Skip to main content
Bulletin of the World Health Organization logoLink to Bulletin of the World Health Organization
. 1965;32(4):477–502.

Results of comparative experiments using different methods for determining the sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin G

Alice Reyn, Michael Weis Bentzon, James D Thayer, A E Wilkinson
PMCID: PMC2555261  PMID: 14315718

Abstract

Between 1957 and 1960 a decrease in the sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeæ to penicillin was observed in many parts of the world, but the ranges of sensitivity and the distribution of strains within these ranges varied in different countries. It was not known, however, whether these differences were real or due to the different methods of sensitivity determination used. The collaborative study described in this paper was sponsored by WHO with the object of developing an international reference method for use in epidemiological and interlaboratory studies. Fourteen gonococcal strains, representing a wide range of sensitivity to penicillin, were tested in the three participating laboratories, using two plate dilution methods and a tube dilution method. When the strains were arranged in order of sensitivities, the order was the same whichever method was used, but the levels of sensitivity showed considerable differences, particularly for the less sensitive strains. Good agreement was obtained when the technique of one laboratory was repeated in another. On the basis of the results, it is recommended that an international reference method should use a plate dilution technique and a provisional medium is suggested for this method. It is probable that better agreement between different methods could be achieved by the use of reference strains which would enable a correction factor to be applied. Three gonococcal strains that might prove suitable for this purpose are suggested.

Full text

PDF
478

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ANDERSON R. C., CHEN K. K., LEE C. C., WORTH H. M. Pharmacologic and toxicologic studies with penicillin V. Antibiot Annu. 1955;3:540–548. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. BARILE M. F., VAN ZEE G. K., YAGUCHI R. The occurrence of failures in penicillin-treated gonorrheal urethritis. I. The significance of L-form transformation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to penicillin resistance. Antibiotic Med Clin Ther (New York) 1959 Aug;6:470–479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. BOND J. M., BARBER M., LIGHTBOWN J. W., WATERWORTH P. M. A COMPARISON OF FOUR PHENOXYPENICILLINS. Br Med J. 1963 Oct 19;2(5363):956–961. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5363.956. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BUNN P., KNIGHT R. Problems in determining concentrations of newer penicillins in human serum. Antibiot Chemother (Northfield) 1961 Mar;11:190–195. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. COHN A., GRUNSTEIN I. So-called penicillin-resistant gonococcal infections; a clinical and laboratory study. Am J Syph Gonorrhea Vener Dis. 1949 Jan;33(1):86–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. CRADOCK-WATSON J. E., SHOOTER R. A., NICOL C. S. Sensitivity of strains of gonococci to penicillin, sulphathiazole, and streptomycin. Br Med J. 1958 May 10;1(5079):1091–1092. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5079.1091. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. CURTIS F. R., WILKINSON A. E. A comparison of the in vitro sensitivity of gonococci to penicillin with the results of treatment. Br J Vener Dis. 1958 Jun;34(2):70–82. doi: 10.1136/sti.34.2.70. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chow B. F., McKee C. M. INTERACTION BETWEEN CRYSTALLINE PENICILLIN AND HUMAN PLASMA PROTEINS. Science. 1945 Jan 19;101(2612):67–68. doi: 10.1126/science.101.2612.67. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. GARTMANN H., KNAPP A. Zur Frage der Empfindlichkeitsabnahme der Gonokokken gegenüber Penicillin in vivo und in vitro. Dermatol Wochenschr. 1954;130(31):833–837. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. GJESSING H. C., ODEGAARD K. Sensitivity of the gonococcus to antibiotics and treatment of gonorrhoea. Acta Derm Venereol. 1962;42:305–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. GOCKE T. M., WILCOX C., FINLAND M. Antibiotic spectrum of the gonococcus. Am J Syph Gonorrhea Vener Dis. 1950 May;34(3):265–272. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. GOLOTINA Z. S., MESHCHANINOVA E. A., REZNIKOVA A. I. K mekhanizmu deistviia penitsilina pri gonorroinoi infectsii. Vestn Venerol Dermatol. 1950 Jul-Aug;4:29–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. GOUREVITCH A., HUNT G. A., LEIN J. Structure-activity relationships in a series of synthetic penicillins. Antibiot Chemother (Northfield) 1960 Feb;10:121–128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. GUTHE T. Failure to control gonorrhoea. Bull World Health Organ. 1961;24:297–306. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Gjessing H. C., Odegaard K. Sensitivity Tests as a Means of Distinguishing Relapse from Re-Infection in the Treatment of Gonorrhoea. Br J Vener Dis. 1962 Mar;38(1):26–29. doi: 10.1136/sti.38.1.26. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. HAGERMAN G. The action of penicillin on the gonococcus at temperatures above 37 degrees C. Acta Derm Venereol. 1950;30(3):286–288. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. HIRSCH H. A., FINLAND M. Susceptibility of gonococci to antibiotics and sulfadiazine. A study of strains isolated at Boston City Hospital from cases of acute gonorrheal urethritis in males, August, 1958 to February, 1959. Am J Med Sci. 1960 Jan;239:41–50. doi: 10.1097/00000441-196001000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. KAISER L., RINDERKNECHT P. [Diagnosis and therapy of gonorrhea with special reference to penicillin resistance]. Praxis. 1961 Sep 7;50:931–933. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. KING A. These dying diseases; venerology in decline. Lancet. 1958 Mar 29;1(7022):651–657. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(58)91082-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. LETCHNER E. H., NICOL C. S. A comparison of sensitivity to pencillin of N. gonorrhoeae, 1960 and 1958. Br J Vener Dis. 1961 Jun;37:158–160. doi: 10.1136/sti.37.2.158. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. LIGHTBOWN J. W., SULITZEANU D. The assay of penicillin in blood-serum using Sarcina lutea. Bull World Health Organ. 1957;17(4-5):553–567. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. MARCHIONINI A., ROCKL H. Atiologie, Diagnose, Therapie der gonorrhoischen und nicht gonorrhoischen Urethritiden. Munch Med Wochenschr. 1957 Feb 8;99(6):173–178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. MARCUSE K., HUSSELS H. Zur Frage der Penicillinempfindlichkeit der Gonokokken. Dermatol Wochenschr. 1954;130(39):1031–1044. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. MARNER I. L., LUND E. Examination of the penicillin concentration in electrophoretically seperated groups of serum protein. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1957;40(3):267–272. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. MCCARTHY C. G., WALLMARK G., FINLAND M. In vitro activity of various penicillins. Am J Med Sci. 1961 Feb;241:143–159. doi: 10.1097/00000441-196102000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. MILLS F. The exponential development of penicillin resistance by neisseria. J Infect Dis. 1949 Jul-Aug;85(1):1–4. doi: 10.1093/infdis/85.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. MOLLER V., REYN A. A NEW SOLID MEDIUM FOR THE ISOLATION OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE. Bull World Health Organ. 1965;32:471–476. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. OEFF K., RUST S., SCHWARZ E., WEISE H. J. Zur Frage der Bindung von Penicillin an Serumeiweisskörper. Klin Wochenschr. 1955 May 1;33(17-18):419–421. doi: 10.1007/BF01467981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. RANTASALO I., TAMMILEHTO R., WALLENIUS J. O. Sensitivity of gonococci to antibiotics in vitro and in vivo. Acta Derm Venereol. 1962;42:377–385. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. REYN A., BENTZON M. W., ERICSSON H. Comparative investigations of the sensitivity of N. gonorrhoeae to penicillin. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1963;57:235–255. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1963.tb03447.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. REYN A., BENTZON M. W. SENSITIVITY TO ANTIBIOTICS OF GONOCOCCAL STRAINS ISOLATED BY REPEATED CULTURING FROM THE SAME PATIENT. Acta Derm Venereol. 1963;43:394–398. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. REYN A., KORNER B., BENTZON M. W. Effects of penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline on N. gonorrhoeae isolated in 1944 and in 1957. Br J Vener Dis. 1958 Dec;34(4):227–239. doi: 10.1136/sti.34.4.227. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. REYN A. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF GONOCOCCAL INFECTIONS. Bull World Health Organ. 1965;32:449–469. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. REYN A. Sensitivity of N. gonorrhoeae to antibiotics. Br J Vener Dis. 1961 Jun;37:145–157. doi: 10.1136/sti.37.2.145. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. RINGERTZ O. The sensitivity of N. gonorrhoeae to antibiotics. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1961;53:173–179. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1961.tb00398.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. ROCKL H. Nimmt die Penicillin-Empfindlichkeit der Gonokokken ab? Munch Med Wochenschr. 1959 Apr 17;101(16):708–712. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. ROIRON V., RASETTI-NICOD G., DUREL P. [Study of the present-day sensitivity of gonococcus to the principal antibiotics]. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) 1961 Apr;100:445–462. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. SCHMIDT H., LARSEN S. O. Comparison of the in vitro sensitivity of gonococcal strains isolated from patients and from their contacts. Acta Derm Venereol. 1962;42:294–304. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. SCHREUS H. T., SCHUMMER H., HUBBES A., JAECKEL A. Andert sich die Penicillinempfindlichkeit der Gonokokken? Z Haut Geschlechtskr. 1951 Sep 15;11(6):229–234. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. SNELL E., NORRIS D. A., STRONG J. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF N. GONORRHOEAE TO ANTIBIOTICS: A STUDY OF 200 CONSECUTIVE STRAINS ISOLATED IN WINNIPEG IN 1962. Can Med Assoc J. 1963 Sep 21;89:601–606. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Tompsett R., Shultz S., McDermott W. The Relation of Protein Binding to the Pharmacology and Antibacterial Activity of Penicillins X, G, Dihydro F, and K. J Bacteriol. 1947 May;53(5):581–595. doi: 10.1128/jb.53.5.581-595.1947. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. WILKINSON A. E. Notes on the bacteriological diagnosis of gonorrhoea. Br J Vener Dis. 1962 Sep;38:145–149. doi: 10.1136/sti.38.3.145. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. WILLCOX R. R. Recent difficulties in the treatment of gonorrhoea with penicillin. Br J Clin Pract. 1962 Sep;16:587–596. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. ZIPRKOWSKI I., KRAKOWSKI A., ROUBENOFF D. [The sensitivity of gonococci to penicillin and kanamycin in Israel]. Harefuah. 1961 Aug 15;61:121–123. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Bulletin of the World Health Organization are provided here courtesy of World Health Organization

RESOURCES