Skip to main content
PMC home page
Netherlands Heart Journal logoLink to Netherlands Heart Journal
. 2001 Apr;9(1):30–44.

Mechanisms of cell death in acute myocardial infarction: pathophysiological implications for treatment

C de Zwaan, MJAP Daemen, WTh Hermens
PMCID: PMC2499566  PMID: 25696691

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to draw attention to the growing list of pathophysiological phenomena occurring in blood, the vessel wall and cardiac tissue during myocardial infarction. A further aim is to point to the complexity of factors, contributing to cardiac dysfunction and the implications for therapy, aimed at limiting myocardial cell death. Not all pathophysiological mechanisms have been elucidated yet, indicating the necessity for further research in this area. In addition we describe interventions which have shown promise in animal studies, those which may show promise in humans, and those which are accepted as therapies of choice.

Keywords: acute myocardial infarction, cell death, treatment

Full text

PDF

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Agostoni A., Gardinali M., Frangi D., Cafaro C., Conciato L., Sponzilli C., Salvioni A., Cugno M., Cicardi M. Activation of complement and kinin systems after thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction. A comparison between streptokinase and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. Circulation. 1994 Dec;90(6):2666–2670. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.90.6.2666. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ambrosio G., Weisman H. F., Mannisi J. A., Becker L. C. Progressive impairment of regional myocardial perfusion after initial restoration of postischemic blood flow. Circulation. 1989 Dec;80(6):1846–1861. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.80.6.1846. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Apstein C. S., Taegtmeyer H. Glucose-insulin-potassium in acute myocardial infarction: the time has come for a large, prospective trial. Circulation. 1997 Aug 19;96(4):1074–1077. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.96.4.1074. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Arai M., Lefer D. J., So T., DiPaula A., Aversano T., Becker L. C. An anti-CD18 antibody limits infarct size and preserves left ventricular function in dogs with ischemia and 48-hour reperfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996 Apr;27(5):1278–1285. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00578-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Atar D., Mortensen S. A., Flachs H., Herzog W. R. Coenzyme Q10 protects ischemic myocardium in an open-chest swine model. Clin Investig. 1993;71(8 Suppl):S103–S111. doi: 10.1007/BF00226849. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Auyeung Y., Sievers R. E., Weng D., Barbosa V., Wolfe C. L. Catalase inhibition with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole does not abolish infarct size reduction in heat-shocked rats. Circulation. 1995 Dec 1;92(11):3318–3322. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.92.11.3318. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Aversano T., Zhou W., Nedelman M., Nakada M., Weisman H. A chimeric IgG4 monoclonal antibody directed against CD18 reduces infarct size in a primate model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Mar 1;25(3):781–788. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00443-T. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Ban K., Ikeda U., Takahashi M., Kanbe T., Kasahara T., Shimada K. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on rat cardiac myocytes by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Cardiovasc Res. 1994 Aug;28(8):1258–1262. doi: 10.1093/cvr/28.8.1258. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Barsotti A., Di Napoli P., Di Girolamo E., Di Muzio M., Vitullo P., Dini F. L., Gallina S., Modesti A. Ruolo dell'interstizio miocardico nel danno da ischemia-riperfusione: dati sperimentali ed implicazioni cliniche. Cardiologia. 1994 Dec;39(12 Suppl 1):381–388. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Becker L. C. Do neutrophils contribute to myocardial stunning? Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1991 Oct;5(5):909–913. doi: 10.1007/BF00053552. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bing R. J., Suzuki H. Myocardial infarction and nitric oxide. Mol Cell Biochem. 1996 Jul-Aug;160-161:303–306. doi: 10.1007/BF00240063. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Birdsall H. H., Green D. M., Trial J., Youker K. A., Burns A. R., MacKay C. R., LaRosa G. J., Hawkins H. K., Smith C. W., Michael L. H. Complement C5a, TGF-beta 1, and MCP-1, in sequence, induce migration of monocytes into ischemic canine myocardium within the first one to five hours after reperfusion. Circulation. 1997 Feb 4;95(3):684–692. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.95.3.684. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Black S. C., Gralinski M. R., Friedrichs G. S., Kilgore K. S., Driscoll E. M., Lucchesi B. R. Cardioprotective effects of heparin or N-acetylheparin in an in vivo model of myocardial ischaemic and reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res. 1995 May;29(5):629–636. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bleifeld W., Mathey D., Hanrath P., Buss H., Effert S. Infarct size estimated from serial serum creatine phosphokinase in relation to left ventricular hemodynamics. Circulation. 1977 Feb;55(2):303–311. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.55.2.303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bodenhamer R. M., Johnson R. G., Randolph J. D., Pohost G., Boucher C., Okada R., Lowenstein E., Levine F. H., Daggett W. M. The effect of adding mannitol or albumin to a crystalloid cardioplegic solution: a prospective, randomized clinical study. Ann Thorac Surg. 1985 Oct;40(4):374–379. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)60072-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Borchgrevink P. C., Bergan A. S., Bakøy O. E., Jynge P. Magnesium and reperfusion of ischemic rat heart as assessed by 31P-NMR. Am J Physiol. 1989 Jan;256(1 Pt 2):H195–H204. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1989.256.1.H195. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Borer J. S., Redwood D. R., Levitt B., Cagin N., Bianchi C., Vallin H., Epstein S. E. Reduction in myocardial ischemia with nitroglycerin or nitroglycerin plus phenylephrine administered during acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1975 Nov 13;293(20):1008–1012. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197511132932002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Boyle M. P., Weisman H. F. Limitation of infarct expansion and ventricular remodeling by late reperfusion. Study of time course and mechanism in a rat model. Circulation. 1993 Dec;88(6):2872–2883. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.88.6.2872. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Braunwald E., Maroko P. R. The reduction of infarct size--an idea whose time (for testing) has come. Circulation. 1974 Aug;50(2):206–209. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.50.2.206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bridges A. B., McNeill G. P., Pringle T. H., Belch J. J. A late increase in free radical activity post myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1995 Jul;16(7):899–902. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bril A., Slivjak M., DiMartino M. J., Feuerstein G. Z., Linee P., Poyser R. H., Ruffolo R. R., Jr, Smith E. F., 3rd Cardioprotective effects of carvedilol, a novel beta adrenoceptor antagonist with vasodilating properties, in anaesthetised minipigs: comparison with propranolol. Cardiovasc Res. 1992 May;26(5):518–525. doi: 10.1093/cvr/26.5.518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Buerke M., Murohara T., Lefer A. M. Cardioprotective effects of a C1 esterase inhibitor in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation. 1995 Jan 15;91(2):393–402. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.91.2.393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Burke S. E., Wright C. D., Potoczak R. E., Boucher D. M., Dodd G. D., Taylor D. G., Jr, Kaplan H. R. Reduction of canine myocardial infarct size by CI-959, an inhibitor of inflammatory cell activation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1992 Oct;20(4):619–629. doi: 10.1097/00005344-199210000-00016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Burrell C. J., Blake D. R. Reactive oxygen metabolites and the human myocardium. Br Heart J. 1989 Jan;61(1):4–8. doi: 10.1136/hrt.61.1.4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Cairns C. B., Ferroggiaro A. A., Walther J. M., Harken A. H., Banerjee A. Postischemic administration of succinate reverses the impairment of oxidative phosphorylation after cardiac ischemia and reperfusion injury. Circulation. 1997 Nov 4;96(9 Suppl):II–260-5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Cairns J. A., Holder D. A., Tanser P., Missirlis E. Intravenous hyaluronidase therapy for myocardial infarction in man: double-blind trial to assess infarct size limitation. Circulation. 1982 Apr;65(4):764–771. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.65.4.764. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Chopra K., Singh M., Gupta S., Ganguly N. K. Involvement of oxygen free radicals in the action of BN 52021 (PAF antagonist) to limit myocardial infarct size. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1993 Sep;15(7):437–445. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Chopra K., Singh M., Kaul N., Andrabi K. I., Ganguly N. K. Decrease of myocardial infarct size with desferrioxamine: possible role of oxygen free radicals in its ameliorative effect. Mol Cell Biochem. 1992 Jul 6;113(1):71–76. doi: 10.1007/BF00230887. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Cigarroa R. G., Lange R. A., Hillis L. D. Prognosis after acute myocardial infarction in patients with and without residual anterograde coronary blood flow. Am J Cardiol. 1989 Jul 15;64(3):155–160. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90449-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Comparison of invasive and conservative strategies after treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) phase II trial. The TIMI Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1989 Mar 9;320(10):618–627. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198903093201002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Conti C. R. Beta-adrenergic blockade and acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Dec;14(7):1824–1825. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90039-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Di Pasquale P., Paterna S., Cannizzaro S., Bucca V. Does captopril treatment before thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction attenuate reperfusion damage? Short-term and long-term effects. Int J Cardiol. 1994 Jan;43(1):43–50. doi: 10.1016/0167-5273(94)90089-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Dreyer W. J., Michael L. H., West M. S., Smith C. W., Rothlein R., Rossen R. D., Anderson D. C., Entman M. L. Neutrophil accumulation in ischemic canine myocardium. Insights into time course, distribution, and mechanism of localization during early reperfusion. Circulation. 1991 Jul;84(1):400–411. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.84.1.400. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Dreyer W. J., Smith C. W., Michael L. H., Rossen R. D., Hughes B. J., Entman M. L., Anderson D. C. Canine neutrophil activation by cardiac lymph obtained during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. Circ Res. 1989 Dec;65(6):1751–1762. doi: 10.1161/01.res.65.6.1751. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Díaz R., Paolasso E. A., Piegas L. S., Tajer C. D., Moreno M. G., Corvalán R., Isea J. E., Romero G. Metabolic modulation of acute myocardial infarction. The ECLA (Estudios Cardiológicos Latinoamérica) Collaborative Group. Circulation. 1998 Nov 24;98(21):2227–2234. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.98.21.2227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Elliott G. T. Pharmacologic myocardial preconditioning with monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) reduces infarct size and stunning in dogs and rabbits. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1996 Sep 30;793:386–399. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb33530.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Ely S. W., Berne R. M. Protective effects of adenosine in myocardial ischemia. Circulation. 1992 Mar;85(3):893–904. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.85.3.893. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Engler R. L., Dahlgren M. D., Morris D. D., Peterson M. A., Schmid-Schönbein G. W. Role of leukocytes in response to acute myocardial ischemia and reflow in dogs. Am J Physiol. 1986 Aug;251(2 Pt 2):H314–H323. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1986.251.2.H314. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Engler R. L., Dahlgren M. D., Peterson M. A., Dobbs A., Schmid-Schönbein G. W. Accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes during 3-h experimental myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol. 1986 Jul;251(1 Pt 2):H93–100. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1986.251.1.H93. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Entman M. L., Smith C. W. Postreperfusion inflammation: a model for reaction to injury in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res. 1994 Sep;28(9):1301–1311. doi: 10.1093/cvr/28.9.1301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Epstein S. E., Kent K. M., Goldstein R. E., Borer J. S., Redwood D. R. Reduction of ischemic injury by nitroglycerin during acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1975 Jan 2;292(1):29–35. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197501022920107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Ewald G. A., Eisenberg P. R. Plasmin-mediated activation of contact system in response to pharmacological thrombolysis. Circulation. 1995 Jan 1;91(1):28–36. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.91.1.28. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Fath-Ordoubadi F., Beatt K. J. Glucose-insulin-potassium therapy for treatment of acute myocardial infarction: an overview of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Circulation. 1997 Aug 19;96(4):1152–1156. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.96.4.1152. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Frangi D., Gardinali M., Conciato L., Cafaro C., Pozzoni L., Agostoni A. Abrupt complement activation and transient neutropenia in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with streptokinase. Circulation. 1994 Jan;89(1):76–80. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.89.1.76. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Gao W. D., Liu Y., Marban E. Selective effects of oxygen free radicals on excitation-contraction coupling in ventricular muscle. Implications for the mechanism of stunned myocardium. Circulation. 1996 Nov 15;94(10):2597–2604. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.94.10.2597. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Garcia-Dorado D., Oliveras J. Myocardial oedema: a preventable cause of reperfusion injury? Cardiovasc Res. 1993 Sep;27(9):1555–1563. doi: 10.1093/cvr/27.9.1555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Geltman E. M., Ehsani A. A., Campbell M. K., Schechtman K., Roberts R., Sobel B. E. The influence of location and extent of myocardial infarction on long-term ventricular dysrhythmia and mortality. Circulation. 1979 Oct;60(4):805–814. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.60.4.805. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Gill E. A., Kong Y., Horwitz L. D. An oligosaccharide sialyl-Lewis(x) analogue does not reduce myocardial infarct size after ischemia and reperfusion in dogs. Circulation. 1996 Aug 1;94(3):542–546. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.94.3.542. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Gimpel J. A., Lahpor J. R., van der Molen A. J., Damen J., Hitchcock J. F. Reduction of reperfusion injury of human myocardium by allopurinol: a clinical study. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995 Aug;19(2):251–255. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(94)00242-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Gold H. K., Leinbach R. C., Maroko P. R. Propranolol-induced reduction of signs of ischemic injury during acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1976 Nov 23;38(6):689–695. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(76)90344-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Goldstein S. Letter: Pacing the WPW patient. Circulation. 1976 Jan;53(1):204–205. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.53.1.204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Gray R. P., Wickens D. G., Patterson D. L., Yudkin J. S. Free-radical activity after reperfusion in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. Clin Sci (Lond) 1993 Nov;85(5):549–555. doi: 10.1042/cs0850549. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Gross G. J., Lamping K. G., Warltier D. C., Hardman H. F. Effects of three bradycardiac drugs on regional myocardial blood flow and function in areas distal to a total or partial coronary occlusion in dogs. Circulation. 1984 Feb;69(2):391–399. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.69.2.391. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Gumina R. J., el Schultz J., Yao Z., Kenny D., Warltier D. C., Newman P. J., Gross G. J. Antibody to platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 reduces myocardial infarct size in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Circulation. 1996 Dec 15;94(12):3327–3333. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.94.12.3327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Hansen P. R., Kharazmi A. Effect of streptokinase on human neutrophil function in vitro and in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1994 Aug;26(8):1061–1068. doi: 10.1006/jmcc.1994.1126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Hartman J. C., Anderson D. C., Wiltse A. L., Lane C. L., Rosenbloom C. L., Manning A. M., Humphrey W. R., Wall T. M., Shebuski R. J. Protection of ischemic/reperfused canine myocardium by CL18/6, a monoclonal antibody to adhesion molecule ICAM-1. Cardiovasc Res. 1995 Jul;30(1):47–54. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Held P. H., Yusuf S., Furberg C. D. Calcium channel blockers in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina: an overview. BMJ. 1989 Nov 11;299(6709):1187–1192. doi: 10.1136/bmj.299.6709.1187. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Hillis L. D., Fishbein M. C., Braunwald E., Maroko P. R. The influence of the time interval between coronary artery occlusion and the administration of hyaluronidase on salvage of ischemic myocardium in dogs. Circ Res. 1977 Jul;41(1):26–31. doi: 10.1161/01.res.41.1.26. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Hoffmeister H. M., Jur M., Wendel H. P., Heller W., Seipel L. Alterations of coagulation and fibrinolytic and kallikrein-kinin systems in the acute and postacute phases in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Circulation. 1995 May 15;91(10):2520–2527. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.91.10.2520. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Hohnloser S. H., Franck P., Klingenheben T., Zabel M., Just H. Open infarct artery, late potentials, and other prognostic factors in patients after acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era. A prospective trial. Circulation. 1994 Oct;90(4):1747–1756. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.90.4.1747. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Hutter J. J., Mestril R., Tam E. K., Sievers R. E., Dillmann W. H., Wolfe C. L. Overexpression of heat shock protein 72 in transgenic mice decreases infarct size in vivo. Circulation. 1996 Sep 15;94(6):1408–1411. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.94.6.1408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Hutter M. M., Sievers R. E., Barbosa V., Wolfe C. L. Heat-shock protein induction in rat hearts. A direct correlation between the amount of heat-shock protein induced and the degree of myocardial protection. Circulation. 1994 Jan;89(1):355–360. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.89.1.355. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Ikeda U., Ikeda M., Kano S., Shimada K. Neutrophil adherence to rat cardiac myocyte by proinflammatory cytokines. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;23(4):647–652. doi: 10.1097/00005344-199404000-00019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Ito W., Schäfer H. J., Bhakdi S., Klask R., Hansen S., Schaarschmidt S., Schofer J., Hugo F., Hamdoch T., Mathey D. Influence of the terminal complement-complex on reperfusion injury, no-reflow and arrhythmias: a comparison between C6-competent and C6-deficient rabbits. Cardiovasc Res. 1996 Aug;32(2):294–305. doi: 10.1016/0008-6363(96)00082-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Ivey C. L., Williams F. M., Collins P. D., Jose P. J., Williams T. J. Neutrophil chemoattractants generated in two phases during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium in the rabbit. Evidence for a role for C5a and interleukin-8. J Clin Invest. 1995 Jun;95(6):2720–2728. doi: 10.1172/JCI117974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Iwamoto T., Miura T., Adachi T., Noto T., Ogawa T., Tsuchida A., Iimura O. Myocardial infarct size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning was not attenuated by oxygen free-radical scavengers in the rabbit. Circulation. 1991 Mar;83(3):1015–1022. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.83.3.1015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Jacobson M. D., Raff M. C. Programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection in very low oxygen. Nature. 1995 Apr 27;374(6525):814–816. doi: 10.1038/374814a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Jang I. K., Van de Werf F., Vanhaecke J., De Geest H. Coronary reperfusion by thrombolysis and early beta-adrenergic blockade in acute experimental myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Dec;14(7):1816–1823. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90038-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Jerome S. N., Smith C. W., Korthuis R. J. CD18-dependent adherence reactions play an important role in the development of the no-reflow phenomenon. Am J Physiol. 1993 Feb;264(2 Pt 2):H479–H483. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1993.264.2.H479. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Jolly S. R., Kane W. J., Bailie M. B., Abrams G. D., Lucchesi B. R. Canine myocardial reperfusion injury. Its reduction by the combined administration of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Circ Res. 1984 Mar;54(3):277–285. doi: 10.1161/01.res.54.3.277. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Judy W. V., Stogsdill W. W., Folkers K. Myocardial preservation by therapy with coenzyme Q10 during heart surgery. Clin Investig. 1993;71(8 Suppl):S155–S161. doi: 10.1007/BF00226859. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Justicz A. G., Farnsworth W. V., Soberman M. S., Tuvlin M. B., Bonner G. D., Hunter R. L., Martino-Saltzman D., Sink J. D., Austin G. E. Reduction of myocardial infarct size by poloxamer 188 and mannitol in a canine model. Am Heart J. 1991 Sep;122(3 Pt 1):671–680. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(91)90510-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Kamikawa T., Kobayashi A., Yamashita T., Hayashi H., Yamazaki N. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on exercise tolerance in chronic stable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 1985 Aug 1;56(4):247–251. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(85)90843-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Kilgore K. S., Lucchesi B. R. Reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction: the role of free radicals and the inflammatory response. Clin Biochem. 1993 Oct;26(5):359–370. doi: 10.1016/0009-9120(93)90112-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Kim M. S., Akera T. O2 free radicals: cause of ischemia-reperfusion injury to cardiac Na+-K+-ATPase. Am J Physiol. 1987 Feb;252(2 Pt 2):H252–H257. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1987.252.2.H252. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Klein H. H., Pich S., Bohle R. M., Wollenweber J., Nebendahl K. Myocardial protection by Na(+)-H+ exchange inhibition in ischemic, reperfused porcine hearts. Circulation. 1995 Aug 15;92(4):912–917. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.92.4.912. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Kloner R. A., Bolli R., Marban E., Reinlib L., Braunwald E. Medical and cellular implications of stunning, hibernation, and preconditioning: an NHLBI workshop. Circulation. 1998 May 12;97(18):1848–1867. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1848. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Kloner R. A. Does reperfusion injury exist in humans? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Feb;21(2):537–545. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90700-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Kloner R. A., Fishbein M. C., Lew H., Maroko P. R., Braunwald E. Mummification of the infarcted myocardium by high dose corticosteroids. Circulation. 1978 Jan;57(1):56–63. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.57.1.56. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Krown K. A., Page M. T., Nguyen C., Zechner D., Gutierrez V., Comstock K. L., Glembotski C. C., Quintana P. J., Sabbadini R. A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. Involvement of the sphingolipid signaling cascade in cardiac cell death. J Clin Invest. 1996 Dec 15;98(12):2854–2865. doi: 10.1172/JCI119114. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Kukielka G. L., Hawkins H. K., Michael L., Manning A. M., Youker K., Lane C., Entman M. L., Smith C. W., Anderson D. C. Regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in ischemic and reperfused canine myocardium. J Clin Invest. 1993 Sep;92(3):1504–1516. doi: 10.1172/JCI116729. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Kukielka G. L., Youker K. A., Michael L. H., Kumar A. G., Ballantyne C. M., Smith C. W., Entman M. L. Role of early reperfusion in the induction of adhesion molecules and cytokines in previously ischemic myocardium. Mol Cell Biochem. 1995 Jun 7;147(1-2):5–12. doi: 10.1007/BF00944777. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Kumar A. G., Ballantyne C. M., Michael L. H., Kukielka G. L., Youker K. A., Lindsey M. L., Hawkins H. K., Birdsall H. H., MacKay C. R., LaRosa G. J. Induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the small veins of the ischemic and reperfused canine myocardium. Circulation. 1997 Feb 4;95(3):693–700. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.95.3.693. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Lagrand W. K., Niessen H. W., Wolbink G. J., Jaspars L. H., Visser C. A., Verheugt F. W., Meijer C. J., Hack C. E. C-reactive protein colocalizes with complement in human hearts during acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1997 Jan 7;95(1):97–103. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.95.1.97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Leesar M. A., Stoddard M., Ahmed M., Broadbent J., Bolli R. Preconditioning of human myocardium with adenosine during coronary angioplasty. Circulation. 1997 Jun 3;95(11):2500–2507. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.95.11.2500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Lefer A. M., Ma X. L., Weyrich A. S., Scalia R. Mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of transforming growth factor beta 1 in feline myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Feb 1;90(3):1018–1022. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.3.1018. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Lefer D. J., Shandelya S. M., Serrano C. V., Jr, Becker L. C., Kuppusamy P., Zweier J. L. Cardioprotective actions of a monoclonal antibody against CD-18 in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Circulation. 1993 Oct;88(4 Pt 1):1779–1787. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.88.4.1779. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Lehr H. A., Kress E., Menger M. D. Involvement of 5-lipoxygenase products in cigarette smoke-induced leukocyte/endothelium interaction in hamsters. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp. 1993 Feb;12(1):61–73. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Leo R., Praticò D., Iuliano L., Pulcinelli F. M., Ghiselli A., Pignatelli P., Colavita A. R., FitzGerald G. A., Violi F. Platelet activation by superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals intrinsically generated by platelets that had undergone anoxia and then reoxygenated. Circulation. 1997 Feb 18;95(4):885–891. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.95.4.885. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Leor J., Varda-Bloom N., Hasdai D., Ovadia Z., Battler A. Failure of captopril to attenuate myocardial damage, neutrophil accumulation, and mortality following coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion in rat. Angiology. 1994 Aug;45(8):717–724. doi: 10.1177/000331979404500807. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Litwin S. E., Morgan J. P. Captopril enhances intracellular calcium handling and beta-adrenergic responsiveness of myocardium from rats with postinfarction failure. Circ Res. 1992 Oct;71(4):797–807. doi: 10.1161/01.res.71.4.797. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Loesser K. E., Kukreja R. C., Kazziha S. Y., Jesse R. L., Hess M. L. Oxidative damage to the myocardium: a fundamental mechanism of myocardial injury. Cardioscience. 1991 Dec;2(4):199–216. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Ma X. L., Tsao P. S., Lefer A. M. Antibody to CD-18 exerts endothelial and cardiac protective effects in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. J Clin Invest. 1991 Oct;88(4):1237–1243. doi: 10.1172/JCI115427. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Mafrici A., Mauri F., Maggioni A. P., Franzosi M. G., Santoro L., De Vita C. L'atenololo ev nella fase acuta dell'IMA: indicazioni, controindicazioni, interazioni con i farmaci trombolitici nello studio GISSI-2. I ricercatori del GISSI-2. G Ital Cardiol. 1995 Mar;25(3):353–364. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Mahaffey K. W., Puma J. A., Barbagelata N. A., DiCarli M. F., Leesar M. A., Browne K. F., Eisenberg P. R., Bolli R., Casas A. C., Molina-Viamonte V. Adenosine as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: the Acute Myocardial Infarction STudy of ADenosine (AMISTAD) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999 Nov 15;34(6):1711–1720. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00418-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Malmberg K., Rydén L., Efendic S., Herlitz J., Nicol P., Waldenström A., Wedel H., Welin L. Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Jul;26(1):57–65. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00126-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Marber M. S., Mestril R., Chi S. H., Sayen M. R., Yellon D. M., Dillmann W. H. Overexpression of the rat inducible 70-kD heat stress protein in a transgenic mouse increases the resistance of the heart to ischemic injury. J Clin Invest. 1995 Apr;95(4):1446–1456. doi: 10.1172/JCI117815. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Marber M. S., Walker J. M., Latchman D. S., Yellon D. M. Myocardial protection after whole body heat stress in the rabbit is dependent on metabolic substrate and is related to the amount of the inducible 70-kD heat stress protein. J Clin Invest. 1994 Mar;93(3):1087–1094. doi: 10.1172/JCI117059. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Maroko P. R., Bernstein E. F., Libby P., DeLaria G. A., Covell J. W., Ross J., Jr, Braunwald E. Effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation on the severity of myocardial ischemic injury following acute coronary occlusion. Counterpulsation and myocardial injury. Circulation. 1972 Jun;45(6):1150–1159. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.45.6.1150. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Maroko P. R., Carpenter C. B., Chiariello M., Fishbein M. C., Radvany P., Knostman J. D., Hale S. L. Reduction by cobra venom factor of myocardial necrosis after coronary artery occlusion. J Clin Invest. 1978 Mar;61(3):661–670. doi: 10.1172/JCI108978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Maroko P. R., Hillis L. D., Muller J. E., Tavazzi L., Heyndrickx G. R., Ray M., Chiariello M., Distante A., Askenazi J., Salerno J. Favorable effects of hyaluronidase on electrocardiographic evidence of necrosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1977 Apr 21;296(16):898–903. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197704212961603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Maroko P. R., Kjekshus J. K., Sobel B. E., Watanabe T., Covell J. W., Ross J., Jr, Braunwald E. Factors influencing infarct size following experimental coronary artery occlusions. Circulation. 1971 Jan;43(1):67–82. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.43.1.67. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Maroko P. R., Libby P., Bloor C. M., Sobel B. E., Braunwald E. Reduction by hyaluronidase of myocardial necrosis following coronary artery occlusion. Circulation. 1972 Sep;46(3):430–437. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.46.3.430. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Maulik N., Engelman R. M., Wei Z., Liu X., Rousou J. A., Flack J. E., Deaton D. W., Das D. K. Drug-induced heat-shock preconditioning improves postischemic ventricular recovery after cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation. 1995 Nov 1;92(9 Suppl):II381–II388. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.92.9.381. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Michael L. H., Zhang Z., Hartley C. J., Bolli R., Taylor A. A., Entman M. L. Thromboxane B2 in cardiac lymph. Effect of superoxide dismutase and catalase during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circ Res. 1990 Apr;66(4):1040–1044. doi: 10.1161/01.res.66.4.1040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Misao J., Hayakawa Y., Ohno M., Kato S., Fujiwara T., Fujiwara H. Expression of bcl-2 protein, an inhibitor of apoptosis, and Bax, an accelerator of apoptosis, in ventricular myocytes of human hearts with myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996 Oct 1;94(7):1506–1512. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.94.7.1506. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Montrucchio G., Alloatti G., Tetta C., De Luca R., Saunders R. N., Emanuelli G., Camussi G. Release of platelet-activating factor from ischemic-reperfused rabbit heart. Am J Physiol. 1989 Apr;256(4 Pt 2):H1236–H1246. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1989.256.4.H1236. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Mullane K. M., Read N., Salmon J. A., Moncada S. Role of leukocytes in acute myocardial infarction in anesthetized dogs: relationship to myocardial salvage by anti-inflammatory drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1984 Feb;228(2):510–522. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Mullane K. M., Westlin W., Kraemer R. Activated neutrophils release mediators that may contribute to myocardial injury and dysfunction associated with ischemia and reperfusion. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;524:103–121. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb38534.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Nakatsukasa H., Nagy P., Evarts R. P., Hsia C. C., Marsden E., Thorgeirsson S. S. Cellular distribution of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and procollagen types I, III, and IV transcripts in carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 1990 Jun;85(6):1833–1843. doi: 10.1172/JCI114643. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Narula J., Haider N., Virmani R., DiSalvo T. G., Kolodgie F. D., Hajjar R. J., Schmidt U., Semigran M. J., Dec G. W., Khaw B. A. Apoptosis in myocytes in end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1182–1189. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199610173351603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Nayler W. G., Ferrari R., Williams A. Protective effect of pretreatment with verapamil, nifedipine and propranolol on mitochondrial function in the ischemic and reperfused myocardium. Am J Cardiol. 1980 Aug;46(2):242–248. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(80)90064-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Nayler W. G., Yepez C. E., Fassold E., Ferrari R. Prolonged protective effect of propranolol on hypoxic heart muscle. Am J Cardiol. 1978 Aug;42(2):217–225. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(78)90903-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Neumann F. J., Ott I., Gawaz M., Richardt G., Holzapfel H., Jochum M., Schömig A. Cardiac release of cytokines and inflammatory responses in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1995 Aug 15;92(4):748–755. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.92.4.748. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Neumann F. J., Ott I., Wilhelm A., Katus H., Tillmanns H., Schömig A. Release of chemoattractants and neutrophil activation in acute myocardial infarction immediately after successful recanalization of the infarct-related vessel by angioplasty. Eur Heart J. 1994 Feb;15(2):171–178. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060472. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Nicod P., Gilpin E., Dittrich H., Chappuis F., Ahnve S., Engler R., Henning H., Ross J., Jr Influence on prognosis and morbidity of left ventricular ejection fraction with and without signs of left ventricular failure after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1988 Jun 1;61(15):1165–1171. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(88)91148-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Nirmala C., Puvanakrishnan R. Protective role of curcumin against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 1996 Jun 21;159(2):85–93. doi: 10.1007/BF00420910. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Oe H., Kuzuya T., Hoshida S., Nishida M., Hori M., Kamada T., Tada M. Calcium overload and cardiac myocyte cell damage induced by arachidonate lipoxygenation. Am J Physiol. 1994 Oct;267(4 Pt 2):H1396–H1402. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1994.267.4.H1396. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Olafsson B., Forman M. B., Puett D. W., Pou A., Cates C. U., Friesinger G. C., Virmani R. Reduction of reperfusion injury in the canine preparation by intracoronary adenosine: importance of the endothelium and the no-reflow phenomenon. Circulation. 1987 Nov;76(5):1135–1145. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.76.5.1135. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Opie L. H., Bruyneel K., Owen P. Effects of glucose, insulin and potassium infusion on tissue metabolic changes within first hour of myocardial infarction in the baboon. Circulation. 1975 Jul;52(1):49–57. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.52.1.49. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Page D. L., Caulfield J. B., Kastor J. A., DeSanctis R. W., Sanders C. A. Myocardial changes associated with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med. 1971 Jul 15;285(3):133–137. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197107152850301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Parmley L. F., Mufti A. G., Downey J. M. Allopurinol therapy of ischemic heart disease with infarct extension. Can J Cardiol. 1992 Apr;8(3):280–286. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Perez R. G., Arai M., Richardson C., DiPaula A., Siu C., Matsumoto N., Hildreth J. E., Mariscalco M. M., Smith C. W., Becker L. C. Factors modifying protective effect of anti-CD18 antibodies on myocardial reperfusion injury in dogs. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jan;270(1 Pt 2):H53–H64. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1996.270.1.H53. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Peter T., Norris R. M., Clarke E. D., Heng M. K., Singh B. N., Williams B., Howell D. R., Ambler P. K. Reduction of enzyme levels by propranolol after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1978 Jun;57(6):1091–1095. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.57.6.1091. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Petty M. A., Dow J., Grisar J. M., De Jong W. Effect of a cardioselective alpha-tocopherol analogue on reperfusion injury in rats induced by myocardial ischaemia. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991 Jan 17;192(3):383–388. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90229-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Petty M. A., Lukovic L., Grisar J. M., Dow J., Bolkenius F. N., De Jong W. Myocardial protection by a cardioselective free radical scavenger. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994 Apr 1;255(1-3):215–222. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(94)90100-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Pierce G. F., Brown D., Mustoe T. A. Quantitative analysis of inflammatory cell influx, procollagen type I synthesis, and collagen cross-linking in incisional wounds: influence of PDGF-BB and TGF-beta 1 therapy. J Lab Clin Med. 1991 May;117(5):373–382. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Pierce G. F., Mustoe T. A., Lingelbach J., Masakowski V. R., Griffin G. L., Senior R. M., Deuel T. F. Platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta enhance tissue repair activities by unique mechanisms. J Cell Biol. 1989 Jul;109(1):429–440. doi: 10.1083/jcb.109.1.429. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Pitarys C. J., 2nd, Virmani R., Vildibill H. D., Jr, Jackson E. K., Forman M. B. Reduction of myocardial reperfusion injury by intravenous adenosine administered during the early reperfusion period. Circulation. 1991 Jan;83(1):237–247. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.83.1.237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Plumier J. C., Ross B. M., Currie R. W., Angelidis C. E., Kazlaris H., Kollias G., Pagoulatos G. N. Transgenic mice expressing the human heat shock protein 70 have improved post-ischemic myocardial recovery. J Clin Invest. 1995 Apr;95(4):1854–1860. doi: 10.1172/JCI117865. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Ranaut K., Singh M. BN-50739: a PAF antagonist and limitation of myocardial infarct size. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1993 Jan-Feb;15(1):9–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Rapaport E. Should beta-blockers be given immediately and concomitantly with thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction? Circulation. 1991 Feb;83(2):695–697. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.83.2.695. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Rashid M. A., William-Olsson G. Influence of allopurinol on cardiac complications in open heart operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991 Jul;52(1):127–130. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(91)91433-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Rasmussen H. S., McNair P., Norregard P., Backer V., Lindeneg O., Balslev S. Intravenous magnesium in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1986 Feb 1;1(8475):234–236. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90773-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Reimer K. A., Jennings R. B. Failure of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol to limit infarct size after ischemia and reperfusion in dogs. Circulation. 1985 May;71(5):1069–1075. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.71.5.1069. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Reimer K. A., Rasmussen M. M., Jennings R. B. Reduction by propranolol of myocardial necrosis following temporary coronary artery occlusion in dogs. Circ Res. 1973 Sep;33(3):353–363. doi: 10.1161/01.res.33.3.353. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Richard V., Kaeffer N., Thuillez C. Delayed protection of the ischemic heart--from pathophysiology to therapeutic applications. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1996;10(5):409–415. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.1996.tb00595.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Riemersma R. A., Wood D. A., Macintyre C. C., Elton R. A., Gey K. F., Oliver M. F. Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentrations of vitamins A, C, and E and carotene. Lancet. 1991 Jan 5;337(8732):1–5. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)93327-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Robaye B., Mosselmans R., Fiers W., Dumont J. E., Galand P. Tumor necrosis factor induces apoptosis (programmed cell death) in normal endothelial cells in vitro. Am J Pathol. 1991 Feb;138(2):447–453. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Roberts R., Husain A., Ambos H. D., Oliver G. C., Cox J. R., Jr, Sobel B. E. Relation between infarct size and ventricular arrhythmia. Br Heart J. 1975 Nov;37(11):1169–1175. doi: 10.1136/hrt.37.11.1169. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Roberts R., Rogers W. J., Mueller H. S., Lambrew C. T., Diver D. J., Smith H. C., Willerson J. T., Knatterud G. L., Forman S., Passamani E. Immediate versus deferred beta-blockade following thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) II-B Study. Circulation. 1991 Feb;83(2):422–437. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.83.2.422. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Rochette L., Maupoil V. Radicaux libres, peroxydation lipidique et ischémie musculaire. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 1992;186(3):252–262. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Romson J. L., Hook B. G., Kunkel S. L., Abrams G. D., Schork M. A., Lucchesi B. R. Reduction of the extent of ischemic myocardial injury by neutrophil depletion in the dog. Circulation. 1983 May;67(5):1016–1023. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.67.5.1016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Rossen R. D., Swain J. L., Michael L. H., Weakley S., Giannini E., Entman M. L. Selective accumulation of the first component of complement and leukocytes in ischemic canine heart muscle. A possible initiator of an extra myocardial mechanism of ischemic injury. Circ Res. 1985 Jul;57(1):119–130. doi: 10.1161/01.res.57.1.119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Ruiz-Meana M., García-Dorado D., González M. A., Barrabés J. A., Soler-Soler J. Effect of osmotic stress on sarcolemmal integrity of isolated cardiomyocytes following transient metabolic inhibition. Cardiovasc Res. 1995 Jul;30(1):64–69. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Rupprecht H. J., vom Dahl J., Terres W., Seyfarth K. M., Richardt G., Schultheibeta H. P., Buerke M., Sheehan F. H., Drexler H. Cardioprotective effects of the Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibitor cariporide in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction undergoing direct PTCA. Circulation. 2000 Jun 27;101(25):2902–2908. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.101.25.2902. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Rutherford J. D., Pfeffer M. A., Moyé L. A., Davis B. R., Flaker G. C., Kowey P. R., Lamas G. A., Miller H. S., Packer M., Rouleau J. L. Effects of captopril on ischemic events after myocardial infarction. Results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement trial. SAVE Investigators. Circulation. 1994 Oct;90(4):1731–1738. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.90.4.1731. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Schechtman K. B., Capone R. J., Kleiger R. E., Gibson R. S., Schwartz D. J., Roberts R., Boden W. E. Differential risk patterns associated with 3 month as compared with 3 to 12 month mortality and reinfarction after non-Q wave myocardial infarction. The Diltiazem Reinfarction Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 Apr;15(5):940–947. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90221-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Seko Y., Enokawa Y., Nakao T., Yagita H., Okumura K., Yazaki Y. Reduction of rat myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury by a synthetic selectin oligopeptide. J Pathol. 1996 Mar;178(3):335–342. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199603)178:3<335::AID-PATH476>3.0.CO;2-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Semb A. G., Vaage J. Oxygen free radical-induced injury in isolated rat hearts: effects of ibuprofen and BW 755c. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1991 Jun;51(4):377–383. doi: 10.1080/00365519109091629. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Shell W. E., Kjekshus J. K., Sobel B. E. Quantitative assessment of the extent of myocardial infarction in the conscious dog by means of analysis of serial changes in serum creatine phosphokinase activity. J Clin Invest. 1971 Dec;50(12):2614–2625. doi: 10.1172/JCI106762. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Shell W. E., Sobel B. E. Protection of jeopardized ischemic myocardium by reduction of ventricular afterload. N Engl J Med. 1974 Sep 5;291(10):481–486. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197409052911001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Shimizu S., Eguchi Y., Kamiike W., Matsuda H., Tsujimoto Y. Bcl-2 expression prevents activation of the ICE protease cascade. Oncogene. 1996 Jun 6;12(11):2251–2257. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Silver M. J., Sutton J. M., Hook S., Lee P., Malycky J. L., Phillips M. L., Ellis S. G., Topol E. J., Nicolini F. A. Adjunctive selectin blockade successfully reduces infarct size beyond thrombolysis in the electrolytic canine coronary artery model. Circulation. 1995 Aug 1;92(3):492–499. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.92.3.492. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Siminiak T., Abramowska A., Czechowska K., Prycki P., Zozulińska D., Zeromska M., Wysocki H. Intravenous isosorbide dinitrate inhibits neutrophil aggregation and plasma-mediated stimulation of superoxide anion production. Int J Cardiol. 1994 Jul;45(3):171–175. doi: 10.1016/0167-5273(94)90162-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Siminiak T., Egdell R. M., O'Gorman D. J., Dye J. F., Sheridan D. J. Plasma-mediated neutrophil activation during acute myocardial infarction: role of platelet-activating factor. Clin Sci (Lond) 1995 Aug;89(2):171–176. doi: 10.1042/cs0890171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Simpson P. J., Mickelson J., Fantone J. C., Gallagher K. P., Lucchesi B. R. Iloprost inhibits neutrophil function in vitro and in vivo and limits experimental infarct size in canine heart. Circ Res. 1987 May;60(5):666–673. doi: 10.1161/01.res.60.5.666. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Slutsky R. A., Murray M. Computed tomographic analysis of the effects of hyperosmolar mannitol and methylprednisolone on myocardial infarct size. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1985 Feb;5(2 Pt 1):273–279. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(85)80047-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Sobel B. E., Bresnahan G. F., Shell W. E., Yoder R. D. Estimation of infarct size in man and its relation to prognosis. Circulation. 1972 Oct;46(4):640–648. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.46.4.640. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Soumerai S. B., McLaughlin T. J., Spiegelman D., Hertzmark E., Thibault G., Goldman L. Adverse outcomes of underuse of beta-blockers in elderly survivors of acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1997 Jan 8;277(2):115–121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Stahl G. L., Terashita Z., Lefer A. M. Role of platelet activating factor in propagation of cardiac damage during myocardial ischemia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1988 Mar;244(3):898–904. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Stampfer M. J., Hennekens C. H., Manson J. E., Colditz G. A., Rosner B., Willett W. C. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1993 May 20;328(20):1444–1449. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199305203282003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Strahan M. E., Graham R. M., Eccleston D. S., Sturm M. J., Taylor R. R. Neutrophil platelet-activating factor production and acetyltransferase activity in clinical acute myocardial infarction. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1995 Feb;22(2):102–106. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb01963.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Swedberg K., Held P., Kjekshus J., Rasmussen K., Rydén L., Wedel H. Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II) N Engl J Med. 1992 Sep 3;327(10):678–684. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199209033271002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Tanaka M., Brooks S. E., Richard V. J., FitzHarris G. P., Stoler R. C., Jennings R. B., Arfors K. E., Reimer K. A. Effect of anti-CD18 antibody on myocardial neutrophil accumulation and infarct size after ischemia and reperfusion in dogs. Circulation. 1993 Feb;87(2):526–535. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.87.2.526. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Tanaka M., Richard V. J., Murry C. E., Jennings R. B., Reimer K. A. Superoxide dismutase plus catalase therapy delays neither cell death nor the loss of the TTC reaction in experimental myocardial infarction in dogs. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1993 Apr;25(4):367–378. doi: 10.1006/jmcc.1993.1043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Thompson P. L., Fletcher E. E., Katavatis V. Enzymatic indices of myocardial necrosis: influence on short- and long-term prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1979 Jan;59(1):113–119. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.59.1.113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Tillmanns H., Neumann F. J., Tiefenbacher C., Dorigo O., Parekh N., Waas W., Zimmermann R., Steinhausen M., Kuebler W. Activation of neutrophils in the microvasculature of the ischaemic and reperfused myocardium. Eur Heart J. 1993 Nov;14 (Suppl 1):82–86. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Tomoike H., Ross J., Jr, Franklin D., Crozatier B., McKown D., Kemper W. S. Improvement by propranolol of regional myocardial dysfunction and abnormal coronary flow pattern in conscious dogs with coronary narrowing. Am J Cardiol. 1978 Apr;41(4):689–696. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(78)90819-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Torfgård K. E., Ahlner J. Mechanisms of action of nitrates. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1994 Oct;8(5):701–717. doi: 10.1007/BF00877117. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Uraizee A., Reimer K. A., Murry C. E., Jennings R. B. Failure of superoxide dismutase to limit size of myocardial infarction after 40 minutes of ischemia and 4 days of reperfusion in dogs. Circulation. 1987 Jun;75(6):1237–1248. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.75.6.1237. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Vaux D. L., Häcker G. Hypothesis: apoptosis caused by cytotoxins represents a defensive response that evolved to combat intracellular pathogens. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1995 Nov;22(11):861–863. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb01951.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Väkevä A., Morgan B. P., Tikkanen I., Helin K., Laurila P., Meri S. Time course of complement activation and inhibitor expression after ischemic injury of rat myocardium. Am J Pathol. 1994 Jun;144(6):1357–1368. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Watanabe B. I., Limm W., Suehiro A., Suehiro G., Premaratne S., McNamara J. J. Failure of deferoxamine to reduce myocardial infarct size in a primate model of ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res. 1993 Nov;55(5):537–542. doi: 10.1006/jsre.1993.1180. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Werns S. W., Grum C. M., Ventura A., Hahn R. A., Ho P. P., Towner R. D., Fantone J. C., Schork M. A., Lucchesi B. R. Xanthine oxidase inhibition does not limit canine infarct size. Circulation. 1991 Mar;83(3):995–1005. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.83.3.995. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Wildhirt S. M., Dudek R. R., Suzuki H., Bing R. J. Involvement of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the inflammatory process of myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 1995 Jul;50(3):253–261. doi: 10.1016/0167-5273(95)02385-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Williams F. M., Kus M., Tanda K., Williams T. J. Effect of duration of ischaemia on reduction of myocardial infarct size by inhibition of neutrophil accumulation using an anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody. Br J Pharmacol. 1994 Apr;111(4):1123–1128. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1994.tb14861.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Woods K. L., Fletcher S., Roffe C., Haider Y. Intravenous magnesium sulphate in suspected acute myocardial infarction: results of the second Leicester Intravenous Magnesium Intervention Trial (LIMIT-2) Lancet. 1992 Jun 27;339(8809):1553–1558. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91828-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Wride M. A., Lapchak P. H., Sanders E. J. Distribution of TNF alpha-like proteins correlates with some regions of programmed cell death in the chick embryo. Int J Dev Biol. 1994 Dec;38(4):673–682. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Yasuda M., Takeuchi K., Hiruma M., Iida H., Tahara A., Itagane H., Toda I., Akioka K., Teragaki M., Oku H. The complement system in ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 1990 Jan;81(1):156–163. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.81.1.156. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Yeh E. T. Life and death in the cardiovascular system. Circulation. 1997 Feb 18;95(4):782–786. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.95.4.782. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Young L. H., Renfu Y., Russell R., Hu X., Caplan M., Ren J., Shulman G. I., Sinusas A. J. Low-flow ischemia leads to translocation of canine heart GLUT-4 and GLUT-1 glucose transporters to the sarcolemma in vivo. Circulation. 1997 Jan 21;95(2):415–422. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.95.2.415. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Yusuf S., Collins R., MacMahon S., Peto R. Effect of intravenous nitrates on mortality in acute myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet. 1988 May 14;1(8594):1088–1092. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91906-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Yusuf S., Peto R., Lewis J., Collins R., Sleight P. Beta blockade during and after myocardial infarction: an overview of the randomized trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1985 Mar-Apr;27(5):335–371. doi: 10.1016/s0033-0620(85)80003-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Zimmerman G. A., McIntyre T. M., Mehra M., Prescott S. M. Endothelial cell-associated platelet-activating factor: a novel mechanism for signaling intercellular adhesion. J Cell Biol. 1990 Feb;110(2):529–540. doi: 10.1083/jcb.110.2.529. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Netherlands Heart Journal are provided here courtesy of Springer

RESOURCES