Skip to main content
Nucleic Acids Research logoLink to Nucleic Acids Research
. 1989 Jun 12;17(11):4025–4035. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.11.4025

The transcriptional control regions of the copia retrotransposon.

A Sneddon 1, A J Flavell 1
PMCID: PMC317916  PMID: 2472602

Abstract

We have analysed the sequence elements that control expression of the copia retrotransposon. Expression of copia fusion constructs containing DNA sequence deletions and rearrangements was assayed by transient expression analysis. Progressive deletion and linker substitution identifies two regions on either side of the major transcriptional start sites in the copia long terminal repeat These regions are both required for high level expression in a cultured Drosophila melanogaster cell line but only the upstream region is required for copia expression in a Drosophila hydei cell line. A third control region lies downstream of the long terminal repeat in a region previously believed to contain no cis-acting regulatory sequences. We show by displacement and inversion of this region that it contains a transcriptional enhancer.

Full text

PDF
4026

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Arkhipova I. R., Mazo A. M., Cherkasova V. A., Gorelova T. V., Schuppe N. G., Llyin Y. V. The steps of reverse transcription of Drosophila mobile dispersed genetic elements and U3-R-U5 structure of their LTRs. Cell. 1986 Feb 28;44(4):555–563. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90265-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Boeke J. D., Garfinkel D. J., Styles C. A., Fink G. R. Ty elements transpose through an RNA intermediate. Cell. 1985 Mar;40(3):491–500. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90197-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Burke J. F., Sinclair J. H., Sang J. H., Ish-Horowicz D. An assay for transient gene expression in transfected Drosophila cells, using [3H]guanine incorporation. EMBO J. 1984 Nov;3(11):2549–2554. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02172.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Carlson M., Brutlag D. A gene adjacent to satellite DNA in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Dec;75(12):5898–5902. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.12.5898. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Carthew R. W., Chodosh L. A., Sharp P. A. An RNA polymerase II transcription factor binds to an upstream element in the adenovirus major late promoter. Cell. 1985 Dec;43(2 Pt 1):439–448. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90174-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chiu R., Imagawa M., Imbra R. J., Bockoven J. R., Karin M. Multiple cis- and trans-acting elements mediate the transcriptional response to phorbol esters. Nature. 1987 Oct 15;329(6140):648–651. doi: 10.1038/329648a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Clare J., Farabaugh P. Nucleotide sequence of a yeast Ty element: evidence for an unusual mechanism of gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 May;82(9):2829–2833. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.9.2829. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Echalier G., Ohanessian A. In vitro culture of Drosophila melanogaster embryonic cells. In Vitro. 1970 Nov-Dec;6(3):162–172. doi: 10.1007/BF02617759. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Feinberg A. P., Vogelstein B. "A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity". Addendum. Anal Biochem. 1984 Feb;137(1):266–267. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90381-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Finnegan D. J. Transposable elements in eukaryotes. Int Rev Cytol. 1985;93:281–326. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61376-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Flavell A. J., Ish-Horowicz D. Extrachromosomal circular copies of the eukaryotic transposable element copia in cultured Drosophila cells. Nature. 1981 Aug 13;292(5824):591–595. doi: 10.1038/292591a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Flavell A. J., Levis R., Simon M. A., Rubin G. M. The 5' termini of RNAs encoded by the transposable element copia. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Dec 11;9(23):6279–6291. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.23.6279. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Flavell A. J., Ruby S. W., Toole J. J., Roberts B. E., Rubin G. M. Translation and developmental regulation of RNA encoded by the eukaryotic transposable element copia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Dec;77(12):7107–7111. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.12.7107. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Fourcade-Peronnet F., d'Auriol L., Becker J., Galibert F., Best-Belpomme M. Primary structure and functional organization of Drosophila 1731 retrotransposon. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jul 11;16(13):6113–6125. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.13.6113. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Fulton A. M., Rathjen P. D., Kingsman S. M., Kingsman A. J. Upstream and downstream transcriptional control signals in the yeast retrotransposon, TY. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jun 24;16(12):5439–5458. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.12.5439. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Geyer P. K., Green M. M., Corces V. G. Mutant gene phenotypes mediated by a Drosophila melanogaster retrotransposon require sequences homologous to mammalian enhancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Nov;85(22):8593–8597. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.22.8593. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Grandbastien M. A., Spielmann A., Caboche M. Tnt1, a mobile retroviral-like transposable element of tobacco isolated by plant cell genetics. Nature. 1989 Jan 26;337(6205):376–380. doi: 10.1038/337376a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Herr W., Clarke J. The SV40 enhancer is composed of multiple functional elements that can compensate for one another. Cell. 1986 May 9;45(3):461–470. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90332-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Marlor R. L., Parkhurst S. M., Corces V. G. The Drosophila melanogaster gypsy transposable element encodes putative gene products homologous to retroviral proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1986 Apr;6(4):1129–1134. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.4.1129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Mazo A. M., Mizrokhi L. J., Karavanov A. A., Sedkov Y. A., Krichevskaja A. A., Ilyin Y. V. Suppression in Drosophila: su(Hw) and su(f) gene products interact with a region of gypsy (mdg4) regulating its transcriptional activity. EMBO J. 1989 Mar;8(3):903–911. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03451.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. McKnight S. L., Kingsbury R. Transcriptional control signals of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene. Science. 1982 Jul 23;217(4557):316–324. doi: 10.1126/science.6283634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Montminy M. R., Sevarino K. A., Wagner J. A., Mandel G., Goodman R. H. Identification of a cyclic-AMP-responsive element within the rat somatostatin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Sep;83(18):6682–6686. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.18.6682. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Mount S. M., Green M. M., Rubin G. M. Partial revertants of the transposable element-associated suppressible allele white-apricot in Drosophila melanogaster: structures and responsiveness to genetic modifiers. Genetics. 1988 Feb;118(2):221–234. doi: 10.1093/genetics/118.2.221. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Mount S. M., Rubin G. M. Complete nucleotide sequence of the Drosophila transposable element copia: homology between copia and retroviral proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Jul;5(7):1630–1638. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.7.1630. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Nomiyama H., Fromental C., Xiao J. H., Chambon P. Cell-specific activity of the constituent elements of the simian virus 40 enhancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Nov;84(22):7881–7885. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.22.7881. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Parkhurst S. M., Corces V. G. Developmental expression of Drosophila melanogaster retrovirus-like transposable elements. EMBO J. 1987 Feb;6(2):419–424. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04771.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Peifer M., Bender W. Sequences of the gypsy transposon of Drosophila necessary for its effects on adjacent genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(24):9650–9654. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.24.9650. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Potter S. S., Brorein W. J., Jr, Dunsmuir P., Rubin G. M. Transposition of elements of the 412, copia and 297 dispersed repeated gene families in Drosophila. Cell. 1979 Jun;17(2):415–427. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90168-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Roeder G. S., Rose A. B., Pearlman R. E. Transposable element sequences involved in the enhancement of yeast gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Aug;82(16):5428–5432. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.16.5428. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Sawadogo M., Roeder R. G. Interaction of a gene-specific transcription factor with the adenovirus major late promoter upstream of the TATA box region. Cell. 1985 Nov;43(1):165–175. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90021-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Schwartz H. E., Lockett T. J., Young M. W. Analysis of transcripts from two families of nomadic DNA. J Mol Biol. 1982 May 5;157(1):49–68. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90512-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Sinclair J. H., Burke J. F., Ish-Horowicz D., Sang J. H. Functional analysis of the transcriptional control regions of the copia transposable element. EMBO J. 1986 Sep;5(9):2349–2354. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04503.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Sondermeijer P. J., Derksen J. W., Lubsen N. H. New cell line: established cell lines of Drosophila hydei. In Vitro. 1980 Nov;16(11):913–914. doi: 10.1007/BF02619327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Steller H., Pirrotta V. Regulated expression of genes injected into early Drosophila embryos. EMBO J. 1984 Jan;3(1):165–173. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb01778.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Voytas D. F., Ausubel F. M. A copia-like transposable element family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1988 Nov 17;336(6196):242–244. doi: 10.1038/336242a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Weiher H., König M., Gruss P. Multiple point mutations affecting the simian virus 40 enhancer. Science. 1983 Feb 11;219(4585):626–631. doi: 10.1126/science.6297005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Nucleic Acids Research are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES