Skip to main content
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy logoLink to Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
. 1991 Apr;35(4):736–740. doi: 10.1128/aac.35.4.736

Ultrastructural alterations induced by ICI 195,739, a bis-triazole derivative with strong antiproliferative action against Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi.

K Lazardi 1, J A Urbina 1, W de Souza 1
PMCID: PMC245088  PMID: 2069380

Abstract

The ultrastructural alterations induced in vitro by ICI 195,739, a recently developed bis-triazole derivative with potent antiproliferative effects on Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi, are reported. On epimastigotes, the triazole at its minimum growth-inhibitory concentration (0.1 microM) produced immediately (within 24 h) gross alterations in the organization of chromatin and the appearance of large electron-dense granules; at this time, many cells were binucleated, indicating a blockade in cytokinesis. At later times (120 h), mitochondrial swelling, a characteristic effect reported previously for the dioxolane-imidazole ketoconazole when the performed ergosterol pool is depleted, was the predominant effect and led to cell lysis. In amastigotes proliferating in Vero cells, the drug at 10 nM produced mitochondrial swelling, autophagic vacuoles, and massive alterations of the plasma membrane, leading to complete parasite destruction after 96 h of incubation of the infected monolayers with the drug. The results support previous conclusions that ICI 195,739 has a dual mechanism of action against T. cruzi, involving blockade of ergosterol biosynthesis and a direct effect on cell division which cannot be reversed by addition of exogenous ergosterol.

Full text

PDF
737

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Barrett-Bee K., Lees J., Pinder P., Campbell J., Newboult L. Biochemical studies with a novel antifungal agent, ICI 195,739. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;544:231–244. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb40409.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Beach D. H., Goad L. J., Holz G. G., Jr Effects of antimycotic azoles on growth and sterol biosynthesis of Leishmania promastigotes. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1988 Nov;31(2):149–162. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(88)90166-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Beach D. H., Goad L. J., Holz G. G., Jr Effects of ketoconazole on sterol biosynthesis by Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 May 14;136(3):851–856. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)90410-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Berman J. D. Activity of imidazoles against Leishmania tropica in human macrophage cultures. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1981 May;30(3):566–569. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1981.30.566. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Berman J. D., Goad L. J., Beach D. H., Holz G. G., Jr Effects of ketoconazole on sterol biosynthesis by Leishmania mexicana mexicana amastigotes in murine macrophage tumor cells. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1986 Jul;20(1):85–92. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(86)90145-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Berman J. D., Holz G. G., Jr, Beach D. H. Effects of ketoconazole on growth and sterol biosynthesis of Leishmania mexicana promastigotes in culture. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1984 May;12(1):1–13. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(84)90039-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bloch K. E. Sterol structure and membrane function. CRC Crit Rev Biochem. 1983;14(1):47–92. doi: 10.3109/10409238309102790. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Borelli D. A clinical trial of itraconazole in the treatment of deep mycoses and leishmaniasis. Rev Infect Dis. 1987 Jan-Feb;9 (Suppl 1):S57–S63. doi: 10.1093/clinids/9.supplement_1.s57. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Boyle F. T., Gilman D. J., Gravestock M. B., Wardleworth J. M. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a novel antifungal agent, ICI 195,739. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;544:86–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb40391.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Docampo R., Moreno S. N., Turrens J. F., Katzin A. M., Gonzalez-Cappa S. M., Stoppani A. O. Biochemical and ultrastructural alterations produced by miconazole and econazole in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1981 Jul;3(3):169–180. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(81)90047-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Goad L. J., Berens R. L., Marr J. J., Beach D. H., Holz G. G., Jr The activity of ketoconazole and other azoles against Trypanosoma cruzi: biochemistry and chemotherapeutic action in vitro. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1989 Jan 15;32(2-3):179–189. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(89)90069-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Goad L. J., Holz G. G., Jr, Beach D. H. Sterols of ketoconazole-inhibited Leishmania mexicana mexicana promastigotes. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1985 Jun;15(3):257–279. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(85)90089-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Hart D. T., Lauwers W. J., Willemsens G., Vanden Bossche H., Opperdoes F. R. Perturbation of sterol biosynthesis by itraconazole and ketoconazole in Leishmania mexicana mexicana infected macrophages. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1989 Mar 1;33(2):123–134. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(89)90026-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Heeres J., Backx L. J., Mostmans J. H., Van Cutsem J. Antimycotic imidazoles. part 4. Synthesis and antifungal activity of ketoconazole, a new potent orally active broad-spectrum antifungal agent. J Med Chem. 1979 Aug;22(8):1003–1005. doi: 10.1021/jm00194a023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Langreth S. G., Berman J. D., Riordan G. P., Lee L. S. Fine-structural alterations in Leishmania tropica within human macrophages exposed to antileishmanial drugs in vitro. J Protozool. 1983 Aug;30(3):555–561. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1983.tb01421.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Larralde G., Vivas J., Urbina J. A. Concentration and time dependence of the effects of ketoconazole on growth and sterol synthesis by Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi epimastigotes. Acta Cient Venez. 1988;39(2):140–146. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Lazardi K., Urbina J. A., de Souza W. Ultrastructural alterations induced by two ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors, ketoconazole and terbinafine, on epimastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1990 Nov;34(11):2097–2105. doi: 10.1128/aac.34.11.2097. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. McCabe R. E., Remington J. S., Araujo F. G. In vitro and in vivo effects of itraconazole against Trypanosoma cruzi. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1986 Mar;35(2):280–284. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1986.35.280. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. McCabe R. E., Remington J. S., Araujo F. G. Ketoconazole inhibition of intracellular multiplication of Trypanosoma cruzi and protection of mice against lethal infection with the organism. J Infect Dis. 1984 Oct;150(4):594–601. doi: 10.1093/infdis/150.4.594. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. McCabe R. E., Remington J. S., Araujo F. G. Ketoconazole promotes parasitological cure of mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81(4):613–615. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(87)90430-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Nes W. R., Sekula B. C., Nes W. D., Adler J. H. The functional importance of structural features of ergosterol in yeast. J Biol Chem. 1978 Sep 10;253(17):6218–6225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Petranyi G., Ryder N. S., Stütz A. Allylamine derivatives: new class of synthetic antifungal agents inhibiting fungal squalene epoxidase. Science. 1984 Jun 15;224(4654):1239–1241. doi: 10.1126/science.6547247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Raether W., Seidenath H. Ketoconazole and other potent antimycotic azoles exhibit pronounced activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium berghei and Entamoeba histolytica in vivo. Z Parasitenkd. 1984;70(1):135–138. doi: 10.1007/BF00929583. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Ryder N. S., Dupont M. C. Inhibition of squalene epoxidase by allylamine antimycotic compounds. A comparative study of the fungal and mammalian enzymes. Biochem J. 1985 Sep 15;230(3):765–770. doi: 10.1042/bj2300765. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Ryder N. S. Effect of allylamine antimycotic agents on fungal sterol biosynthesis measured by sterol side-chain methylation. J Gen Microbiol. 1985 Jul;131(7):1595–1602. doi: 10.1099/00221287-131-7-1595. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Ryder N. S. Specific inhibition of fungal sterol biosynthesis by SF 86-327, a new allylamine antimycotic agent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985 Feb;27(2):252–256. doi: 10.1128/aac.27.2.252. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ryley J. F., McGregor S., Wilson R. G. Activity of ICI 195,739--a novel, orally active bistriazole--in rodent models of fungal and protozoal infections. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;544:310–328. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb40416.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Sud I. J., Feingold D. S. Mechanisms of action of the antimycotic imidazoles. J Invest Dermatol. 1981 Jun;76(6):438–441. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12521036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Urbina J. A., Lazardi K., Aguirre T., Piras M. M., Piras R. Antiproliferative effects and mechanism of action of ICI 195,739, a novel bis-triazole derivative, on epimastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991 Apr;35(4):730–735. doi: 10.1128/aac.35.4.730. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Urbina J. A., Lazardi K., Aguirre T., Piras M. M., Piras R. Antiproliferative synergism of the allylamine SF 86-327 and ketoconazole on epimastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988 Aug;32(8):1237–1242. doi: 10.1128/aac.32.8.1237. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Urbina J. A., Vivas J., Ramos H., Larralde G., Aguilar Z., Avilán L. Alteration of lipid order profile and permeability of plasma membranes from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes grown in the presence of ketoconazole. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1988 Aug;30(2):185–195. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(88)90111-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Urcuyo F. G., Zaias N. Oral ketoconazole in the treatment of leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol. 1982 Sep;21(7):414–416. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1982.tb03163.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Van den Bossche H., Willemsens G., Cools W., Cornelissen F., Lauwers W. F., van Cutsem J. M. In vitro and in vivo effects of the antimycotic drug ketoconazole on sterol synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1980 Jun;17(6):922–928. doi: 10.1128/aac.17.6.922. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. de Maio A., Urbina J. A. Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi: terminal oxidases in exponential and stationary growth phase emipastigotes cultured in vitro. Acta Cient Venez. 1984;35(2):136–141. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. de Souza W. Cell biology of Trypanosoma cruzi. Int Rev Cytol. 1984;86:197–283. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60180-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. van den Bossche H., Willemsens G., Cools W., Lauwers W. F., Le Jeune L. Biochemical effects of miconazole on fungi. II. Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans. Chem Biol Interact. 1978 Apr;21(1):59–78. doi: 10.1016/0009-2797(78)90068-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES