Skip to main content
PMC home page
Journal of Virology logoLink to Journal of Virology
. 1984 Nov;52(2):606–614. doi: 10.1128/jvi.52.2.606-614.1984

Transduction of the Chinese hamster ovary aprt gene by herpes simplex virus.

C Tackney, G Cachianes, S Silverstein
PMCID: PMC254564  PMID: 6092682

Abstract

The Chinese hamster ovary adenine phosphoribosyl transferase gene (aprt) was reengineered to be flanked by sequences from the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of herpes simplex virus. This construct was cotransfected with DNA from herpes simplex virus type 1, and after 3 days, virus was harvested and Tk- plaques were selected after the virus was plated on Tk- cells in the presence of bromodeoxycytosine. Recombinant viruses were identified by dot-blot hybridization, and the arrangement of aprt and tk sequences were determined by Southern blot hybridization. Analysis of the recombinants revealed that acquisition of aprt sequences resulted from insertional inactivation of the tk locus as a consequence of homology-based recombination. Recombination was precise, as evidenced by the failure to detect plasmid sequences or the synthetic restriction endonuclease sites that bounded the mutant tk gene in the aprt-tk construct. Infection of Aprt- mouse or Chinese hamster ovary cells with UV-irradiated virus and selection in medium containing azaserine and adenine resulted in the survival of numerous colonies that stably express the aprt gene. Transformed cells synthesized an aprt mRNA that is identical to wild-type mRNA as determined by Northern blot and S1 nuclease analyses. Cells lytically infected with the recombinant virus do not appear to transcribe the aprt gene. Thus, infected cells differentiate between virus and foreign promoters even when a cellular gene is cis to the virus chromosome.

Full text

PDF
608

Images in this article

608Image
on p.608
609Image
on p.609
611Image
on p.611
611Image
on p.611
612Image
on p.612

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Aviv H., Leder P. Purification of biologically active globin messenger RNA by chromatography on oligothymidylic acid-cellulose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972 Jun;69(6):1408–1412. doi: 10.1073/pnas.69.6.1408. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Berk A. J., Sharp P. A. Sizing and mapping of early adenovirus mRNAs by gel electrophoresis of S1 endonuclease-digested hybrids. Cell. 1977 Nov;12(3):721–732. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90272-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bolivar F., Rodriguez R. L., Greene P. J., Betlach M. C., Heyneker H. L., Boyer H. W., Crosa J. H., Falkow S. Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. II. A multipurpose cloning system. Gene. 1977;2(2):95–113. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Brandsma J., Miller G. Nucleic acid spot hybridization: rapid quantitative screening of lymphoid cell lines for Epstein-Barr viral DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Nov;77(11):6851–6855. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.11.6851. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Brown S. M., Ritchie D. A., Subak-Sharpe J. H. Genetic studies with herpes simplex virus type 1. The isolation of temperature-sensitive mutants, their arrangement into complementation groups and recombination analysis leading to a linkage map. J Gen Virol. 1973 Mar;18(3):329–346. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-18-3-329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Campione-Piccardo J., Rawls W. E., Bacchetti S. Selective assay for herpes simplex viruses expressing thymidine kinase. J Virol. 1979 Aug;31(2):281–287. doi: 10.1128/jvi.31.2.281-287.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Casey J., Davidson N. Rates of formation and thermal stabilities of RNA:DNA and DNA:DNA duplexes at high concentrations of formamide. Nucleic Acids Res. 1977;4(5):1539–1552. doi: 10.1093/nar/4.5.1539. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chirgwin J. M., Przybyla A. E., MacDonald R. J., Rutter W. J. Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease. Biochemistry. 1979 Nov 27;18(24):5294–5299. doi: 10.1021/bi00591a005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Fenwick M. L., Walker M. J. Suppression of the synthesis of cellular macromolecules by herpes simplex virus. J Gen Virol. 1978 Oct;41(1):37–51. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-41-1-37. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Grunstein M., Hogness D. S. Colony hybridization: a method for the isolation of cloned DNAs that contain a specific gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Oct;72(10):3961–3965. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.10.3961. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hamer D. H., Leder P. Expression of the chromosomal mouse Beta maj-globin gene cloned in SV40. Nature. 1979 Sep 6;281(5726):35–40. doi: 10.1038/281035a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Honess R. W., Roizman B. Regulation of herpesvirus macromolecular synthesis. I. Cascade regulation of the synthesis of three groups of viral proteins. J Virol. 1974 Jul;14(1):8–19. doi: 10.1128/jvi.14.1.8-19.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Kieff E. D., Bachenheimer S. L., Roizman B. Size, composition, and structure of the deoxyribonucleic acid of herpes simplex virus subtypes 1 and 2. J Virol. 1971 Aug;8(2):125–132. doi: 10.1128/jvi.8.2.125-132.1971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Knipe D. M., Batterson W., Nosal C., Roizman B., Buchan A. Molecular genetics of herpes simplex virus. VI. Characterization of a temperature-sensitive mutant defective in the expression of all early viral gene products. J Virol. 1981 May;38(2):539–547. doi: 10.1128/jvi.38.2.539-547.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Knipe D. M., Ruyechan W. T., Roizman B., Halliburton I. W. Molecular genetics of herpes simplex virus: demonstration of regions of obligatory and nonobligatory identity within diploid regions of the genome by sequence replacement and insertion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Aug;75(8):3896–3900. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.8.3896. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Lee G. T., Pogue-Geile K. L., Pereira L., Spear P. G. Expression of herpes simplex virus glycoprotein C from a DNA fragment inserted into the thymidine kinase gene of this virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(21):6612–6616. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.21.6612. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Lowy I., Pellicer A., Jackson J. F., Sim G. K., Silverstein S., Axel R. Isolation of transforming DNA: cloning the hamster aprt gene. Cell. 1980 Dec;22(3):817–823. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90558-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Mackem S., Roizman B. Differentiation between alpha promoter and regulator regions of herpes simplex virus 1: the functional domains and sequence of a movable alpha regulator. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Aug;79(16):4917–4921. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.16.4917. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Mackett M., Smith G. L., Moss B. Vaccinia virus: a selectable eukaryotic cloning and expression vector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Dec;79(23):7415–7419. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7415. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. McKnight S. L., Gavis E. R. Expression of the herpes thymidine kinase gene in Xenopus laevis oocytes: an assay for the study of deletion mutants constructed in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Dec 20;8(24):5931–5948. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.24.5931. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Messing J., Vieira J. A new pair of M13 vectors for selecting either DNA strand of double-digest restriction fragments. Gene. 1982 Oct;19(3):269–276. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(82)90016-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Mocarski E. S., Post L. E., Roizman B. Molecular engineering of the herpes simplex virus genome: insertion of a second L-S junction into the genome causes additional genome inversions. Cell. 1980 Nov;22(1 Pt 1):243–255. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90172-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Mulligan R. C., Howard B. H., Berg P. Synthesis of rabbit beta-globin in cultured monkey kidney cells following infection with a SV40 beta-globin recombinant genome. Nature. 1979 Jan 11;277(5692):108–114. doi: 10.1038/277108a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Munyon W., Kraiselburd E., Davis D., Mann J. Transfer of thymidine kinase to thymidine kinaseless L cells by infection with ultraviolet-irradiated herpes simplex virus. J Virol. 1971 Jun;7(6):813–820. doi: 10.1128/jvi.7.6.813-820.1971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Nishioka Y., Jones G., Silverstein S. Inhibition by vesicular stomatitis virus of herpes simplex virus-directed protein synthesis. Virology. 1983 Jan 30;124(2):238–250. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90341-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Nishioka Y., Silverstein S. Alterations in the protein synthetic apparatus of Friend erythroleukemia cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus or herpes simplex virus. J Virol. 1978 Jan;25(1):422–426. doi: 10.1128/jvi.25.1.422-426.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Nishioka Y., Silverstein S. Degradation of cellular mRNA during infection by herpes simplex virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Jun;74(6):2370–2374. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.6.2370. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Nishioka Y., Silverstein S. Requirement of protein synthesis for the degradation of host mRNA in Friend erythroleukemia cells infected wtih herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol. 1978 Sep;27(3):619–627. doi: 10.1128/jvi.27.3.619-627.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Ostrander M., Vogel S., Silverstein S. Phenotypic switching in cells transformed with the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Jun;2(6):708–714. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.6.708. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Panicali D., Paoletti E. Construction of poxviruses as cloning vectors: insertion of the thymidine kinase gene from herpes simplex virus into the DNA of infectious vaccinia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Aug;79(16):4927–4931. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.16.4927. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Pellicer A., Wigler M., Axel R., Silverstein S. The transfer and stable integration of the HSV thymidine kinase gene into mouse cells. Cell. 1978 May;14(1):133–141. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90308-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Poffenberger K. L., Tabares E., Roizman B. Characterization of a viable, noninverting herpes simplex virus 1 genome derived by insertion and deletion of sequences at the junction of components L and S. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 May;80(9):2690–2694. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.9.2690. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Post L. E., Mackem S., Roizman B. Regulation of alpha genes of herpes simplex virus: expression of chimeric genes produced by fusion of thymidine kinase with alpha gene promoters. Cell. 1981 May;24(2):555–565. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90346-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Shimotohno K., Temin H. M. Formation of infectious progeny virus after insertion of herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene into DNA of an avian retrovirus. Cell. 1981 Oct;26(1 Pt 1):67–77. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90034-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Silverstein S., Wigler M., Pellicer A., Axel R. Identification of sequences coding for thymidine kinase in herpes simplex virus and transformed cell DNA. IARC Sci Publ. 1978;(24 Pt 1):501–508. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Smiley J. R. Construction in vitro and rescue of a thymidine kinase-deficient deletion mutation of herpes simplex virus. Nature. 1980 May 29;285(5763):333–335. doi: 10.1038/285333a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Smiley J. R., Fong B. S., Leung W. C. Construction of a double-jointed herpes simplex viral DNA molecule: inverted repeats are required for segment inversion, and direct repeats promote deletions. Virology. 1981 Aug;113(1):345–362. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90161-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Solnick D. Construction of an adenovirus-SV40 recombinant producing SV40 T antigen from an adenovirus late promoter. Cell. 1981 Apr;24(1):135–143. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90509-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Spear P. G., Roizman B. Proteins specified by herpes simplex virus. V. Purification and structural proteins of the herpesvirion. J Virol. 1972 Jan;9(1):143–159. doi: 10.1128/jvi.9.1.143-159.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Summers W. P., Wagner M., Summers W. C. Possible peptide chain termination mutants in thymide kinase gene of a mammalian virus, herpes simplex virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Oct;72(10):4081–4084. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.10.4081. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Tabin C. J., Hoffmann J. W., Goff S. P., Weinberg R. A. Adaptation of a retrovirus as a eucaryotic vector transmitting the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Apr;2(4):426–436. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.4.426. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Thummel C., Tjian R., Grodzicker T. Expression of SV40 T antigen under control of adenovirus promoters. Cell. 1981 Mar;23(3):825–836. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90447-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Wahl G. M., Stern M., Stark G. R. Efficient transfer of large DNA fragments from agarose gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and rapid hybridization by using dextran sulfate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Aug;76(8):3683–3687. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.8.3683. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Weaver R. F., Weissmann C. Mapping of RNA by a modification of the Berk-Sharp procedure: the 5' termini of 15 S beta-globin mRNA precursor and mature 10 s beta-globin mRNA have identical map coordinates. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Nov 10;7(5):1175–1193. doi: 10.1093/nar/7.5.1175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Wei C. M., Gibson M., Spear P. G., Scolnick E. M. Construction and isolation of a transmissible retrovirus containing the src gene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus and the thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol. 1981 Sep;39(3):935–944. doi: 10.1128/jvi.39.3.935-944.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Wigler M., Pellicer A., Silverstein S., Axel R., Urlaub G., Chasin L. DNA-mediated transfer of the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase locus into mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Mar;76(3):1373–1376. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.3.1373. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Wigler M., Sweet R., Sim G. K., Wold B., Pellicer A., Lacy E., Maniatis T., Silverstein S., Axel R. Transformation of mammalian cells with genes from procaryotes and eucaryotes. Cell. 1979 Apr;16(4):777–785. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90093-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. ZINDER N. D., LEDERBERG J. Genetic exchange in Salmonella. J Bacteriol. 1952 Nov;64(5):679–699. doi: 10.1128/jb.64.5.679-699.1952. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Virology are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES