Skip to main content
PMC home page
Nucleic Acids Research logoLink to Nucleic Acids Research
. 1989 Jun 12;17(11):4061–4075. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.11.4061

Mutant analysis of protein interactions with a nuclear factor I binding site in the SL3-3 virus enhancer.

P Nilsson 1, B Hallberg 1, A Thornell 1, T Grundström 1
PMCID: PMC317919  PMID: 2544855

Abstract

Nuclear factor I (NFI) is shown to be of importance for the activity of the enhancer element of a T-cell leukemogenic murine retrovirus, SL3-3, and for the regulation of this element by glucocorticoid. Each nucleotide of the binding site of the NFI proteins was mutated, and the effects of the mutations were quantitated with an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Mutations in the inverted repeat of the binding site have symmetric effects which strongly support the notion that NFI proteins preferentially bind to dyad symmetry sites. Such binding sites were shown to be more than 100 fold stronger than the corresponding single binding sites. We find dyad symmetry sequences which are much stronger NFI binding sites than NFI sites identified in different genes and also stronger than previously proposed consensus binding sequences for NFI.

Full text

PDF
4074

Images in this article

4063Image
on p.4063
4065Image
on p.4065
4066Image
on p.4066
4069Image
on p.4069
4070Image
on p.4070

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alt F., Rosenberg N., Lewis S., Thomas E., Baltimore D. Organization and reorganization of immunoglobulin genes in A-MULV-transformed cells: rearrangement of heavy but not light chain genes. Cell. 1981 Dec;27(2 Pt 1):381–390. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90421-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baker P. E., Gillis S., Smith K. A. Monoclonal cytolytic T-cell lines. J Exp Med. 1979 Jan 1;149(1):273–278. doi: 10.1084/jem.149.1.273. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Buetti E., Kühnel B. Distinct sequence elements involved in the glucocorticoid regulation of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter identified by linker scanning mutagenesis. J Mol Biol. 1986 Aug 5;190(3):379–389. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90009-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Celander D., Hsu B. L., Haseltine W. A. Regulatory elements within the murine leukemia virus enhancer regions mediate glucocorticoid responsiveness. J Virol. 1988 Apr;62(4):1314–1322. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.4.1314-1322.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cereghini S., Raymondjean M., Carranca A. G., Herbomel P., Yaniv M. Factors involved in control of tissue-specific expression of albumin gene. Cell. 1987 Aug 14;50(4):627–638. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90036-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chodosh L. A., Baldwin A. S., Carthew R. W., Sharp P. A. Human CCAAT-binding proteins have heterologous subunits. Cell. 1988 Apr 8;53(1):11–24. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90483-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cordingley M. G., Riegel A. T., Hager G. L. Steroid-dependent interaction of transcription factors with the inducible promoter of mouse mammary tumor virus in vivo. Cell. 1987 Jan 30;48(2):261–270. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90429-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dorn A., Bollekens J., Staub A., Benoist C., Mathis D. A multiplicity of CCAAT box-binding proteins. Cell. 1987 Sep 11;50(6):863–872. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90513-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Dorn A., Durand B., Marfing C., Le Meur M., Benoist C., Mathis D. Conserved major histocompatibility complex class II boxes--X and Y--are transcriptional control elements and specifically bind nuclear proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Sep;84(17):6249–6253. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.17.6249. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Efstratiadis A., Posakony J. W., Maniatis T., Lawn R. M., O'Connell C., Spritz R. A., DeRiel J. K., Forget B. G., Weissman S. M., Slightom J. L. The structure and evolution of the human beta-globin gene family. Cell. 1980 Oct;21(3):653–668. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90429-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Fromental C., Kanno M., Nomiyama H., Chambon P. Cooperativity and hierarchical levels of functional organization in the SV40 enhancer. Cell. 1988 Sep 23;54(7):943–953. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90109-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. GORER P. A. Studies in antibody response of mice to tumour inoculation. Br J Cancer. 1950 Dec;4(4):372–379. doi: 10.1038/bjc.1950.36. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gil G., Smith J. R., Goldstein J. L., Slaughter C. A., Orth K., Brown M. S., Osborne T. F. Multiple genes encode nuclear factor 1-like proteins that bind to the promoter for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Dec;85(23):8963–8967. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.23.8963. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gillis S., Watson J. Biochemical and biological characterization of lymphocyte regulatory molecules. V. Identification of an interleukin 2-producing human leukemia T cell line. J Exp Med. 1980 Dec 1;152(6):1709–1719. doi: 10.1084/jem.152.6.1709. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Graves B. J., Johnson P. F., McKnight S. L. Homologous recognition of a promoter domain common to the MSV LTR and the HSV tk gene. Cell. 1986 Feb 28;44(4):565–576. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90266-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Gronostajski R. M., Adhya S., Nagata K., Guggenheimer R. A., Hurwitz J. Site-specific DNA binding of nuclear factor I: analyses of cellular binding sites. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 May;5(5):964–971. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.5.964. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Gronostajski R. M. Site-specific DNA binding of nuclear factor I: effect of the spacer region. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jul 24;15(14):5545–5559. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.14.5545. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Grundström T., Zenke W. M., Wintzerith M., Matthes H. W., Staub A., Chambon P. Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis by microscale 'shot-gun' gene synthesis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 May 10;13(9):3305–3316. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.9.3305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hallberg B., Grundström T. Tissue specific sequence motifs in the enhancer of the leukaemogenic mouse retrovirus SL3-3. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Jul 11;16(13):5927–5944. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.13.5927. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Jones K. A., Kadonaga J. T., Rosenfeld P. J., Kelly T. J., Tjian R. A cellular DNA-binding protein that activates eukaryotic transcription and DNA replication. Cell. 1987 Jan 16;48(1):79–89. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90358-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Jones N. C., Rigby P. W., Ziff E. B. Trans-acting protein factors and the regulation of eukaryotic transcription: lessons from studies on DNA tumor viruses. Genes Dev. 1988 Mar;2(3):267–281. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.3.267. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Kao F. T., Johnson R. T., Puck T. T. Complementation analysis on virus-fused Chinese hamster cells with nutritional markers. Science. 1969 Apr 18;164(3877):312–314. doi: 10.1126/science.164.3877.312. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Kearney J. F., Radbruch A., Liesegang B., Rajewsky K. A new mouse myeloma cell line that has lost immunoglobulin expression but permits the construction of antibody-secreting hybrid cell lines. J Immunol. 1979 Oct;123(4):1548–1550. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Kim K. J., Kanellopoulos-Langevin C., Merwin R. M., Sachs D. H., Asofsky R. Establishment and characterization of BALB/c lymphoma lines with B cell properties. J Immunol. 1979 Feb;122(2):549–554. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Kim K. J., Weinbaum F. I., Mathieson B. J., McKeever P. E., Asofsky R. Characteristics of BALB/C T cell lymphomas grown as continuous in vitro lines. J Immunol. 1978 Jul;121(1):339–344. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Köhler G., Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature. 1975 Aug 7;256(5517):495–497. doi: 10.1038/256495a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Leegwater P. A., van der Vliet P. C., Rupp R. A., Nowock J., Sippel A. E. Functional homology between the sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins nuclear factor I from HeLa cells and the TGGCA protein from chicken liver. EMBO J. 1986 Feb;5(2):381–386. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04223.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Lichtsteiner S., Wuarin J., Schibler U. The interplay of DNA-binding proteins on the promoter of the mouse albumin gene. Cell. 1987 Dec 24;51(6):963–973. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90583-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Maniatis T., Goodbourn S., Fischer J. A. Regulation of inducible and tissue-specific gene expression. Science. 1987 Jun 5;236(4806):1237–1245. doi: 10.1126/science.3296191. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. McKnight S., Tjian R. Transcriptional selectivity of viral genes in mammalian cells. Cell. 1986 Sep 12;46(6):795–805. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90061-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Meisterernst M., Gander I., Rogge L., Winnacker E. L. A quantitative analysis of nuclear factor I/DNA interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 May 25;16(10):4419–4435. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.10.4419. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Meisterernst M., Rogge L., Donath C., Gander I., Lottspeich F., Mertz R., Dobner T., Föckler R., Stelzer G., Winnacker E. L. Isolation and characterization of the porcine nuclear factor I (NFI) gene. FEBS Lett. 1988 Aug 15;236(1):27–32. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80279-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Mohit B., Fan K. Hybrid cell line from a cloned immunoglobulin-producing mouse myeloma and a nonproducing mouse lymphoma. Science. 1971 Jan 8;171(3966):75–77. doi: 10.1126/science.171.3966.75. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Nagata K., Guggenheimer R. A., Enomoto T., Lichy J. H., Hurwitz J. Adenovirus DNA replication in vitro: identification of a host factor that stimulates synthesis of the preterminal protein-dCMP complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(21):6438–6442. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.21.6438. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Nagata K., Guggenheimer R. A., Hurwitz J. Specific binding of a cellular DNA replication protein to the origin of replication of adenovirus DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Oct;80(20):6177–6181. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.20.6177. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Nowock J., Borgmeyer U., Püschel A. W., Rupp R. A., Sippel A. E. The TGGCA protein binds to the MMTV-LTR, the adenovirus origin of replication, and the BK virus enhancer. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Mar 25;13(6):2045–2061. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.6.2045. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Oi V. T., Morrison S. L., Herzenberg L. A., Berg P. Immunoglobulin gene expression in transformed lymphoid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Feb;80(3):825–829. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.3.825. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Oikarinen J., Hatamochi A., de Crombrugghe B. Separate binding sites for nuclear factor 1 and a CCAAT DNA binding factor in the mouse alpha 2(I) collagen promoter. J Biol Chem. 1987 Aug 15;262(23):11064–11070. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Ondek B., Shepard A., Herr W. Discrete elements within the SV40 enhancer region display different cell-specific enhancer activities. EMBO J. 1987 Apr;6(4):1017–1025. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04854.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Paonessa G., Gounari F., Frank R., Cortese R. Purification of a NF1-like DNA-binding protein from rat liver and cloning of the corresponding cDNA. EMBO J. 1988 Oct;7(10):3115–3123. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03178.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Ristiniemi J., Oikarinen J. Histone H1 binds to the putative nuclear factor I recognition sequence in the mouse alpha 2(I) collagen promoter. J Biol Chem. 1989 Feb 5;264(4):2164–2174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Rosenfeld P. J., Kelly T. J. Purification of nuclear factor I by DNA recognition site affinity chromatography. J Biol Chem. 1986 Jan 25;261(3):1398–1408. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Rossi P., Karsenty G., Roberts A. B., Roche N. S., Sporn M. B., de Crombrugghe B. A nuclear factor 1 binding site mediates the transcriptional activation of a type I collagen promoter by transforming growth factor-beta. Cell. 1988 Feb 12;52(3):405–414. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(88)80033-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Rupp R. A., Sippel A. E. Chicken liver TGGCA protein purified by preparative mobility shift electrophoresis (PMSE) shows a 36.8 to 29.8 kd microheterogeneity. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Dec 10;15(23):9707–9726. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.23.9707. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Santoro C., Mermod N., Andrews P. C., Tjian R. A family of human CCAAT-box-binding proteins active in transcription and DNA replication: cloning and expression of multiple cDNAs. Nature. 1988 Jul 21;334(6179):218–224. doi: 10.1038/334218a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Schneider R., Gander I., Müller U., Mertz R., Winnacker E. L. A sensitive and rapid gel retention assay for nuclear factor I and other DNA-binding proteins in crude nuclear extracts. Nucleic Acids Res. 1986 Feb 11;14(3):1303–1317. doi: 10.1093/nar/14.3.1303. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Sen R., Baltimore D. Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences. Cell. 1986 Aug 29;46(5):705–716. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90346-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Siden E. J., Baltimore D., Clark D., Rosenberg N. E. Immunoglobulin synthesis by lymphoid cells transformed in vitro by Abelson murine leukemia virus. Cell. 1979 Feb;16(2):389–396. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90014-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Speck N. A., Baltimore D. Six distinct nuclear factors interact with the 75-base-pair repeat of the Moloney murine leukemia virus enhancer. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Mar;7(3):1101–1110. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.3.1101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Thornell A., Hallberg B., Grundström T. Differential protein binding in lymphocytes to a sequence in the enhancer of the mouse retrovirus SL3-3. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 Apr;8(4):1625–1637. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.4.1625. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Weintraub H. Assembly and propagation of repressed and depressed chromosomal states. Cell. 1985 Oct;42(3):705–711. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90267-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Zenke M., Grundström T., Matthes H., Wintzerith M., Schatz C., Wildeman A., Chambon P. Multiple sequence motifs are involved in SV40 enhancer function. EMBO J. 1986 Feb;5(2):387–397. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04224.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. de Vries E., van Driel W., Tromp M., van Boom J., van der Vliet P. C. Adenovirus DNA replication in vitro: site-directed mutagenesis of the nuclear factor I binding site of the Ad2 origin. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Jul 11;13(13):4935–4952. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.13.4935. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. de Vries E., van Driel W., van den Heuvel S. J., van der Vliet P. C. Contactpoint analysis of the HeLa nuclear factor I recognition site reveals symmetrical binding at one side of the DNA helix. EMBO J. 1987 Jan;6(1):161–168. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04734.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Nucleic Acids Research are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES