Abstract
We have sequenced the region encompassing a D beta 2 segment and the J beta 2 segments of the human T-cell antigen receptor beta-chain genes. The D beta 2 element lies about 650 base pairs upstream of a cluster of seven potentially functional J beta 2 sequences and one J beta 2 pseudogene. Examination of human beta-chain cDNA sequences which involve rearranged D beta 2 and J beta 2 elements demonstrates that N-region, as well as junctional, diversity can occur during D-J joining. Further, we present evidence for possible somatic mutation in active J beta 2 segments.
Full text
PDFSelected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Alt F. W., Baltimore D. Joining of immunoglobulin heavy chain gene segments: implications from a chromosome with evidence of three D-JH fusions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Jul;79(13):4118–4122. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.13.4118. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chien Y. H., Gascoigne N. R., Kavaler J., Lee N. E., Davis M. M. Somatic recombination in a murine T-cell receptor gene. Nature. 1984 May 24;309(5966):322–326. doi: 10.1038/309322a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clark S. P., Yoshikai Y., Taylor S., Siu G., Hood L., Mak T. W. Identification of a diversity segment of human T-cell receptor beta-chain, and comparison with the analogous murine element. 1984 Sep 27-Oct 3Nature. 311(5984):387–389. doi: 10.1038/311387a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Collins M. K., Kissonerghis A. M., Dunne M. J., Watson C. J., Rigby P. W., Owen M. J. Transcripts from an aberrantly re-arranged human T-cell receptor beta-chain gene. EMBO J. 1985 May;4(5):1211–1215. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03762.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Duby A. D., Klein K. A., Murre C., Seidman J. G. A novel mechanism of somatic rearrangement predicted by a human T-cell antigen receptor beta-chain complementary DNA. Science. 1985 Jun 7;228(4704):1204–1206. doi: 10.1126/science.3839095. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Early P., Huang H., Davis M., Calame K., Hood L. An immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene is generated from three segments of DNA: VH, D and JH. Cell. 1980 Apr;19(4):981–992. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90089-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gascoigne N. R., Chien Y., Becker D. M., Kavaler J., Davis M. M. Genomic organization and sequence of T-cell receptor beta-chain constant- and joining-region genes. Nature. 1984 Aug 2;310(5976):387–391. doi: 10.1038/310387a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goverman J., Minard K., Shastri N., Hunkapiller T., Hansburg D., Sercarz E., Hood L. Rearranged beta T cell receptor genes in a helper T cell clone specific for lysozyme: no correlation between V beta and MHC restriction. Cell. 1985 Apr;40(4):859–867. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90345-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hedrick S. M., Cohen D. I., Nielsen E. A., Davis M. M. Isolation of cDNA clones encoding T cell-specific membrane-associated proteins. Nature. 1984 Mar 8;308(5955):149–153. doi: 10.1038/308149a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kavaler J., Davis M. M., Chien Y. Localization of a T-cell receptor diversity-region element. Nature. 1984 Aug 2;310(5976):421–423. doi: 10.1038/310421a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kurosawa Y., Tonegawa S. Organization, structure, and assembly of immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity DNA segments. J Exp Med. 1982 Jan 1;155(1):201–218. doi: 10.1084/jem.155.1.201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Malissen M., Minard K., Mjolsness S., Kronenberg M., Goverman J., Hunkapiller T., Prystowsky M. B., Yoshikai Y., Fitch F., Mak T. W. Mouse T cell antigen receptor: structure and organization of constant and joining gene segments encoding the beta polypeptide. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):1101–1110. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90444-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Norrander J., Kempe T., Messing J. Construction of improved M13 vectors using oligodeoxynucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Gene. 1983 Dec;26(1):101–106. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(83)90040-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Patten P., Yokota T., Rothbard J., Chien Y., Arai K., Davis M. M. Structure, expression and divergence of T-cell receptor beta-chain variable regions. Nature. 1984 Nov 1;312(5989):40–46. doi: 10.1038/312040a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ravetch J. V., Siebenlist U., Korsmeyer S., Waldmann T., Leder P. Structure of the human immunoglobulin mu locus: characterization of embryonic and rearranged J and D genes. Cell. 1981 Dec;27(3 Pt 2):583–591. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90400-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rupp F., Acha-Orbea H., Hengartner H., Zinkernagel R., Joho R. Identical V beta T-cell receptor genes used in alloreactive cytotoxic and antigen plus I-A specific helper T cells. 1985 May 30-Jun 5Nature. 315(6018):425–427. doi: 10.1038/315425a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sakano H., Kurosawa Y., Weigert M., Tonegawa S. Identification and nucleotide sequence of a diversity DNA segment (D) of immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes. Nature. 1981 Apr 16;290(5807):562–565. doi: 10.1038/290562a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Siebenlist U., Ravetch J. V., Korsmeyer S., Waldmann T., Leder P. Human immunoglobulin D segments encoded in tandem multigenic families. Nature. 1981 Dec 17;294(5842):631–635. doi: 10.1038/294631a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sims J. E., Tunnacliffe A., Smith W. J., Rabbitts T. H. Complexity of human T-cell antigen receptor beta-chain constant- and variable-region genes. Nature. 1984 Dec 6;312(5994):541–545. doi: 10.1038/312541a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Siu G., Clark S. P., Yoshikai Y., Malissen M., Yanagi Y., Strauss E., Mak T. W., Hood L. The human T cell antigen receptor is encoded by variable, diversity, and joining gene segments that rearrange to generate a complete V gene. Cell. 1984 Jun;37(2):393–401. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90369-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Siu G., Kronenberg M., Strauss E., Haars R., Mak T. W., Hood L. The structure, rearrangement and expression of D beta gene segments of the murine T-cell antigen receptor. 1984 Sep 27-Oct 3Nature. 311(5984):344–350. doi: 10.1038/311344a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Staden R. An interactive graphics program for comparing and aligning nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 May 11;10(9):2951–2961. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.9.2951. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Staden R. Graphic methods to determine the function of nucleic acid sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 1984 Jan 11;12(1 Pt 2):521–538. doi: 10.1093/nar/12.1part2.521. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tonegawa S. Somatic generation of antibody diversity. Nature. 1983 Apr 14;302(5909):575–581. doi: 10.1038/302575a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yanagi Y., Yoshikai Y., Leggett K., Clark S. P., Aleksander I., Mak T. W. A human T cell-specific cDNA clone encodes a protein having extensive homology to immunoglobulin chains. Nature. 1984 Mar 8;308(5955):145–149. doi: 10.1038/308145a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yoshikai Y., Anatoniou D., Clark S. P., Yanagi Y., Sangster R., Van den Elsen P., Terhorst C., Mak T. W. Sequence and expression of transcripts of the human T-cell receptor beta-chain genes. Nature. 1984 Dec 6;312(5994):521–524. doi: 10.1038/312521a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]