Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1992 Aug;66(8):5067–5074. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.8.5067-5074.1992

Viral DNA carried by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions.

F Lori 1, F di Marzo Veronese 1, A L de Vico 1, P Lusso 1, M S Reitz Jr 1, R C Gallo 1
PMCID: PMC241368  PMID: 1378514

Abstract

A fundamental step in the replication of retroviruses is the reverse transcription of the viral RNA genome into a double-stranded DNA provirus. Retroviruses are believed to carry genomic information only as RNA, and synthesis of DNA is thought to start only after virus entry into the infected cell. We report here that infectious mature human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions contain viral DNA of heterogeneous size. This heterogeneity seems to result from random stops of reverse transcription during minus- and plus-strand synthesis. The DNA carried by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions presumably originates from reverse transcription which takes place prior to or during formation of the mature virus particle.

Full text

PDF
5070

Images in this article

5069Image
on p.5069
5070Image
on p.5070
5071Image
on p.5071
5072Image
on p.5072
5072Image
on p.5072

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Baltimore D. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of RNA tumour viruses. Nature. 1970 Jun 27;226(5252):1209–1211. doi: 10.1038/2261209a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Barat C., Lullien V., Schatz O., Keith G., Nugeyre M. T., Grüninger-Leitch F., Barré-Sinoussi F., LeGrice S. F., Darlix J. L. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase specifically interacts with the anticodon domain of its cognate primer tRNA. EMBO J. 1989 Nov;8(11):3279–3285. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08488.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bavand M. R., Laub O. Two proteins with reverse transcriptase activities associated with hepatitis B virus-like particles. J Virol. 1988 Feb;62(2):626–628. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.2.626-628.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bukrinsky M. I., Stanwick T. L., Dempsey M. P., Stevenson M. Quiescent T lymphocytes as an inducible virus reservoir in HIV-1 infection. Science. 1991 Oct 18;254(5030):423–427. doi: 10.1126/science.1925601. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Crawford S., Goff S. P. A deletion mutation in the 5' part of the pol gene of Moloney murine leukemia virus blocks proteolytic processing of the gag and pol polyproteins. J Virol. 1985 Mar;53(3):899–907. doi: 10.1128/jvi.53.3.899-907.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Darlix J. L., Bromley P. A., Spahr P. F. New procedure for the direct analysis of in vitro reverse transcription of Rous sarcoma virus RNA. J Virol. 1977 Apr;22(1):118–129. doi: 10.1128/jvi.22.1.118-129.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Ganem D., Varmus H. E. The molecular biology of the hepatitis B viruses. Annu Rev Biochem. 1987;56:651–693. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.003251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Gartner S., Markovits P., Markovitz D. M., Kaplan M. H., Gallo R. C., Popovic M. The role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLV-III/LAV infection. Science. 1986 Jul 11;233(4760):215–219. doi: 10.1126/science.3014648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Grewe C., Beck A., Gelderblom H. R. HIV: early virus-cell interactions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1990;3(10):965–974. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Lori F., Scovassi A. I., Zella D., Achilli G., Cattaneo E., Casoli C., Bertazzoni U. Enzymatically active forms of reverse transcriptase of the human immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1988 Oct;4(5):393–398. doi: 10.1089/aid.1988.4.393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Mason W. S., Taylor J. M., Hull R. Retroid virus genome replication. Adv Virus Res. 1987;32:35–96. doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60474-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. McCune J. M., Rabin L. B., Feinberg M. B., Lieberman M., Kosek J. C., Reyes G. R., Weissman I. L. Endoproteolytic cleavage of gp160 is required for the activation of human immunodeficiency virus. Cell. 1988 Apr 8;53(1):55–67. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90487-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Minowada J., Onuma T., Moore G. E. Rosette-forming human lymphoid cell lines. I. Establishment and evidence for origin of thymus-derived lymphocytes. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1972 Sep;49(3):891–895. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Pauza C. D., Price T. M. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of T cells and monocytes proceeds via receptor-mediated endocytosis. J Cell Biol. 1988 Sep;107(3):959–968. doi: 10.1083/jcb.107.3.959. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Peng C., Chang N. T., Chang T. W. Identification and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag-pol fusion protein in transfected mammalian cells. J Virol. 1991 May;65(5):2751–2756. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.5.2751-2756.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Popovic M., Sarngadharan M. G., Read E., Gallo R. C. Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science. 1984 May 4;224(4648):497–500. doi: 10.1126/science.6200935. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Psallidopoulos M. C., Schnittman S. M., Thompson L. M., 3rd, Baseler M., Fauci A. S., Lane H. C., Salzman N. P. Integrated proviral human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is present in CD4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes in healthy seropositive individuals. J Virol. 1989 Nov;63(11):4626–4631. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.11.4626-4631.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Ratner L., Haseltine W., Patarca R., Livak K. J., Starcich B., Josephs S. F., Doran E. R., Rafalski J. A., Whitehorn E. A., Baumeister K. Complete nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III. Nature. 1985 Jan 24;313(6000):277–284. doi: 10.1038/313277a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Ringold G. M., Yamamoto K. R., Shank P. R., Varmus H. E. Mouse mammary tumor virus DNA in infected rat cells: characterization of unintegrated forms. Cell. 1977 Jan;10(1):19–26. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90135-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Rooke R., Tremblay M., Wainberg M. A. AZT (zidovudine) may act postintegrationally to inhibit generation of HIV-1 progeny virus in chronically infected cells. Virology. 1990 May;176(1):205–215. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90245-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Shaw G. M., Hahn B. H., Arya S. K., Groopman J. E., Gallo R. C., Wong-Staal F. Molecular characterization of human T-cell leukemia (lymphotropic) virus type III in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Science. 1984 Dec 7;226(4679):1165–1171. doi: 10.1126/science.6095449. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Stevenson M., Stanwick T. L., Dempsey M. P., Lamonica C. A. HIV-1 replication is controlled at the level of T cell activation and proviral integration. EMBO J. 1990 May;9(5):1551–1560. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08274.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Summers J., Mason W. S. Replication of the genome of a hepatitis B--like virus by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Cell. 1982 Jun;29(2):403–415. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90157-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Temin H. M., Mizutani S. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous sarcoma virus. Nature. 1970 Jun 27;226(5252):1211–1213. doi: 10.1038/2261211a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Varmus H. E., Shank P. R. Unintegrated viral DNA is synthesized in the cytoplasm of avian sarcoma virus-transformed duck cells by viral DNA polymerase. J Virol. 1976 May;18(2):567–573. doi: 10.1128/jvi.18.2.567-573.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Veronese F. D., DeVico A. L., Copeland T. D., Oroszlan S., Gallo R. C., Sarngadharan M. G. Characterization of gp41 as the transmembrane protein coded by the HTLV-III/LAV envelope gene. Science. 1985 Sep 27;229(4720):1402–1405. doi: 10.1126/science.2994223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Zack J. A., Arrigo S. J., Weitsman S. R., Go A. S., Haislip A., Chen I. S. HIV-1 entry into quiescent primary lymphocytes: molecular analysis reveals a labile, latent viral structure. Cell. 1990 Apr 20;61(2):213–222. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90802-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES