Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1992 Jun;66(6):3347–3354. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.6.3347-3354.1992

Simian virus 40 T antigen activates the late promoter by modulating the activity of negative regulatory elements.

E May 1, F Omilli 1, J Borde 1, P Scieller 1
PMCID: PMC241113  PMID: 1316451

Abstract

Late promoter activity measured before viral DNA replication results from a complex involvement of negative and positive cis-acting elements located both in the enhancer and in the 21-bp repeats. GC motifs located within the 21-bp repeats act in cooperation with sequences overlapping the early TATA box to down-regulate the late promoter activity. Analysis of insertion mutants indicates that the late promoter might be negatively regulated at least partially by the early promoter machinery. The GTI motif located within the enhancer as well as the GC motifs lose the ability to down-regulate the late promoter in the presence of T antigen. Results obtained with tsA58 protein indicate that two different domains of T antigen are involved in the negative autoregulation of the early promoter activity and in the release of the down-regulation of the late promoter by the GC motifs.

Full text

PDF
3353

Images in this article

3348Image
on p.3348

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alwine J. C., Picardi J. Activity of simian virus 40 late promoter elements in the absence of large T antigen: evidence for repression of late gene expression. J Virol. 1986 Nov;60(2):400–404. doi: 10.1128/jvi.60.2.400-404.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ayer D. E., Dynan W. S. Simian virus 40 major late promoter: a novel tripartite structure that includes intragenic sequences. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 May;8(5):2021–2033. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.5.2021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Barrera-Saldana H., Takahashi K., Vigneron M., Wildeman A., Davidson I., Chambon P. All six GC-motifs of the SV40 early upstream element contribute to promoter activity in vivo and in vitro. EMBO J. 1985 Dec 30;4(13B):3839–3849. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb04156.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Benoist C., Chambon P. In vivo sequence requirements of the SV40 early promotor region. Nature. 1981 Mar 26;290(5804):304–310. doi: 10.1038/290304a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Birkenmeier E. H., May E., Salzman N. P. Characterization of simian virus 40 tsA58 transcriptional intermediates at restrictive temperatures: relationship between DNA replication and transcription. J Virol. 1977 Jun;22(3):702–710. doi: 10.1128/jvi.22.3.702-710.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bourachot B., Jouanneau J., Giri I., Katinka M., Cereghini S., Yaniv M. Both early and late control sequences of SV40 and polyoma promote transcription of Escherichia coli gpt gene in transfected cells. EMBO J. 1982;1(8):895–900. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1982.tb01268.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Boyle W. J., Smeal T., Defize L. H., Angel P., Woodgett J. R., Karin M., Hunter T. Activation of protein kinase C decreases phosphorylation of c-Jun at sites that negatively regulate its DNA-binding activity. Cell. 1991 Feb 8;64(3):573–584. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90241-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brady J., Bolen J. B., Radonovich M., Salzman N., Khoury G. Stimulation of simian virus 40 late gene expression by simian virus 40 tumor antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):2040–2044. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.2040. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Brady J., Khoury G. trans Activation of the simian virus 40 late transcription unit by T-antigen. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Jun;5(6):1391–1399. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.6.1391. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Brady J., Loeken M. R., Khoury G. Interaction between two transcriptional control sequences required for tumor-antigen-mediated simian virus 40 late gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Nov;82(21):7299–7303. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.21.7299. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cahill K. B., Carmichael G. G. Deletion analysis of the polyomavirus late promoter: evidence for both positive and negative elements in the absence of early proteins. J Virol. 1989 Sep;63(9):3634–3642. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.3634-3642.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cowan K., Tegtmeyer P., Anthony D. D. Relationship of replication and transcription of Simian Virus 40 DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 Jul;70(7):1927–1930. doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.7.1927. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ernoult-Lange M., May P., Moreau P., May E. Simian virus 40 late promoter region able to initiate simian virus 40 early gene transcription in the absence of the simian virus 40 origin sequence. J Virol. 1984 Apr;50(1):163–173. doi: 10.1128/jvi.50.1.163-173.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Ernoult-Lange M., Omilli F., May E. Contribution of different GC-motifs to the control of simian virus 40 late promoter activity. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Oct 26;15(20):8177–8193. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.20.8177. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Ernoult-Lange M., Omilli F., O'Reilly D. R., May E. Characterization of the simian virus 40 late promoter: relative importance of sequences within the 72-base-pair repeats differs before and after viral DNA replication. J Virol. 1987 Jan;61(1):167–176. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.1.167-176.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Fåhraeus R., Jansson A., Ricksten A., Sjöblom A., Rymo L. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen 2 activates the viral latent membrane protein promoter by modulating the activity of a negative regulatory element. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(19):7390–7394. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.19.7390. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Gallo G. J., Gruda M. C., Manuppello J. R., Alwine J. C. Activity of simian DNA-binding factors is altered in the presence of simian virus 40 (SV40) early proteins: characterization of factors binding to elements involved in activation of the SV40 late promoter. J Virol. 1990 Jan;64(1):173–184. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.1.173-184.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Ghosh P. K., Reddy V. B., Swinscoe J., Lebowitz P., Weissman S. M. Heterogeneity and 5'-terminal structures of the late RNAs of simian virus 40. J Mol Biol. 1978 Dec 25;126(4):813–846. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90022-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Gidoni D., Kadonaga J. T., Barrera-Saldaña H., Takahashi K., Chambon P., Tjian R. Bidirectional SV40 transcription mediated by tandem Sp1 binding interactions. Science. 1985 Nov 1;230(4725):511–517. doi: 10.1126/science.2996137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gong S. S., Subramanian K. N. Functional anatomy of the simian virus 40 late promoter. Virology. 1988 Apr;163(2):481–493. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90289-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Goodbourn S., Maniatis T. Overlapping positive and negative regulatory domains of the human beta-interferon gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(5):1447–1451. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.5.1447. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Goodbourn S. Negative regulation of transcriptional initiation in eukaryotes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990 Jun 1;1032(1):53–77. doi: 10.1016/0304-419x(90)90012-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gruda M. C., Alwine J. C. Simian virus 40 (SV40) T-antigen transcriptional activation mediated through the Oct/SPH region of the SV40 late promoter. J Virol. 1991 Jul;65(7):3553–3558. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.7.3553-3558.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Haegeman G., Fiers W. Localization of the 5' terminus of late SV40 mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 1978 Jul;5(7):2359–2371. doi: 10.1093/nar/5.7.2359. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hertz G. Z., Mertz J. E. Bidirectional promoter elements of simian virus 40 are required for efficient replication of the viral DNA. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Oct;6(10):3513–3522. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.10.3513. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Kadonaga J. T., Carner K. R., Masiarz F. R., Tjian R. Isolation of cDNA encoding transcription factor Sp1 and functional analysis of the DNA binding domain. Cell. 1987 Dec 24;51(6):1079–1090. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90594-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Keller J. M., Alwine J. C. Activation of the SV40 late promoter: direct effects of T antigen in the absence of viral DNA replication. Cell. 1984 Feb;36(2):381–389. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90231-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Kelly J. J., Munholland J. M., Wildeman A. G. Comeasurement of simian virus 40 early and late promoter activity in HeLa and 293 cells in the presence of T antigen. J Virol. 1989 Jan;63(1):383–391. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.1.383-391.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Khoury G., May E. Regulation of early and late simian virus 40 transcription: overproduction of early viral RNA in the absence of a functional T-antigen. J Virol. 1977 Jul;23(1):167–176. doi: 10.1128/jvi.23.1.167-176.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Levine M., Manley J. L. Transcriptional repression of eukaryotic promoters. Cell. 1989 Nov 3;59(3):405–408. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90024-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Mann K., Hunter T. Association of simian virus 40 T antigen with simian virus 40 nucleoprotein complexes. J Virol. 1979 Jan;29(1):232–241. doi: 10.1128/jvi.29.1.232-241.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. May E., Omilli F., Ernoult-Lange M., Zenke M., Chambon P. The sequence motifs that are involved in SV40 enhancer function also control SV40 late promoter activity. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Mar 25;15(6):2445–2461. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.6.2445. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Mishoe H., Brady J. N., Radonovich M., Salzman N. P. Simian virus 40 guanine-cytosine-rich sequences function as independent transcriptional control elements in vitro. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Dec;4(12):2911–2920. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.12.2911. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Mitchell P. J., Wang C., Tjian R. Positive and negative regulation of transcription in vitro: enhancer-binding protein AP-2 is inhibited by SV40 T antigen. Cell. 1987 Sep 11;50(6):847–861. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90512-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Omilli F., Ernoult-Lange M., Borde J., May E. Sequences involved in initiation of simian virus 40 late transcription in the absence of T antigen. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Jun;6(6):1875–1885. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.6.1875. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Omilli F., Ernoult-Lange M., May E. SV40 late promoter: contribution of the initiation site sequences to basal late promoter activity. Virology. 1987 Mar;157(1):232–235. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90333-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Pannuti A., Pascucci A., La Mantia G., Fisher-Fantuzzi L., Vesco C., Lania L. trans-activation of cellular and viral promoters by a transforming nonkaryophilic simian virus 40 large T antigen. J Virol. 1987 Apr;61(4):1296–1299. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.4.1296-1299.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Peden K. W., Srinivasan A., Farber J. M., Pipas J. M. Mutants with changes within or near a hydrophobic region of simian virus 40 large tumor antigen are defective for binding cellular protein p53. Virology. 1989 Jan;168(1):13–21. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90398-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Reed S. I., Stark G. R., Alwine J. C. Autoregulation of simian virus 40 gene A by T antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Sep;73(9):3083–3087. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.9.3083. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Rio D. C., Tjian R. SV40 T antigen binding site mutations that affect autoregulation. Cell. 1983 Apr;32(4):1227–1240. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90305-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Rio D., Robbins A., Myers R., Tjian R. Regulation of simian virus 40 early transcription in vitro by a purified tumor antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Oct;77(10):5706–5710. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.10.5706. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Scieller P., Omilli F., Borde J., May E. Characterization of SV40 enhancer motifs involved in positive and negative regulation of the constitutive late promoter activity; effect of T-antigen. Virology. 1991 Apr;181(2):783–786. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90918-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Somasekhar M. B., Mertz J. E. Sequences involved in determining the locations of the 5' ends of the late RNAs of simian virus 40. J Virol. 1985 Dec;56(3):1002–1013. doi: 10.1128/jvi.56.3.1002-1013.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Srinivasan A., Peden K. W., Pipas J. M. The large tumor antigen of simian virus 40 encodes at least two distinct transforming functions. J Virol. 1989 Dec;63(12):5459–5463. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.12.5459-5463.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Tada H., Lashgari M. S., Khalili K. Regulation of JCVL promoter function: evidence that a pentanucleotide "silencer" repeat sequence AGGGAAGGGA down-regulates transcription of the JC virus late promoter. Virology. 1991 Jan;180(1):327–338. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90037-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Takahashi K., Vigneron M., Matthes H., Wildeman A., Zenke M., Chambon P. Requirement of stereospecific alignments for initiation from the simian virus 40 early promoter. Nature. 1986 Jan 9;319(6049):121–126. doi: 10.1038/319121a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Tegtmeyer P., Schwartz M., Collins J. K., Rundell K. Regulation of tumor antigen synthesis by simain virus 40 gene A. J Virol. 1975 Jul;16(1):168–178. doi: 10.1128/jvi.16.1.168-178.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Tevethia M. J., Pipas J. M., Kierstead T., Cole C. Requirements for immortalization of primary mouse embryo fibroblasts probed with mutants bearing deletions in the 3' end of SV40 gene A. Virology. 1988 Jan;162(1):76–89. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90396-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Wasylyk B., Imler J. L., Chatton B., Schatz C., Wasylyk C. Negative and positive factors determine the activity of the polyoma virus enhancer alpha domain in undifferentiated and differentiated cell types. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Nov;85(21):7952–7956. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.21.7952. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Weiher H., König M., Gruss P. Multiple point mutations affecting the simian virus 40 enhancer. Science. 1983 Feb 11;219(4585):626–631. doi: 10.1126/science.6297005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Wilson V. G., Tevethia M. J., Lewton B. A., Tegtmeyer P. DNA binding properties of simian virus 40 temperature-sensitive A proteins. J Virol. 1982 Nov;44(2):458–466. doi: 10.1128/jvi.44.2.458-466.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Zenke M., Grundström T., Matthes H., Wintzerith M., Schatz C., Wildeman A., Chambon P. Multiple sequence motifs are involved in SV40 enhancer function. EMBO J. 1986 Feb;5(2):387–397. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04224.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Zhu J. Y., Rice P. W., Chamberlain M., Cole C. N. Mapping the transcriptional transactivation function of simian virus 40 large T antigen. J Virol. 1991 Jun;65(6):2778–2790. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.2778-2790.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES