Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1989 Nov;63(11):4603–4608. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.11.4603-4608.1989

Avian-to-human transmission of the PB1 gene of influenza A viruses in the 1957 and 1968 pandemics.

Y Kawaoka 1, S Krauss 1, R G Webster 1
PMCID: PMC251093  PMID: 2795713

Abstract

We determined the origin and evolutionary pathways of the PB1 genes of influenza A viruses responsible for the 1957 and 1968 human pandemics and obtained information on the variable or conserved region of the PB1 protein. The evolutionary tree constructed from nucleotide sequences suggested the following: (i) the PB1 gene of the 1957 human pandemic strain, A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2), was probably introduced from avian species and was maintained in humans until 1968; (ii) in the 1968 pandemic strain, A/NT/60/68 (H3N2), the PB1 gene was not derived from the previously circulating virus in humans but probably from another avian virus; and (iii) a current human H3N2 virus inherited the PB1 gene from an A/NT/60/68-like virus. Nucleotide sequence analysis also showed that the avian PB1 gene was introduced into pigs. Hence, transmission of the PB1 gene from avian to mammalian species is a relatively frequent event. Comparative analysis of deduced amino acid sequences disclosed highly conserved regions in PB1 proteins, which may be key structures required for PB1 activities.

Full text

PDF
4606

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Air G. M. Sequence relationships among the hemagglutinin genes of 12 subtypes of influenza A virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Dec;78(12):7639–7643. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.12.7639. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Akkina R. K., Chambers T. M., Londo D. R., Nayak D. P. Intracellular localization of the viral polymerase proteins in cells infected with influenza virus and cells expressing PB1 protein from cloned cDNA. J Virol. 1987 Jul;61(7):2217–2224. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.7.2217-2224.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Argos P. A sequence motif in many polymerases. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Nov 11;16(21):9909–9916. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.21.9909. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bean W. J. Correlation of influenza A virus nucleoprotein genes with host species. Virology. 1984 Mar;133(2):438–442. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90410-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bean W. J., Jr, Sriram G., Webster R. G. Electrophoretic analysis of iodine-labeled influenza virus RNA segments. Anal Biochem. 1980 Feb;102(1):228–232. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(80)90343-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bishop D. H., Huddleston J. A., Brownlee G. G. The complete sequence of RNA segment 2 of influenza A/NT/60/68 P1 protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Feb 25;10(4):1335–1343. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.4.1335. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Braam J., Ulmanen I., Krug R. M. Molecular model of a eucaryotic transcription complex: functions and movements of influenza P proteins during capped RNA-primed transcription. Cell. 1983 Sep;34(2):609–618. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90393-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chen E. Y., Seeburg P. H. Supercoil sequencing: a fast and simple method for sequencing plasmid DNA. DNA. 1985 Apr;4(2):165–170. doi: 10.1089/dna.1985.4.165. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cox N. J., Kitame F., Kendal A. P., Maassab H. F., Naeve C. Identification of sequence changes in the cold-adapted, live attenuated influenza vaccine strain, A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2). Virology. 1988 Dec;167(2):554–567. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Detjen B. M., St Angelo C., Katze M. G., Krug R. M. The three influenza virus polymerase (P) proteins not associated with viral nucleocapsids in the infected cell are in the form of a complex. J Virol. 1987 Jan;61(1):16–22. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.1.16-22.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hinshaw V. S., Webster R. G., Rodriguez R. J. Influenza A viruses: combinations of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes isolated from animals and other sources. Arch Virol. 1981;67(3):191–201. doi: 10.1007/BF01318130. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Honda A., Uéda K., Nagata K., Ishihama A. RNA polymerase of influenza virus: role of NP in RNA chain elongation. J Biochem. 1988 Dec;104(6):1021–1026. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122569. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Huddleston J. A., Brownlee G. G. The sequence of the nucleoprotein gene of human influenza A virus, strain A/NT/60/68. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Feb 11;10(3):1029–1038. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.3.1029. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Kawaoka Y., Bean W. J., Webster R. G. Evolution of the hemagglutinin of equine H3 influenza viruses. Virology. 1989 Apr;169(2):283–292. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90153-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kemdirim S., Palefsky J., Briedis D. J. Influenza B virus PB1 protein; nucleotide sequence of the genome RNA segment predicts a high degree of structural homology with the corresponding influenza A virus polymerase protein. Virology. 1986 Jul 15;152(1):126–135. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90378-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Kida H., Shortridge K. F., Webster R. G. Origin of the hemagglutinin gene of H3N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China. Virology. 1988 Jan;162(1):160–166. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90405-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Nakajima K., Nobusawa E., Nakajima S. Genetic relatedness between A/Swine/Iowa/15/30(H1N1) and human influenza viruses. Virology. 1984 Nov;139(1):194–198. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(84)90341-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Scholtissek C., Rohde W., Von Hoyningen V., Rott R. On the origin of the human influenza virus subtypes H2N2 and H3N2. Virology. 1978 Jun 1;87(1):13–20. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90153-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Shapiro G. I., Krug R. M. Influenza virus RNA replication in vitro: synthesis of viral template RNAs and virion RNAs in the absence of an added primer. J Virol. 1988 Jul;62(7):2285–2290. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.7.2285-2290.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Snyder M. H., Buckler-White A. J., London W. T., Tierney E. L., Murphy B. R. The avian influenza virus nucleoprotein gene and a specific constellation of avian and human virus polymerase genes each specify attenuation of avian-human influenza A/Pintail/79 reassortant viruses for monkeys. J Virol. 1987 Sep;61(9):2857–2863. doi: 10.1128/jvi.61.9.2857-2863.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Tian S. F., Buckler-White A. J., London W. T., Reck L. J., Chanock R. M., Murphy B. R. Nucleoprotein and membrane protein genes are associated with restriction of replication of influenza A/Mallard/NY/78 virus and its reassortants in squirrel monkey respiratory tract. J Virol. 1985 Mar;53(3):771–775. doi: 10.1128/jvi.53.3.771-775.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Ulmanen I., Broni B. A., Krug R. M. Role of two of the influenza virus core P proteins in recognizing cap 1 structures (m7GpppNm) on RNAs and in initiating viral RNA transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Dec;78(12):7355–7359. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.12.7355. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Ulmanen I., Broni B., Krug R. M. Influenza virus temperature-sensitive cap (m7GpppNm)-dependent endonuclease. J Virol. 1983 Jan;45(1):27–35. doi: 10.1128/jvi.45.1.27-35.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Webster R. G., Laver W. G. The origin of pandemic influenza. Bull World Health Organ. 1972;47(4):449–452. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Winter G., Fields S. Nucleotide sequence of human influenza A/PR/8/34 segment 2. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Mar 25;10(6):2135–2143. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.6.2135. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES