Skip to main content
PMC home page
Nucleic Acids Research logoLink to Nucleic Acids Research
. 1989 Aug 11;17(15):5947–5959. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.15.5947

Cloning of cDNAs coding for human HMG I and HMG Y proteins: both are capable of binding to the octamer sequence motif.

R Eckner 1, M L Birnstiel 1
PMCID: PMC318252  PMID: 2505228

Abstract

In human B lymphocytes and placenta HMG I and its smaller isoform HMG Y are encoded by two distinct but structurally highly similar mRNAs which arise most likely by alternative splicing of a single primary transcript. Both have been cloned as cDNAs. On Northern blots an abundant mRNA species 2000 nucleotides in length was detected in all cell lines examined. Exclusively in erythroid cells an additional rare 3800 nucleotides long mRNA species was noted. In quiescent cells the mRNA levels of HMG I/Y were not significantly down-regulated. Southern blot analysis indicated that at least four genes are present per haploid human genome. Both proteins when expressed in bacteria bind specifically to A-T rich stretches of DNA suggesting that no posttranslational modifications are necessary for specific DNA binding. Interestingly, HMG I as well as HMG Y are capable of binding to the octamer transcriptional regulatory sequence motif.

Full text

PDF
5956

Images in this article

5949Image
on p.5949
5952Image
on p.5952
5952Image
on p.5952
5953Image
on p.5953

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Almendral J. M., Sommer D., Macdonald-Bravo H., Burckhardt J., Perera J., Bravo R. Complexity of the early genetic response to growth factors in mouse fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 May;8(5):2140–2148. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.5.2140. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Barberis A., Superti-Furga G., Busslinger M. Mutually exclusive interaction of the CCAAT-binding factor and of a displacement protein with overlapping sequences of a histone gene promoter. Cell. 1987 Jul 31;50(3):347–359. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90489-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bayer B. M., Kruth H. S., Vaughan M., Beaven M. A. Arrest of cultured cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by indomethacin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1979 Jul;210(1):106–111. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bianchi M. E., Beltrame M., Paonessa G. Specific recognition of cruciform DNA by nuclear protein HMG1. Science. 1989 Feb 24;243(4894 Pt 1):1056–1059. doi: 10.1126/science.2922595. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bird A. P. CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature. 1986 May 15;321(6067):209–213. doi: 10.1038/321209a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Church G. M., Gilbert W. Genomic sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):1991–1995. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cook G. R., Minch M., Schroth G. P., Bradbury E. M. Analysis of the binding of high mobility group protein 17 to the nucleosome core particle by 1H NMR spectroscopy. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jan 25;264(3):1799–1803. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Devereux J., Haeberli P., Smithies O. A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jan 11;12(1 Pt 1):387–395. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.1part1.387. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Elton T. S., Reeves R. Purification and postsynthetic modifications of Friend erythroleukemic cell high mobility group protein HMG-I. Anal Biochem. 1986 Aug 15;157(1):53–62. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(86)90195-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Favaloro J., Treisman R., Kamen R. Transcription maps of polyoma virus-specific RNA: analysis by two-dimensional nuclease S1 gel mapping. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):718–749. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65070-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Feinberg A. P., Vogelstein B. "A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity". Addendum. Anal Biochem. 1984 Feb;137(1):266–267. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(84)90381-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Gerster T., Matthias P., Thali M., Jiricny J., Schaffner W. Cell type-specificity elements of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer. EMBO J. 1987 May;6(5):1323–1330. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02371.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Goodwin G. H., Cockerill P. N., Kellam S., Wright C. A. Fractionation by high-performance liquid chromatography of the low-molecular-mass high-mobility-group (HMG) chromosomal proteins present in proliferating rat cells and an investigation of the HMG proteins present in virus transformed cells. Eur J Biochem. 1985 May 15;149(1):47–51. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb08891.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Johnson K. R., Lehn D. A., Elton T. S., Barr P. J., Reeves R. Complete murine cDNA sequence, genomic structure, and tissue expression of the high mobility group protein HMG-I(Y). J Biol Chem. 1988 Dec 5;263(34):18338–18342. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kozak M. An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Oct 26;15(20):8125–8148. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.20.8125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Lehn D. A., Elton T. S., Johnson K. R., Reeves R. A conformational study of the sequence specific binding of HMG-I (Y) with the bovine interleukin-2 cDNA. Biochem Int. 1988 May;16(5):963–971. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Lindsay S., Bird A. P. Use of restriction enzymes to detect potential gene sequences in mammalian DNA. 1987 May 28-Jun 3Nature. 327(6120):336–338. doi: 10.1038/327336a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Lund T., Dahl K. H., Mørk E., Holtlund J., Laland S. G. The human chromosomal protein HMG I contains two identical palindrome amino acid sequences. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Jul 31;146(2):725–730. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)90589-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Lund T., Holtlund J., Fredriksen M., Laland S. G. On the presence of two new high mobility group-like proteins in HeLa S3 cells. FEBS Lett. 1983 Feb 21;152(2):163–167. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80370-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Lund T., Holtlund J., Laland S. G. On the phosphorylation of low molecular mass HMG (high mobility group) proteins in Ehrlich ascites cells. FEBS Lett. 1985 Jan 28;180(2):275–279. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(85)81085-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Marcus M., Fainsod A., Diamond G. The genetic analysis of mammalian cell-cycle mutants. Annu Rev Genet. 1985;19:389–421. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ge.19.120185.002133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Mount S. M. A catalogue of splice junction sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Jan 22;10(2):459–472. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.2.459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Mueller P. P., Hinnebusch A. G. Multiple upstream AUG codons mediate translational control of GCN4. Cell. 1986 Apr 25;45(2):201–207. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90384-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Müller M. M., Ruppert S., Schaffner W., Matthias P. A cloned octamer transcription factor stimulates transcription from lymphoid-specific promoters in non-B cells. Nature. 1988 Dec 8;336(6199):544–551. doi: 10.1038/336544a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Norman C., Runswick M., Pollock R., Treisman R. Isolation and properties of cDNA clones encoding SRF, a transcription factor that binds to the c-fos serum response element. Cell. 1988 Dec 23;55(6):989–1003. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(88)90244-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Ptashne M. How eukaryotic transcriptional activators work. Nature. 1988 Oct 20;335(6192):683–689. doi: 10.1038/335683a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Schümperli D. Multilevel regulation of replication-dependent histone genes. Trends Genet. 1988 Jul;4(7):187–191. doi: 10.1016/0168-9525(88)90074-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Shaw G., Kamen R. A conserved AU sequence from the 3' untranslated region of GM-CSF mRNA mediates selective mRNA degradation. Cell. 1986 Aug 29;46(5):659–667. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90341-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Shick V. V., Belyavsky A. V., Mirzabekov A. D. Primary organization of nucleosomes. Interaction of non-histone high mobility group proteins 14 and 17 with nucleosomes, as revealed by DNA-protein crosslinking and immunoaffinity isolation. J Mol Biol. 1985 Sep 20;185(2):329–339. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90407-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Shyu A. B., Greenberg M. E., Belasco J. G. The c-fos transcript is targeted for rapid decay by two distinct mRNA degradation pathways. Genes Dev. 1989 Jan;3(1):60–72. doi: 10.1101/gad.3.1.60. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Solomon M. J., Strauss F., Varshavsky A. A mammalian high mobility group protein recognizes any stretch of six A.T base pairs in duplex DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Mar;83(5):1276–1280. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.5.1276. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Staudt L. M., Singh H., Sen R., Wirth T., Sharp P. A., Baltimore D. A lymphoid-specific protein binding to the octamer motif of immunoglobulin genes. Nature. 1986 Oct 16;323(6089):640–643. doi: 10.1038/323640a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Strauss F., Varshavsky A. A protein binds to a satellite DNA repeat at three specific sites that would be brought into mutual proximity by DNA folding in the nucleosome. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):889–901. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90424-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Tremethick D. J., Molloy P. L. Effects of high mobility group proteins 1 and 2 on initiation and elongation of specific transcription by RNA polymerase II in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 Dec 9;16(23):11107–11123. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.23.11107. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Vartiainen E., Palvimo J., Mahonen A., Linnala-Kankkunen A., Mäenpä P. H. Selective decrease in low-Mr HMG proteins HMG I and HMG Y during differentiation of mouse teratocarcinoma cells. FEBS Lett. 1988 Feb 8;228(1):45–48. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80581-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Vinson C. R., LaMarco K. L., Johnson P. F., Landschulz W. H., McKnight S. L. In situ detection of sequence-specific DNA binding activity specified by a recombinant bacteriophage. Genes Dev. 1988 Jul;2(7):801–806. doi: 10.1101/gad.2.7.801. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Weisbrod S. Active chromatin. Nature. 1982 May 27;297(5864):289–295. doi: 10.1038/297289a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Weisbrod S., Weintraub H. Isolation of actively transcribed nucleosomes using immobilized HMG 14 and 17 and an analysis of alpha-globin chromatin. Cell. 1981 Feb;23(2):391–400. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90134-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Nucleic Acids Research are provided here courtesy of Oxford University Press

RESOURCES