Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1992 Dec;66(12):7128–7135. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.12.7128-7135.1992

Novel mutation in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase gene that encodes cross-resistance to 2',3'-dideoxyinosine and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine.

Z Gu 1, Q Gao 1, X Li 1, M A Parniak 1, M A Wainberg 1
PMCID: PMC240397  PMID: 1279198

Abstract

We have used the technique of in vitro selection to generate variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that are resistant to 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI) and cross-resistant to 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC). The complete reverse transcriptase (RT)-coding regions, plus portions of flanking sequences, of viruses possessing a ddI-resistant phenotype were cloned and sequenced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. We observed that several of these viruses possessed mutations at amino acid sites 184 (Met-->Val; ATG-->GTG) and 294 (Pro-->Ser; CCA-->TCA). These mutations were introduced in the pol gene of infectious, cloned HXB2-D DNA by site-directed mutagenesis. Viral replication assays confirmed the importance of site 184 with regard to resistance to ddI. The recombinant viruses thus generated displayed more than fivefold-greater resistance to ddI than parental HXB2-D did. Moreover, more than fivefold-greater resistance to ddC was also documented; however, the recombinant viruses continued to be inhibited by zidovudine (AZT). No resistance to ddI, ddC, or AZT was introduced by inclusion of mutation site 294 in the pol gene of HXB2-D. PCR analysis performed on viral samples obtained from patients receiving long-term ddI therapy confirmed the presence of mutation site 184 in five of seven cases tested. In three of these five positive cases, the wild-type codon was also detected, indicating that mixtures of viral quasispecies were apparently present. Viruses possessing a ddI resistance phenotype were isolated from both subjects whose viruses contained only the mutated rather than wild-type codon at position 184 as well as from a third individual, whose viruses appeared to be mostly of the mutated variety.

Full text

PDF
7130

Images in this article

7132Image
on p.7132
7132Image
on p.7132

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Argos P. A sequence motif in many polymerases. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Nov 11;16(21):9909–9916. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.21.9909. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Barber A. M., Hizi A., Maizel J. V., Jr, Hughes S. H. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: structure predictions for the polymerase domain. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1990 Sep;6(9):1061–1072. doi: 10.1089/aid.1990.6.1061. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Boulerice F., Bour S., Geleziunas R., Lvovich A., Wainberg M. A. High frequency of isolation of defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and heterogeneity of viral gene expression in clones of infected U-937 cells. J Virol. 1990 Apr;64(4):1745–1755. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.4.1745-1755.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Boyer P. L., Ferris A. L., Hughes S. H. Cassette mutagenesis of the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol. 1992 Feb;66(2):1031–1039. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.2.1031-1039.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chu G., Hayakawa H., Berg P. Electroporation for the efficient transfection of mammalian cells with DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Feb 11;15(3):1311–1326. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.3.1311. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Fischl M. A., Richman D. D., Causey D. M., Grieco M. H., Bryson Y., Mildvan D., Laskin O. L., Groopman J. E., Volberding P. A., Schooley R. T. Prolonged zidovudine therapy in patients with AIDS and advanced AIDS-related complex. AZT Collaborative Working Group. JAMA. 1989 Nov 3;262(17):2405–2410. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Fischl M. A., Richman D. D., Grieco M. H., Gottlieb M. S., Volberding P. A., Laskin O. L., Leedom J. M., Groopman J. E., Mildvan D., Schooley R. T. The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 1987 Jul 23;317(4):185–191. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198707233170401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Fisher A. G., Collalti E., Ratner L., Gallo R. C., Wong-Staal F. A molecular clone of HTLV-III with biological activity. Nature. 1985 Jul 18;316(6025):262–265. doi: 10.1038/316262a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Fitzgibbon J. E., Howell R. M., Haberzettl C. A., Sperber S. J., Gocke D. J., Dubin D. T. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 pol gene mutations which cause decreased susceptibility to 2',3'-dideoxycytidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992 Jan;36(1):153–157. doi: 10.1128/aac.36.1.153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Furman P. A., Fyfe J. A., St Clair M. H., Weinhold K., Rideout J. L., Freeman G. A., Lehrman S. N., Bolognesi D. P., Broder S., Mitsuya H. Phosphorylation of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and selective interaction of the 5'-triphosphate with human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Nov;83(21):8333–8337. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.21.8333. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gao Q., Gu Z. X., Parniak M. A., Li X. G., Wainberg M. A. In vitro selection of variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine. J Virol. 1992 Jan;66(1):12–19. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.1.12-19.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Johnson M. S., McClure M. A., Feng D. F., Gray J., Doolittle R. F. Computer analysis of retroviral pol genes: assignment of enzymatic functions to specific sequences and homologies with nonviral enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Oct;83(20):7648–7652. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.20.7648. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Kellam P., Boucher C. A., Larder B. A. Fifth mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase contributes to the development of high-level resistance to zidovudine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Mar 1;89(5):1934–1938. doi: 10.1073/pnas.89.5.1934. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Kunkel T. A. Rapid and efficient site-specific mutagenesis without phenotypic selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jan;82(2):488–492. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.2.488. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Larder B. A., Coates K. E., Kemp S. D. Zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus selected by passage in cell culture. J Virol. 1991 Oct;65(10):5232–5236. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.10.5232-5236.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Larder B. A., Darby G., Richman D. D. HIV with reduced sensitivity to zidovudine (AZT) isolated during prolonged therapy. Science. 1989 Mar 31;243(4899):1731–1734. doi: 10.1126/science.2467383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Larder B. A., Kemp S. D. Multiple mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase confer high-level resistance to zidovudine (AZT). Science. 1989 Dec 1;246(4934):1155–1158. doi: 10.1126/science.2479983. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Larder B. A., Kemp S. D., Purifoy D. J. Infectious potential of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase mutants with altered inhibitor sensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Jul;86(13):4803–4807. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.13.4803. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Larder B. A., Purifoy D. J., Powell K. L., Darby G. Site-specific mutagenesis of AIDS virus reverse transcriptase. 1987 Jun 25-Jul 1Nature. 327(6124):716–717. doi: 10.1038/327716a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Moore R. D., Hidalgo J., Sugland B. W., Chaisson R. E. Zidovudine and the natural history of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1991 May 16;324(20):1412–1416. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199105163242006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Nunberg J. H., Schleif W. A., Boots E. J., O'Brien J. A., Quintero J. C., Hoffman J. M., Emini E. A., Goldman M. E. Viral resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific pyridinone reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Virol. 1991 Sep;65(9):4887–4892. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.9.4887-4892.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Preston B. D., Poiesz B. J., Loeb L. A. Fidelity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Science. 1988 Nov 25;242(4882):1168–1171. doi: 10.1126/science.2460924. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Richman D., Shih C. K., Lowy I., Rose J., Prodanovich P., Goff S., Griffin J. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutants resistant to nonnucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase arise in tissue culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Dec 15;88(24):11241–11245. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.24.11241. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Roberts J. D., Bebenek K., Kunkel T. A. The accuracy of reverse transcriptase from HIV-1. Science. 1988 Nov 25;242(4882):1171–1173. doi: 10.1126/science.2460925. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Rooke R., Tremblay M., Soudeyns H., DeStephano L., Yao X. J., Fanning M., Montaner J. S., O'Shaughnessy M., Gelmon K., Tsoukas C. Isolation of drug-resistant variants of HIV-1 from patients on long-term zidovudine therapy. Canadian Zidovudine Multi-Centre Study Group. AIDS. 1989 Jul;3(7):411–415. doi: 10.1097/00002030-198907000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Rooke R., Tremblay M., Wainberg M. A. AZT (zidovudine) may act postintegrationally to inhibit generation of HIV-1 progeny virus in chronically infected cells. Virology. 1990 May;176(1):205–215. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90245-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Saiki R. K., Gelfand D. H., Stoffel S., Scharf S. J., Higuchi R., Horn G. T., Mullis K. B., Erlich H. A. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science. 1988 Jan 29;239(4839):487–491. doi: 10.1126/science.2448875. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. St Clair M. H., Martin J. L., Tudor-Williams G., Bach M. C., Vavro C. L., King D. M., Kellam P., Kemp S. D., Larder B. A. Resistance to ddI and sensitivity to AZT induced by a mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Science. 1991 Sep 27;253(5027):1557–1559. doi: 10.1126/science.1716788. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Takeuchi Y., Nagumo T., Hoshino H. Low fidelity of cell-free DNA synthesis by reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus. J Virol. 1988 Oct;62(10):3900–3902. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.10.3900-3902.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Toh H., Hayashida H., Miyata T. Sequence homology between retroviral reverse transcriptase and putative polymerases of hepatitis B virus and cauliflower mosaic virus. 1983 Oct 27-Nov 2Nature. 305(5937):827–829. doi: 10.1038/305827a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Yarchoan R., Klecker R. W., Weinhold K. J., Markham P. D., Lyerly H. K., Durack D. T., Gelmann E., Lehrman S. N., Blum R. M., Barry D. W. Administration of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, an inhibitor of HTLV-III/LAV replication, to patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex. Lancet. 1986 Mar 15;1(8481):575–580. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92808-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Yarchoan R., Mitsuya H., Thomas R. V., Pluda J. M., Hartman N. R., Perno C. F., Marczyk K. S., Allain J. P., Johns D. G., Broder S. In vivo activity against HIV and favorable toxicity profile of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine. Science. 1989 Jul 28;245(4916):412–415. doi: 10.1126/science.2502840. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Yarchoan R., Perno C. F., Thomas R. V., Klecker R. W., Allain J. P., Wills R. J., McAtee N., Fischl M. A., Dubinsky R., McNeely M. C. Phase I studies of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine in severe human immunodeficiency virus infection as a single agent and alternating with zidovudine (AZT). Lancet. 1988 Jan 16;1(8577):76–81. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)90283-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES