Abstract
Objectives
To identify the type and extent of weapons being carried among young people in Scotland, and to determine the relation between use of illegal drugs and weapon carrying.
Design
Questionnaire school survey.
Setting
Independent schools in central Scotland and schools in Lanarkshire and Perth and Kinross.
Participants
3121 students aged 11 to 16 in 20 schools.
Main outcome measures
Self completion questionnaire reporting history of drug use and weapon carrying.
Results
Overall, 34.1% of males and 8.6% of females reported having carried a weapon (P<0.0001), ranging from 29.2% of boys aged 11-13 (classes S1 to S2) to 39.3% of boys aged 13-15 (S3 to S4). These values are higher than those in a recent survey of young people in England. Weapon carrying in Lanarkshire was 70% higher for males than in the rural area of Perth and Kinross. Both males and females who had taken drugs were more likely to carry weapons (63.5% of male drug users versus 20.5% of non-users and 22.8% of female drug users versus 3.7% of non-users; both P<0.0001). The proportions of males carrying weapons who used none, one, two, three or four, or five or more illegal drugs were 21%, 52%, 68%, 74%, and 92% respectively. A similar trend was found among females.
Conclusions
Better information is needed on the nature and extent of weapon carrying by young people in the United Kingdom, and better educational campaigns are needed warning of the dangers of carrying weapons.
Introduction
After several high profile incidents, including the shooting at Columbine high school in the United States and the fatal stabbing of head teacher Philip Lawrence in the United Kingdom, concern has grown about young people carrying weapons. Several US studies have assessed weapon carrying among adolescents: in one, 15% of 10 269 adolescents carried a weapon,1 in another study of 4137 students in South Carolina, 38% of males and 11% of females had carried a weapon,2 and in another study of 26 225 college students 11% of males and 4% of females had carried a weapon within 30 days of the survey.3 In the United Kingdom, a survey of 10 677 students found weapon carrying among 18% of males and 3% of females aged 11-12 and 29% of males and 9% of females aged 15-16.4
Previous research both in the United Kingdom and the United States has identified a close association between illegal drugs and weapon carrying among young people. Illegal drug use was found to be a strong predictor for weapon carrying among white adolescents in South Carolina.2 In Chicago, 33% of students aged 10 to 11 years had easy access to illegal drugs and weapons in disadvantaged neighbourhoods.5 Among 14-15 year olds in the United Kingdom the proportion having friends who carried weapons was closely associated with the extent of illegal drug use.4
We investigated weapon carrying among young people in Scotland and whether there was an association with illegal drug use.
Participants and methods
We assessed data from research carried out from 1996 examining legal and illegal drug use among young people in Scotland.6–10 Briefly, the data are from three linked surveys: five schools in rural Perth and Kinross in 1997 (about 13% of eligible students), 12 schools in rural and urban Lanarkshire in 1998 (about 5% of eligible students), and three independent schools in central Scotland in 1996.
In each school and school year, classes were randomly selected. Each student completed a confidential questionnaire under exam conditions (desks separated) with the teacher absent, giving data on legal and illegal drugs, family circumstances, social activities, and weapon carrying. The questionnaire asked “Have you ever carried a weapon in case you got into a fight? (Yes/No). If yes, what kind of weapon(s)?” The absentee rates in Lanarkshire were 6% to 17%, and 9% for Perth and Kinross (no corresponding information was available for independent schools). Ethical approval for this research was obtained, and informed consent was given by students, parents, and school staff.
Statistical methods
We calculated the difference in proportions of students carrying weapons (any, bladed, or non-bladed) within schools between (a) males and females, (b) students using illegal drugs (yes or no), separately for males and females, and (c) school years S1 and S2 (aged 11-13) and S3 and S4 (aged 13-15), again separately for males and females. We compared these differences across schools using paired one sample t tests (with approximate 95% confidence intervals).
Results
Table 1 shows a higher proportion of working class families in Perth and Kinross (52%) and Lanarkshire (61%) than in the independent schools (13%). The higher proportion of girls in independent schools reflects local difficulties in recruiting independent schools of mixed sex, leading to the inclusion of one all girls' school.
Table 1.
Characteristics of students. Values are numbers (percentages) of students within stated category unless stated otherwise
| Independent | Perth and Kinross | Lanarkshire | Overall | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year of survey | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1996-8 |
| No of schools | 3 | 5 | 12 | 20 |
| Students (% overall) | 441 (14.1) | 747 (23.9) | 1933 (61.9) | 3121 (100) |
| Males | 92 (20.9) | 389 (52.1) | 971 (50.2) | 1452 (46.5) |
| Females | 349 (79.1) | 358 (47.9) | 962 (49.8) | 1669 (53.5) |
| Mean (SD) age (years) | 13.93 (1.25) | 13.47 (1.13) | 13.44 (1.14) | 13.52 (1.17) |
| n=321 | n=656 | n=1876 | n=2853 | |
| Living in deprived area* | 24 (7.5) | 62 (9.5) | 1044 (55.7) | 1130 (39.6) |
| n=437 | n=720 | n=1933 | n=3090 | |
| Working class family† | 56 (12.8) | 371 (51.5) | 1184 (61.3) | 1611 (52.1) |
Carstairs deprivation category of at least 5 (data missing for 9% of students overall).
Social classes IIIn, IIIm, IV, or V according to the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (data missing for 1% of students overall).
Weapon carrying by sex, age, and region
Weapon carrying was lower among females (8.6%) than males (34.1%) (difference 25.4%, 95% confidence interval 21.7% to 29.1%, P<0.0001), and increased with age for males from 29.2% in S1 to S2 to 39.3% by S3 and S4 (10.2%, 4.4% to 16.0%, P=0.0019) and for females from 7.1% to 10.3% (3.2%, −0.7% to 7.1%, P=0.10). Weapon carrying also varied by region: 22.9% of males in the largely rural area of Perth and Kinross reported having carried a weapon compared with 38.8% of those in Lanarkshire and 32.6% from independent schools, with a similar pattern for females.
Weapon carrying and illegal drug use
Both males and females using illegal drugs are more likely to carry weapons: for males, 63.5% of drug users versus 20.5% of non-users (42.8%, 35.9% to 49.7%, P<0.0001) and for females, 22.8% of drug users versus 3.7% of non-users (18.9%, 13.5% to 24.3%, P<0.0001) (table 2). The proportion of males using none, one, two, three or four, or five or more illegal drugs who have carried weapons was 21%, 52%, 68%, 74%, and 92%. A similar trend was found in females. Males tended to become more heavily armed as the number of illegal drugs used increased, with the percentage carrying at least two weapons increasing from 3% for no drugs to 55% for five or more drugs (table 2).
Table 2.
Weapon carrying by number of illegal drugs used. Values are numbers (percentages) of students
| Group | No of illegal drugs used
|
Total* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | 1 | 2 | 3 or 4 | ⩾5 | ||
| Males | n=987 | n=239 | n=85 | n=85 | n=51 | n=1447 |
| 1 weapon | 174 (17.6) | 87 (36.4) | 39 (45.9) | 41 (48.2) | 19 (37.3) | 360 (24.9) |
| >1 weapon | 28 (2.8) | 37 (15.5) | 19 (22.3) | 22 (25.9) | 28 (54.9) | 134 (9.2) |
| Any weapon | 202 (20.5) | 124 (51.9) | 58 (68.2) | 63 (74.1) | 47 (92.2) | 494 (34.1) |
| Females | n=1239 | n=235 | n=77 | n=75 | n=38 | n=1664 |
| Any weapon | 46 (3.7) | 36 (15.3) | 16 (20.8) | 25 (33.3) | 20 (52.6) | 143 (8.6) |
| All students | n=2226 | n=474 | n=162 | n=160 | n=89 | n=3111 |
| Any weapon | 248 (11.1) | 160 (33.8) | 74 (45.7) | 88 (55.0) | 67 (75.3) | 637 (20.5) |
Data missing for five males and five females.
Types of weapons being carried
Table 3 shows the types of weapons carried, classified as bladed (knives: flick, switch, stanley, craft, or hunting; machete; sword; razor) or non-bladed weapons (guns (air rifle, pistol, replica), blunt instruments (club, metal pipe), sports equipment (baseball bat, snooker cue), tools (screwdriver, hammer), and other weapons (catapult, knuckleduster)). Bladed weapons carried among males ranged from 16.0% in S1 to S2 to 22.9% in S3 to S4, (7.3%, 2.3% to12.3%, P=0.0070), and for females from 4.3% to 7.2% (2.9%, 0.1% to 5.7%, P=0.043).
Table 3.
Type of weapon carried by type of school or region and number of drugs used. Values are numbers (percentages) of students
| Group | Total No | Males
|
Total No | Females
|
Total No | All students
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blade | Non-blade | Blade | Non-blade | Blade | Non-blade | ||||||
| Overall | 1452 | 281 (19.4) | 321 (22.1) | 1669 | 94 (5.6) | 74 (4.4) | 3121 | 375 (12.0) | 395 (12.7) | ||
| School year: | |||||||||||
| S1 | 374 | 40 (10.7) | 69 (18.5) | 442 | 9 (2.0) | 15 (3.4) | 816 | 49 (6.0) | 84 (10.3) | ||
| S2 | 366 | 78 (21.3) | 68 (18.6) | 444 | 29 (6.5) | 21 (4.7) | 810 | 107 (13.2) | 89 (11.0) | ||
| S3 | 390 | 87 (22.3) | 87 (22.2) | 399 | 32 (8.0) | 16 (4.0) | 789 | 119 (15.1) | 103 (13.1) | ||
| S4 | 322 | 76 (23.6) | 97 (30.1) | 384 | 24 (6.3) | 22 (5.7) | 706 | 100 (14.2) | 119 (16.9) | ||
| School type and region: | |||||||||||
| Independent | 92 | 27 (29.4) | 7 (7.6) | 349 | 25 (7.2) | 10 (2.9) | 441 | 52 (11.8) | 17 (3.9) | ||
| Perth and Kinross | 389 | 66 (17.0) | 43 (11.1) | 358 | 9 (2.5) | 13 (3.6) | 747 | 75 (10.0) | 56 (7.5) | ||
| Lanarkshire | 971 | 188 (19.4) | 271 (27.9) | 962 | 60 (6.2) | 51 (5.3) | 1933 | 248 (12.8) | 322 (16.7) | ||
| No of drugs*: | |||||||||||
| 0 | 987 | 108 (10.9) | 114 (11.6) | 1239 | 25 (2.0) | 27 (2.2) | 2226 | 133 (6.0) | 141 (6.3) | ||
| 1 | 239 | 65 (27.2) | 86 (36.0) | 235 | 21 (8.9) | 18 (7.7) | 474 | 86 (18.1) | 104 (21.9) | ||
| >1 | 221 | 107 (48.4) | 120 (54.3) | 190 | 47 (24.7) | 29 (15.3) | 411 | 154 (37.5) | 149 (36.3) | ||
Data missing for five males and five females.
For both males and females the carrying of bladed weapons was higher among drug users than non-users and increased with the number of illegal drugs used: 11%, 27%, and 48% of males using none, one, and two or more illegal drugs respectively carried a bladed weapon. Similar patterns were found for non-bladed weapons (table 3).
Discussion
These data on weapon carrying and illegal drug use in adolescents are based on self report and so may contain both underreporting and overreporting. It is important to bear in mind that weapon carrying refers to ever having carried a weapon. With these limitations in mind the data must give cause for concern.
What is already known on this topic
In many areas there is widespread concern about the possible association between illegal drug use and violence
Previous research carried out in the United States has identified a close association between the carrying of weapons and use of illegal drugs by young people
Little comparative information is available on the possible relation between weapons and drugs in young people in the United Kingdom
What this study adds
Weapon carrying is comparatively widespread among young people in Scotland
Over a third of males surveyed and nearly a tenth of females had carried a weapon, and such weapon carrying was closely associated with the use of illegal drugs
A national educational campaign is needed, stressing the risks and dangers of weapon carrying among young people
The west of Scotland has had an association with weapon carrying and gang fights for many years, immortalised in the “no mean city” account of life in Glasgow. On the basis of the data presented here, the culture of weapon carrying among young people seems to be continuing although it is not confined to any one city. It is far from clear why a substantial proportion of young people in Scotland feel the need to carry a weapon and this needs further investigation. Whatever the reasons, having a weapon potentially increases the risk of harm. Research in the United States has shown an association between involvement in violence and the use of illegal drugs.11,12 It is possible that a proportion of young people in Scotland who use illegal drugs will become involved in violence, and some of these may carry weapons.
Agencies working with young people need to better understand why some young people feel the need to carry weapons and to discourage this behaviour. Where such weapon carrying relates to the young person feeling vulnerable, it may need to be tackled in the context of broader approaches, for example, in relation to bullying. One report found that the carrying of weapons at school was associated with fights, having had goods stolen or damaged, and threats of injury with a weapon while at school.13
Organisers of events where young people congregate clearly need to be aware that some young people may be carrying a weapon and to take steps to reduce this likelihood. National information and educational campaigns into the dangers of weapon carrying are needed, targeted at young people and parents. Finally, although the UK home secretary has advised that adults should be more prepared to intervene when young people misbehave, we suggest the need for caution as some young people may be carrying an offensive weapon.
Acknowledgments
We thank all the participating schools, particularly the young people surveyed.
Footnotes
Funding: Scottish Executive Department of Health and the Lanarkshire Drug Action Team. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and should not be attributed to either funding body.
Competing interests: None declared.
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