987 Aug;93(2):371–383. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)91028-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bodemar G., Walan A. Maintenance treatment of recurrent peptic ulcer by cimetidine. Lancet. 1978 Feb 25;1(8061):403–407. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)91200-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Borody T. J., Cole P., Noonan S., Morgan A., Lenne J., Hyland L., Brandl S., Borody E. G., George L. L. Recurrence of duodenal ulcer and Campylobacter pylori infection after eradication. Med J Aust. 1989 Oct 16;151(8):431–435. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb101251.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Coggon D., Acheson E. D. The geography of cancer of the stomach. Br Med Bull. 1984 Oct;40(4):335–341. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072000. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Coghlan J. G., Gilligan D., Humphries H., McKenna D., Dooley C., Sweeney E., Keane C., O'Morain C. Campylobacter pylori and recurrence of duodenal ulcers--a 12-month follow-up study. Lancet. 1987 Nov 14;2(8568):1109–1111. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91545-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Correa P. A human model of gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1988 Jul 1;48(13):3554–3560. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Craanen M. E., Dekker W., Blok P., Ferwerda J., Tytgat G. N. Intestinal metaplasia and Helicobacter pylori: an endoscopic bioptic study of the gastric antrum. Gut. 1992 Jan;33(1):16–20. doi: 10.1136/gut.33.1.16. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Daw M. A., Deegan P., Leen E., O'Moráin C. Short report: the effect of omeprazole on Helicobacter pylori and associated gastritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1991 Aug;5(4):435–439. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1991.tb00047.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Dixon M. F. Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulceration: histopathological aspects. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1991 Mar-Apr;6(2):125–130. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1991.tb01451.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Domoradzki J., Pegg A. E., Dolan M. E., Maher V. M., McCormick J. J. Correlation between O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase activity and resistance of human cells to the cytotoxic and mutagenic effect of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Carcinogenesis. 1984 Dec;5(12):1641–1647. doi: 10.1093/carcin/5.12.1641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Dooley C. P., Cohen H. The clinical significance of Campylobacter pylori. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Jan;108(1):70–79. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-108-1-70. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Dronfield M. W., Batchelor A. J., Larkworthy W., Langman M. J. Controlled trial of maintenance cimetidine treatment in healed duodenal ulcer: short and long-term effects. Gut. 1979 Jun;20(6):526–530. doi: 10.1136/gut.20.6.526. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Drumm B. Helicobacter pylori. Arch Dis Child. 1990 Nov;65(11):1278–1282. doi: 10.1136/adc.65.11.1278. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Edwards D. I., Knight R. C., Zahoor A. DNA damage induced by reductively activated nitroimidazoles--pH effects. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1986 Jul;12(7):1207–1209. doi: 10.1016/0360-3016(86)90259-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Feldman M., Burton M. E. Histamine2-receptor antagonists. Standard therapy for acid-peptic diseases (2) N Engl J Med. 1990 Dec 20;323(25):1749–1755. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199012203232507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Fiocca R., Solcia E., Santoro B. Duodenal ulcer relapse after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Lancet. 1991 Jun 29;337(8757):1614–1614. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)93316-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Forman D., Newell D. G., Fullerton F., Yarnell J. W., Stacey A. R., Wald N., Sitas F. Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. BMJ. 1991 Jun 1;302(6788):1302–1305. doi: 10.1136/bmj.302.6788.1302. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Forman D., Sitas F., Newell D. G., Stacey A. R., Boreham J., Peto R., Campbell T. C., Li J., Chen J. Geographic association of Helicobacter pylori antibody prevalence and gastric cancer mortality in rural China. Int J Cancer. 1990 Oct 15;46(4):608–611. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910460410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Fox J. G., Correa P., Taylor N. S., Zavala D., Fontham E., Janney F., Rodriguez E., Hunter F., Diavolitsis S. Campylobacter pylori-associated gastritis and immune response in a population at increased risk of gastric carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989 Jul;84(7):775–781. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Fox N., Morton R. E., Jacobs J. The cost-effectiveness of maintenance therapy for duodenal ulceration with an H2-antagonist. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1988 Aug;2(4):297–309. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1988.tb00701.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Glupczynski Y., Burette A., De Koster E., Nyst J. F., Deltenre M., Cadranel S., Bourdeaux L., De Vos D. Metronidazole resistance in Helicobacter pylori. Lancet. 1990 Apr 21;335(8695):976–977. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91043-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Goodwin C. S., Blake P., Blincow E. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of antibiotics and anti-ulcer agents against Campylobacter pyloridis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1986 Mar;17(3):309–314. doi: 10.1093/jac/17.3.309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Goodwin C. S., Marshall B. J., Blincow E. D., Wilson D. H., Blackbourn S., Phillips M. Prevention of nitroimidazole resistance in Campylobacter pylori by coadministration of colloidal bismuth subcitrate: clinical and in vitro studies. J Clin Pathol. 1988 Feb;41(2):207–210. doi: 10.1136/jcp.41.2.207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Griffith G. W. The sex ratio in gastric cancer and hypothetical considerations relative to aetiology. Br J Cancer. 1968 Jun;22(2):163–172. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1968.23. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hamilton I., O'Connor H. J., Wood N. C., Bradbury I., Axon A. T. Healing and recurrence of duodenal ulcer after treatment with tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (TDB) tablets or cimetidine. Gut. 1986 Jan;27(1):106–110. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.1.106. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hughes K., Robertson D. A., James W. B. Duodeno-gastric reflux in normal and dyspeptic subjects. Clin Radiol. 1982 Jul;33(4):461–466. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9260(82)80320-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Jass J. R. Role of intestinal metaplasia in the histogenesis of gastric carcinoma. J Clin Pathol. 1980 Sep;33(9):801–810. doi: 10.1136/jcp.33.9.801. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Jensen D. M. Health and economic aspects of peptic ulcer disease. Am J Med. 1984 Nov 19;77(5B):8–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Kang J. Y., Tay H. H., Wee A., Guan R., Math M. V., Yap I. Effect of colloidal bismuth subcitrate on symptoms and gastric histology in non-ulcer dyspepsia. A double blind placebo controlled study. Gut. 1990 Apr;31(4):476–480. doi: 10.1136/gut.31.4.476. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Konturek S. J., Dembinski A., Warzecha Z., Bielanski W., Brzozowski T., Drozdowicz D. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the gastroprotective and ulcer healing actions of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (De-Nol) in rats. Gut. 1988 Jul;29(7):894–902. doi: 10.1136/gut.29.7.894. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kurata J. H., Haile B. M. Epidemiology of peptic ulcer disease. Clin Gastroenterol. 1984 May;13(2):289–307. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Lambert J. R., Dunn K., Borromeo M., Korman M. G., Hansky J. Campylobacter pylori--a role in non-ulcer dyspepsia? Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1989;160:7–13. doi: 10.3109/00365528909091728. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Lee F. I., Samloff I. M., Hardman M. Comparison of tri-potassium di-citrato bismuthate tablets with ranitidine in healing and relapse of duodenal ulcers. Lancet. 1985 Jun 8;1(8441):1299–1302. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92793-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Loffeld R. J., Potters H. V., Stobberingh E., Flendrig J. A., van Spreeuwel J. P., Arends J. W. Campylobacter associated gastritis in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia: a double blind placebo controlled trial with colloidal bismuth subcitrate. Gut. 1989 Sep;30(9):1206–1212. doi: 10.1136/gut.30.9.1206. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Loffeld R. J., Stobberingh E., Flendrig J. A., Arends J. W. Presence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia revealing normal antral histological characteristics. Digestion. 1990;47(1):29–34. doi: 10.1159/000200473. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Logan R. P., Gummett P. A., Misiewicz J. J., Karim Q. N., Walker M. M., Baron J. H. One week eradication regimen for Helicobacter pylori. Lancet. 1991 Nov 16;338(8777):1249–1252. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92111-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Mainguet P., Delmée M., Debongnie J. C. Omeprazole, campylobacter pylori, and duodenal ulcer. Lancet. 1989 Aug 12;2(8659):389–390. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90569-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Malagelada J. R., Stanghellini V. Manometric evaluation of functional upper gut symptoms. Gastroenterology. 1985 May;88(5 Pt 1):1223–1231. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(85)80083-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Marshall B. J., Armstrong J. A., McGechie D. B., Glancy R. J. Attempt to fulfil Koch's postulates for pyloric Campylobacter. Med J Aust. 1985 Apr 15;142(8):436–439. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb113443.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Marshall B. J., Warren J. R. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet. 1984 Jun 16;1(8390):1311–1315. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91816-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Martin D. F., Hollanders D., May S. J., Ravenscroft M. M., Tweedle D. E., Miller J. P. Difference in relapse rates of duodenal ulcer after healing with cimetidine or tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate. Lancet. 1981 Jan 3;1(8210):7–10. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)90114-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Maton P. N. Omeprazole. N Engl J Med. 1991 Apr 4;324(14):965–975. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199104043241406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. McNulty C. A., Gearty J. C., Crump B., Davis M., Donovan I. A., Melikian V., Lister D. M., Wise R. Campylobacter pyloridis and associated gastritis: investigator blind, placebo controlled trial of bismuth salicylate and erythromycin ethylsuccinate. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Sep 13;293(6548):645–649. doi: 10.1136/bmj.293.6548.645. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Mirvish S. S., Wallcave L., Eagen M., Shubik P. Ascorbate-nitrite reaction: possible means of blocking the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. Science. 1972 Jul 7;177(4043):65–68. doi: 10.1126/science.177.4043.65. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Morris A., Nicholson G. Ingestion of Campylobacter pyloridis causes gastritis and raised fasting gastric pH. Am J Gastroenterol. 1987 Mar;82(3):192–199. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Nomura A., Stemmermann G. N., Chyou P. H., Kato I., Perez-Perez G. I., Blaser M. J. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N Engl J Med. 1991 Oct 17;325(16):1132–1136. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199110173251604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Nwokolo C. U., Gavey C. J., Smith J. T., Pounder R. E. The absorption of bismuth from oral doses of tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1989 Feb;3(1):29–39. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1989.tb00188.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. O'Connor H. J., Schorah C. J., Habibzedah N., Axon A. T., Cockel R. Vitamin C in the human stomach: relation to gastric pH, gastroduodenal disease, and possible sources. Gut. 1989 Apr;30(4):436–442. doi: 10.1136/gut.30.4.436. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. O'Riordan T., Mathai E., Tobin E., McKenna D., Keane C., Sweeney E., O'Morain C. Adjuvant antibiotic therapy in duodenal ulcers treated with colloidal bismuth subcitrate. Gut. 1990 Sep;31(9):999–1002. doi: 10.1136/gut.31.9.999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Ohshima H., Bartsch H. Quantitative estimation of endogenous nitrosation in humans by monitoring N-nitrosoproline excreted in the urine. Cancer Res. 1981 Sep;41(9 Pt 1):3658–3662. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Parsonnet J., Friedman G. D., Vandersteen D. P., Chang Y., Vogelman J. H., Orentreich N., Sibley R. K. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1991 Oct 17;325(16):1127–1131. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199110173251603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Patchett S., Beattie S., Leen E., Keane C., O'Morain C. Eradicating Helicobacter pylori and symptoms of non-ulcer dyspepsia. BMJ. 1991 Nov 16;303(6812):1238–1240. doi: 10.1136/bmj.303.6812.1238. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Perez-Perez G. I., Taylor D. N., Bodhidatta L., Wongsrichanalai J., Baze W. B., Dunn B. E., Echeverria P. D., Blaser M. J. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infections in Thailand. J Infect Dis. 1990 Jun;161(6):1237–1241. doi: 10.1093/infdis/161.6.1237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Peterson W. L. Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease. N Engl J Med. 1991 Apr 11;324(15):1043–1048. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199104113241507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Quintero Diaz M., Sotto Escobar A. Metronidazole versus cimetidine in treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer. Lancet. 1986 Apr 19;1(8486):907–907. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91006-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Ramsey E. J., Carey K. V., Peterson W. L., Jackson J. J., Murphy F. K., Read N. W., Taylor K. B., Trier J. S., Fordtran J. S. Epidemic gastritis with hypochlorhydria. Gastroenterology. 1979 Jun;76(6):1449–1457. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Rathbone B. J., Johnson A. W., Wyatt J. I., Kelleher J., Heatley R. V., Losowsky M. S. Ascorbic acid: a factor concentrated in human gastric juice. Clin Sci (Lond) 1989 Mar;76(3):237–241. doi: 10.1042/cs0760237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Rauws E. A., Tytgat G. N. Cure of duodenal ulcer associated with eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Lancet. 1990 May 26;335(8700):1233–1235. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)91301-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Rokkas T., Pursey C., Uzoechina E., Dorrington L., Simmons N. A., Filipe M. I., Sladen G. E. Non-ulcer dyspepsia and short term De-Nol therapy: a placebo controlled trial with particular reference to the role of Campylobacter pylori. Gut. 1988 Oct;29(10):1386–1391. doi: 10.1136/gut.29.10.1386. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Ruddell W. S., Bone E. S., Hill M. J., Blendis L. M., Walters C. L. Gastric-juice nitrite. A risk factor for cancer in the hypochlorhydric stomach? Lancet. 1976 Nov 13;2(7994):1037–1039. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90962-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Sitas F., Forman D., Yarnell J. W., Burr M. L., Elwood P. C., Pedley S., Marks K. J. Helicobacter pylori infection rates in relation to age and social class in a population of Welsh men. Gut. 1991 Jan;32(1):25–28. doi: 10.1136/gut.32.1.25. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Siurala M., Sipponen P., Kekki M. Campylobacter pylori in a sample of Finnish population: relations to morphology and functions of the gastric mucosa. Gut. 1988 Jul;29(7):909–915. doi: 10.1136/gut.29.7.909. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Sobala G. M., Crabtree J. E., Dixon M. F., Schorah C. J., Taylor J. D., Rathbone B. J., Heatley R. V., Axon A. T. Acute Helicobacter pylori infection: clinical features, local and systemic immune response, gastric mucosal histology, and gastric juice ascorbic acid concentrations. Gut. 1991 Nov;32(11):1415–1418. doi: 10.1136/gut.32.11.1415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Sobala G. M., Schorah C. J., Sanderson M., Dixon M. F., Tompkins D. S., Godwin P., Axon A. T. Ascorbic acid in the human stomach. Gastroenterology. 1989 Aug;97(2):357–363. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(89)90071-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Strickland R. G., Mackay I. R. A reappraisal of the nature and significance of chronic atrophic gastritis. Am J Dig Dis. 1973 May;18(5):426–440. doi: 10.1007/BF01071995. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Talley N. J., Fung L. H., Gilligan I. J., McNeil D., Piper D. W. Association of anxiety, neuroticism, and depression with dyspepsia of unknown cause. A case-control study. Gastroenterology. 1986 Apr;90(4):886–892. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90864-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Talley N. J., Phillips S. F. Non-ulcer dyspepsia: potential causes and pathophysiology. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Jun;108(6):865–879. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-108-6-865. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Talley N. J., Piper D. W. Major life event stress and dyspepsia of unknown cause: a case control study. Gut. 1986 Feb;27(2):127–134. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.2.127. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Tatsuta M., Ishikawa H., Iishi H., Okuda S., Yokota Y. Reduction of gastric ulcer recurrence after suppression of Helicobacter pylori by cefixime. Gut. 1990 Sep;31(9):973–976. doi: 10.1136/gut.31.9.973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Watson R. G., Love A. H. Intragastric bile acid concentrations are unrelated to symptoms of flatulent dyspepsia in patients with and without gallbladder disease and postcholecystectomy. Gut. 1987 Feb;28(2):131–136. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.2.131. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Watson R. G., Shaw C., Buchanan K. D., Love A. H. Circulating gastrointestinal hormones in patients with flatulent dyspepsia, with and without gallbladder disease. Digestion. 1986;35(4):211–216. doi: 10.1159/000199370. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Weil J., Bell G. D., Powell K., Morden A., Harrison G., Gant P. W., Jones P. H., Trowell J. E. Helicobacter pylori infection treated with a tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate and metronidazole combination. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1990 Dec;4(6):651–657. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1990.tb00513.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Weil J., Bell G. D., Powell K., Morden A., Harrison G., Gant P. W., Jones P. H., Trowell J. E. Omeprazole and Helicobacter pylori: temporary suppression rather than true eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1991 Jun;5(3):309–313. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.1991.tb00032.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Wiestler O., von Deimling A., Kobori O., Kleihues P. Location of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced gastrointestinal tumors correlates with thiol distribution. Carcinogenesis. 1983;4(7):879–883. doi: 10.1093/carcin/4.7.879. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Yokota J., Yamamoto T., Toyoshima K., Terada M., Sugimura T., Battifora H., Cline M. J. Amplification of c-erbB-2 oncogene in human adenocarcinomas in vivo. Lancet. 1986 Apr 5;1(8484):765–767. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91782-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Zheng Z. T., Wang Z. Y., Chu Y. X., Li Y. N., Li Q. F., Lin S. R., Xu Z. M. Double-blind short-term trial of furazolidone in peptic ulcer. Lancet. 1985 May 4;1(8436):1048–1049. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Postgraduate Medical Journal are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES