Abstract
Background:
Previous studies of differences in mental health care associated with children’s sociodemographic status have focused on access to community care. We examined differences associated with visits to the emergency department.
Methods:
We conducted a 6-year population-based cohort analysis using administrative databases of visits (n = 30 656) by children aged less than 18 years (n = 20 956) in Alberta. We measured differences in the number of visits by socioeconomic and First Nations status using directly standardized rates. We examined time to return to the emergency department using a Cox regression model, and we evaluated time to follow-up with a physician by physician type using a competing risks model.
Results:
First Nations children aged 15–17 years had the highest rate of visits for girls (7047 per 100 000 children) and boys (5787 per 100 000 children); children in the same age group from families not receiving government subsidy had the lowest rates (girls: 2155 per 100 000 children; boys: 1323 per 100 000 children). First Nations children (hazard ratio [HR] 1.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30–2.05), and children from families receiving government subsidies (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.30–1.98) had a higher risk of return to an emergency department for mental health care than other children. The longest median time to follow-up with a physician was among First Nations children (79 d; 95% CI 60–91 d); this status predicted longer time to a psychiatrist (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.32–0.70). Age, sex, diagnosis and clinical acuity also explained post-crisis use of health care.
Interpretation:
More visits to the emergency department for mental health crises were made by First Nations children and children from families receiving a subsidy. Sociodemographics predicted risk of return to the emergency department and follow-up care with a physician.
Emergency departments are a critical access point for mental health care for children who have been unable to receive care elsewhere or are in crisis.1 Care provided in an emergency department can stabilize acute problems and facilitate urgent follow-up for symptom management and family support.1,2
Race, ethnic background and socioeconomic status have been linked to a crisis-oriented care patterns among American children.3,4 Minority children are less likely than white children to have received mental health treatment before an emergency department visit,3,4 and uninsured children are less likely to receive an urgent mental health evaluation when needed.4 Other studies, however, have shown no relation between sociodemographic status and mental health care,5,6 and it may be that different health system characteristics (e.g., pay-for-service, insurance coverage, publicly funded care) interact with sociodemographic status to influence how mental health resources are used. Canadian studies are largely absent in this discussion, despite a known relation between lower income and poorer mental health status,7 nationwide documentation of disparities faced by Aboriginal children,8–10 and government-commissioned reviews that highlight deficits in universal access to mental health care.11
We undertook the current study to examine whether sociodemographic differences exist in the rates of visits to emergency departments for mental health care and in the use of post-crisis health care services for children in Alberta. Knowledge of whether differences exist for children with mental health needs may help identify children who could benefit from earlier intervention to prevent illness destabilization and children who may be disadvantaged in the period after the emergency department visit. We hypothesized that higher rates of emergency department use, lower rates of follow-up physician visits after the initial emergency department visit, and a longer time to physician follow-up would be observed among First Nations children and children from families receiving government social assistance.
Methods
Patient population and data sources
We identified a population-based cohort. We included pediatric patients (< 18 years) who presented to an Alberta emergency department for mental health care between Apr. 1, 2002, and Mar. 31, 2008. To identify the cohort, we used the Ambulatory Care Classification System database of Alberta Health and Wellness.12 This database is included in Canadian Institute for Health Information re-abstraction studies to ensure data integrity and quality.13
This study was approved by the health research ethics board of the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
Children included in our cohort had a main ambulatory care diagnosis for mental illness (International Classification of Disease codes F20–F43, F50, F55, F59, F60–F69, F90–F94, F99), mental and behavioural disorders secondary to substance abuse (F10–F19), or intentional self-harm (T71, X60–X69, X70–X84) coded by nosologists and grouped according to diagnostic clusters.14 This diagnosis reflects the main reason for the provision of emergency services. Recent studies indicate accuracy for a number of diagnoses in the Ambulatory Care Classification System,15,16 but these studies do not include mental illnesses.
Data were linked to an annual registry file to obtain sociodemographic data and to a hospitalizations file to obtain start and end dates of hospital stays. Linkage to a physician claim file provided claims for reimbursement to Alberta Health and Wellness (nearly 100% of physicians) for health care visits following emergency department care (i.e., visits for any care in the post-crisis period). Such claims have been found to have a high concordance with chart reviews and patient interviews.17
Sociodemographic main outcomes
The Ambulatory Care Classification System links to the registry file to identify First Nations Treaty Status people based on treaties between First Nations bands and the Canadian government (children with Treaty Status through registration with Health Canada). Membership in three other groups were also identified in the file, which we categorized as socioeconomic groups under the following headings: regular plan participant (children of families receiving no social assistance), welfare recipient or recipient of other government-sponsored programs because of low income. These three groups reflect the level of government subsidy provided during the study period for provincial health care premiums, which provided revenue for provincial coordination of publicly funded health care in Alberta.
Health care use outcomes
We defined post-crisis use of health services as return visits to the emergency department for mental health crises and any visit to physicians in the post-crisis period (follow-up visits to hospital and community services). We examined follow-up physician visits within 180 days of the initial emergency department visit (index visit) and reviewed up to three diagnoses for each visit.
Statistical analysis
Emergency department visits
Frequencies and percentages summarize categorical data; continuous data are summarized by mean, standard deviation (SD), median and interquartile range. We calculated age-specific emergency department visits per 100 000 Alberta population (< 18 years) for each sex. We used the Alberta population in 2002/03 stratified by sex and age group as the reference population for directly standardized visit rates18 based on the whole group (with associated 95% confidence intervals [CIs]). This approach accounts for correlated data arising from multiple visits from one person. We considered p < 0.05 to be statistically significant.
Post-crisis health services use
We created a discharged data subset of index emergency department visits with one record per discharged child during the period from Oct. 1, 2006, to Sept. 30, 2007. This subset was created to capture a full year of visits and 180 days of follow-up information. If a child had more than one visit concluding in discharge during this period, we randomly selected one visit to include in the data subset. This construction allowed us to focus on time to follow-up visit after a specific emergency department visit and removed any requirement to adjust for subject-specific correlation in the analyses. We calculated the time from the index visit to the next emergency department visit and first physician follow-up visit; these are displayed with Kaplan–Meier curves and compared with log rank tests.
We developed multivariable Cox proportional hazard models to investigate the effect of predictor variables on time to a return emergency department visit. We included in the models variables hypothesized to predict time to return (age and sex,19 First Nations and socioeconomic status,3,4 diagnosis19 and triage level [clinical acuity]20). We entered variables and interaction terms (age, sex, socioeconomic and First Nations status) into the full model and removed the variables one at a time if they were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) to obtain the final model. We assessed the reduced model by tests of proportional hazards assumptions and deviance residual diagnostics. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CIs are reported.
For the analyses of follow-up visits to physicians, time was censored at the end of the study or the date of the next emergency department visit. We report the estimated median times (with 95% CIs), and we compared the groups using log-rank tests. Multivariable regression with competing risks modelled time to first physician follow-up visit by physician type. This analysis included only mental health–related follow-up visits or censored data. As with the Cox model, the same interaction terms, model building strategy and variables were used to obtain a final model, and HRs and 95% CIs are reported.
In the final adjusted Cox and competing risks models, HRs greater than 1.0 represent an increased risk of early use of post-crisis health care, and HRs less than 1.0 represent a decreased risk of early use based on a particular characteristic (sociodemographic status) or level of acuity or diagnosis during the index emergency department visit.
Results
Emergency department visits
During the 6-year period, 30 656 mental health visits were made by 20 956 children to 104 emergency departments in Alberta. Visit characteristics are provided in Table 1. Of all visits, 61.0% were made by children from families who received no form of government subsidy for health care. On average from 2002 to 2008, First Nations children represented 6.0% of the Alberta pediatric population, children from families receiving welfare represented 3.0%, and children from families receiving subsidy from government-sponsored programs represented 14%. Children in these groups had disproportionately more emergency department visits: 13.8% (4230/30 656 visits) among First Nations children, 6.4% (1972/30 656 visits) among children from families receiving welfare, and 18.7% (5739/30 656 visits) among children from families receiving subsidy from government-sponsored programs. Across the sociodemographic groups, more visits were made by girls and youth aged 15–17 years. Nearly the same proportions were observed during each fiscal year. The most common diagnoses in each sociodemographic group were anxiety-or stress-related disorder and mental or behavioural disorders resulting from substance abuse.
Table 1:
Pediatric mental health visits to the emergency department by First Nations and socioeconomic status, 2002–2008
| Characteristic | No. of visits (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Nations | Family receiving welfare | Government-sponsored subsidy | No subsidy | |
| No. of visits | 4 230 | 1 972 | 5 739 | 18 715 |
| Age at time of visit, yr | ||||
| 0–4 | 44 (1.0) | 32 (1.6) | 62 (1.1) | 199 (1.1) |
| 5–9 | 116 (2.7) | 142 (7.2) | 365 (6.4) | 752 (4.0) |
| 10–14 | 1 329 (31.3) | 674 (34.2) | 2 021 (35.2) | 5 811 (31.0) |
| 15–17 | 2 741 (64.8) | 1 124 (57.0) | 3 291 (57.3) | 11 953 (63.9) |
| Age, yr, mean ± SD | 14.7 ± 2.5 | 14.2 ± 3.1 | 14.2 ± 2.8 | 14.6 ± 2.6 |
| Female | 2 458 (58.1) | 1 084 (55.0) | 3 377 (58.8) | 11 024 (58.9) |
| Main ambulatory diagnosis | ||||
| Mental or behavioural disorder due to substance abuse | 1 515 (35.8) | 395 (20.0) | 1 210 (21.1) | 4 355 (23.3) |
| Behavioural or emotional disorder or syndrome | 301 (7.1) | 377 (19.1) | 1 085 (18.9) | 2 244 (12.0) |
| Mood disorder | 477 (11.3) | 300 (15.2) | 873 (15.2) | 3 443 (18.4) |
| Anxiety- or stress-related disorder | 967 (22.9) | 490 (24.8) | 1 434 (25.0) | 5 098 (27.2) |
| Schizophrenia or other psychotic illness | 145 (3.4) | 65 (3.3) | 133 (2.3) | 416 (2.2) |
| Intentional self-harm | 742 (17.5) | 300 (15.2) | 855 (14.9) | 2 779 (14.9) |
| Personality related | 75 (1.8) | 38 (1.9) | 137 (2.4) | 343 (1.8) |
| Unspecified | 8 (0.2) | 7 (0.4) | 12 (0.2) | 37 (0.2) |
| CTAS score | ||||
| 1 (resuscitation) | 40 (0.9) | 9 (0.5) | 19 (0.3) | 98 (0.5) |
| 2 (emergent) | 431 (10.2) | 194 (9.8) | 660 (11.5) | 2 295 (12.3) |
| 3 (urgent) | 1 286 (30.4) | 793 (40.2) | 2 242 (39.1) | 6 997 (37.4) |
| 4 (semiurgent) | 1 111 (26.3) | 492 (24.9) | 1 371 (23.9) | 4 336 (23.2) |
| 5 (nonurgent) | 248 (5.9) | 89 (4.5) | 281 (4.9) | 1 003 (5.4) |
| Unavailable | 1 114 (26.3) | 395 (20.0) | 1 166 (20.3) | 3 986 (21.3) |
| Length of stay, median (IQR)* | 2h 27m (1h 5 m–5 h 40 m) | 2h 59m (1h 31m–5h 35m) | 3h 7m (1h 34m–5h 32 m) | 3h 0m (1h 30m–5h 21m) |
Note: CTAS = Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale, IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation.
Unknown for 131 visits for First Nations children, 61 visits for children in the welfare group, 219 visits for children in the government-sponsored subsidy group and 685 visits for children in the no subsidy group.
Standardized visit rates declined for children from families without subsidy and increased for all other children (Figure 1, Appendix 1, available at www.cmaj.ca/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1503/cmaj.111697/-/DC1). First Nations children had the largest visit rate increase from 2002/03 to 2007/08 (1368.0/100 000 children to 1664.0/100 000 children; p = 0.004). The directly standardized visit rates for children from families receiving welfare were among the highest across all years, but there was no evidence of a statistically significant change over time (p = 0.7). Age- and sex-specific visit rates differed by sociodemographic group in 2007/08 (Figure 2). First Nations children and children from families receiving welfare had higher rates, most noticeably for girls aged 15–17 years (7047.6 and 6194.2/100 000 children) and boys (5787.3 and 4140.3/100 000 children).
Figure 1:
Age-and sex-adjusted directly standardized visit rates (with 95% confidence interval) for each fiscal year by First Nations and socioeconomic status.
Figure 2:
Age-and sex-specific emergency department visit rates by First Nations and socioeconomic status, 2007/08.
Post-crisis use of health care services
Between Oct. 1, 2006, and Sept. 30, 2007, a total of 3438 children were discharged from the emergency department, forming our discharged subset. Of these children, 509 (14.8%) were First Nations, 654 (19.0%) were from families receiving subsidy from government-sponsored programs, 233 (6.8%) were from families receiving welfare, and 2042 (59.4%) were from families without subsidy. Trends in return visits to the emergency department by sociodemographic group were more pronounced by 30 days after discharge (Figure 3, Table 2). First Nations children and those from families receiving subsidy from government-sponsored programs returned earlier to the emergency department than other children (p < 0.001). As shown in Table 3, these children had a higher risk of returning sooner. The risk of return also increased with age and receipt of an unspecified diagnosis during the first visit. Boys were less likely to return to the emergency department after crises than girls. Interactions between age, sex and sociodemographic status and these main effects were not statistically significant.
Figure 3:
Time to return visit to the emergency department (ED) (A) and time to follow-up visit (B) after discharge, by First Nations and socioeconomic status.
Table 2:
Follow-up visits among discharged children (n = 3 438) from Oct. 1, 2006, to Sept. 30, 2007
| Variable | Days since index emergency department visit; no. (%)* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | 14 | 30 | 90 | |
| Follow-up visits, no. | 2 094 | 3 643 | 6 868 | 1 6761 |
| Age at index visit, yr | ||||
| 0–4 | 14 (0.7) | 26 (0.7) | 44 (0.6) | 103 (0.6) |
| 5–9 | 121 (5.8) | 220 (6.0) | 368 (5.4) | 946 (5.6) |
| 10–14 | 583 (27.8) | 995 (27.3) | 2 034 (29.6) | 5 053 (30.1) |
| 15–17 | 1 376 (65.7) | 2 402 (65.9) | 4 422 (64.4) | 10 659 (63.6) |
| Female | 1 290 (61.6) | 2 299 (63.1) | 4 346 (63.3) | 10 255 (61.2) |
| First Nations or socioeconomic status | ||||
| First Nations | 161 (7.7) | 298 (8.2) | 597 (8.7) | 1 643 (9.8) |
| Family received welfare | 139 (6.6) | 274 (7.5) | 551 (8.0) | 1 331 (7.9) |
| Family received government-sponsored subsidy | 428 (20.4) | 764 (21.0) | 1 393 (20.3) | 3 551 (21.2) |
| Family received no subsidy | 1 366 (65.2) | 2 307 (63.3) | 4 327 (63.0) | 10 236 (61.1) |
| Main ambulatory diagnosis | ||||
| Mental or behavioural disorder due to substance abuse | 260 (12.4) | 441 (12.1) | 845 (12.3) | 2 377 (14.2) |
| Behavioural or emotional disorder or syndrome | 52 (2.5) | 118 (3.2) | 224 (3.3) | 536 (3.2) |
| Mood disorder | 529 (25.3) | 894 (24.5) | 1 625 (23.7) | 3 681 (22.0) |
| Anxiety- or stress-related disorder | 526 (25.1) | 969 (26.6) | 1 899 (27.6) | 4 372 (26.1) |
| Schizophrenia or other psychotic illness | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 202 (2.9) | 495 (3.0) |
| Intentional self-harm | 326 (15.6) | 533 (14.6) | 925 (13.5) | 2 520 (15.0) |
| Personality related | 54 (2.6) | 66 (1.8) | 113 (1.6) | 253 (1.5) |
| Unspecified | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 25 (0.4) | 38 (0.2) |
| Physician seen during follow-up visit | ||||
| General practitioner | 707 (33.8) | 1 234 (33.9) | 2 328 (33.9) | 5 472 (32.6) |
| Pediatrician | 94 (4.5) | 188 (5.2) | 348 (5.1) | 838 (5.0) |
| Psychiatrist | 1 113 (53.2) | 1 920 (52.7) | 3 669 (53.4) | 9 050 (54.0) |
| Other | 180 (8.6) | 301 (8.3) | 523 (7.6) | 1 401 (8.4) |
| Facility type for follow-up visit | ||||
| Active treatment hospital | 1 196 (57.1) | 2 017 (55.4) | 3 885 (56.6) | 9 242 (55.1) |
| Mental health service | 63 (3.0) | 108 (3.0) | 228 (3.3) | 681 (4.1) |
| Practitioner’s office | 808 (38.6) | 1 458 (40.0) | 2 616 (38.1) | 6 444 (38.4) |
| Other | 27 (1.3) | 60 (1.6) | 139 (2.0) | 394 (2.4) |
| Follow-up visit diagnosis | ||||
| Mental health based | 1 471 (70.2) | 2 464 (67.6) | 4 573 (66.6) | 10 822 (64.6) |
Unless stated otherwise.
Table 3:
Predictors of time to a return visit to the emergency department for mental health care among 3438 children
| Variable | Hazard ratio (95% CI)* | p |
|---|---|---|
| Age group at index visit, yr | ||
| 0–4 | Reference | |
| 5–9 | 7.95 (1.10–57.69) | 0.04 |
| 10–14 | 10.10 (1.44–70.79) | 0.02 |
| 15–17 | 12.37 (1.77–86.52) | 0.01 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | Reference | |
| Male | 0.72 (0.61–0.86) | < 0.001 |
| First Nations or socioeconomic status | ||
| Family received no subsidy or welfare | Reference | |
| First Nations | 1.65 (1.32–2.06) | < 0.001 |
| Family received government-sponsored subsidy | 1.63 (1.34–1.99) | < 0.001 |
| Main ambulatory diagnosis at index visit | ||
| All other diagnoses | Reference | |
| Anxiety- or stress-related disorder | 0.58 (0.48–0.70) | < 0.001 |
| Unspecified | 2.97 (1.11–7.97) | 0.03 |
Note: CI = confidence interval.
Multivariable Cox regression.
Seven days after an index emergency department visit, 76.9% (2644/3438) of children did not follow up with a physician (Table 2). Among children who had a follow-up visit, most visits were for mental health concerns (70.2%), made to psychiatrists (53.2%) and conducted in active treatment hospitals (57.1%). Differences in follow-up visits were observed among sociodemographic groups (p < 0.001). First Nations children had fewer follow-up visits after discharge from the emergency department. The median time to physician follow-up for First Nations children was 79 d (95% CI 60–91 d), a time substantially longer than the group with the shortest time (29 d, 95% CI 22–41 d; Figure 3).
Predictors of time to a follow-up physician visit for mental health care differed by type of physician (Table 4). Compared with other children, First Nations children were more likely to have a longer time to follow-up with a psychiatrist, while children from families receiving government-sponsored subsidies were more likely to have a longer time to follow-up with a general practitioner. Age, sex, diagnosis and clinical acuity also explained time to follow-up physician visits (Table 4).
Table 4:
Predictors of time to physician follow-up visit for mental health care among 1857 children
| Hazard ratio (95% CI)* | p | |
|---|---|---|
| Follow-up with psychiatrist | ||
| Age at index visit | ||
| 10–14 yr | 1.26 (1.04–1.53) | 0.02 |
| All other age groups | Reference | |
| First Nations or socioeconomic status | ||
| First Nations | 0.47 (0.32–0.70) | < 0.001 |
| All other sociodemographic groups | Reference | |
| Main ambulatory diagnosis at index visit | ||
| Mental or behavioural disorder due to substance abuse | 0.21 (0.15–0.29) | < 0.001 |
| Anxiety- or stress-related disorder | 0.50 (0.40–0.63) | < 0.001 |
| Schizophrenia or other psychotic Illness | 2.78 (1.77–4.36) | < 0.001 |
| All other diagnoses | Reference | |
| CTAS score | ||
| All other CTAS scores | Reference | |
| 4 (semiurgent) | 0.70 (0.55–0.89) | 0.003 |
| 5 (nonurgent) | 0.53 (0.34–0.82) | 0.005 |
| 9 (unavailable) | 0.65 (0.44–0.96) | 0.03 |
| Follow-up with a general practitioner | ||
| Age at index visit | ||
| 10–14 yr | 0.76 (0.60–0.94) | 0.01 |
| All other age groups | Reference | |
| Sex | ||
| Female | Reference | |
| Male | 0.72 (0.58–0.88) | 0.002 |
| First Nations or socioeconomic status | ||
| Family received a government-sponsored subsidy | 0.67 (0.50–0.89) | 0.006 |
| All other sociodemographic groups | Reference | |
| Main ambulatory diagnosis at index visit | ||
| Mental or behavioural disorder due to substance abuse | 0.43 (0.32–0.56) | < 0.001 |
| Behavioural or emotional disorder or syndrome | 0.70 (0.51–0.94) | 0.02 |
| Intentional self-harm | 0.56 (0.38–0.81) | 0.002 |
| All other diagnoses | Reference | |
| Follow-up with a pediatrician | ||
| Age at index visit | ||
| 0–4 yr | 3.30 (1.26–8.63) | 0.02 |
| 5–9 yr | 2.25 (1.12–4.52) | 0.02 |
| All other age groups | Reference | |
| Main ambulatory diagnosis at index visit | ||
| Behavioural or emotional disorder or syndrome | 3.58 (2.01–6.37) | < 0.001 |
| Unspecified | 8.01 (1.13–56.71) | 0.04 |
| All other diagnoses | Reference | |
| Follow-up with other physician type | ||
| Age at index visit | ||
| 10–14 yr | 0.38 (0.17–0.86) | 0.02 |
| All other age groups | Reference | |
| Main ambulatory diagnosis at index visit | ||
| Personality related | 6.01 (1.85–19.56) | 0.003 |
| All other diagnoses | Reference | |
Note: CI = confidence interval, CTAS = Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale.
Multivariable competing risks regression.
Interpretation
We found significant variation across sociodemographic groups of children in crisis and post-crisis health care use over a 6-year period in Alberta. The largest increase in visits to the emergency department for mental health crises was among First Nations children. First Nations children and those from families receiving subsidy from government-sponsored programs had more return visits to emergency departments over time compared with other children. First Nations children also had disproportionately less follow-up care with a physician after an emergency department visit and had longer times to follow-up care. Sociodemographic status, diagnosis and illness acuity were significant predictors of time to post-crisis health care use.
Multiple studies have shown that race and ethnic background influence access to mental health services and emergency care for children.3,4 To the best of our knowledge, our group is the first to report on the use of emergency mental health care among First Nations children. We currently have a poor understanding of the prevalence of mental illness among these children. In the 2002/03 First Nations Regional Longitudinal Health Survey, 17% of First Nations parents reported a modest percentage of behavioural and emotional problems among their children.21 Other studies suggest more substance use,8 more symptoms of conduct disorder9 and higher completed suicide rates among First Nations children than among other children.10 We found that more First Nations children presented to emergency departments for disorders secondary to substance abuse and intentional self-harm than other children, and that, compared with other children, First Nations children returned more quickly to the emergency department and had a longer time before visiting a physician in the post-crisis period. These findings suggest that investments in culturally based, community- and school-based resources targeting the high-risk behaviours seen in the emergency department may help to reduce crisis events and foster the use of mental health resources.22 Although such resources would not have been captured through physician billing in our study, the high rates of emergency department use suggest that if such services do exist and are being used, they may not be specific or comprehensive enough to reduce crises.
Our findings also reflect access and utilization issues. In the 2002/03 Regional Longitudinal Health Survey, parents reported long waits for health care (91.4% of respondents) and lack of service coverage by the First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (10.6% of respondents) as significant barriers to health care access.21 To what extent these barriers limit access to and the use of mental health services is not known. In our study, First Nations children had the longest times to physician follow-up care, but First Nations status alone did not predict time to most follow-up visits. To reduce mental health crises and tailor care, more investigation is needed to better understand the relation between crisis-oriented patterns of care, delays in receiving follow-up care, and the services desired and sought in a post-crisis period by First Nations children and their families.
Consistent with our hypotheses, children from families receiving subsidy (welfare and other government-sponsored programs) also had some of the highest rates of emergency department visits and revisits, with government-sponsored subsidy status predicting a quicker return. Contrary to one of our hypotheses, however, these children, in general, did not have longer times to follow-up than other children for a follow-up physician visit. Our findings of increased use of health services among a lower socioeconomic group of children are similar to other Canadian studies examining the use of community-based mental health services23 but dissimilar to research on return visits to the emergency department.19 Whether high rates of visits by children in our study reflect a lack of access to pre-crisis care, delays in seeking care until crises emerge or other factors (e.g., geography) could not be answered with the Ambulatory Care Classification System, but these factors are important to determine. A lack of access has implications for the availability of services in neighbourhoods that differ by socioeconomic status. Delays in mental health care for children have been linked to time lags between generalist care and specialist referrals24 and service proximity.25
Limitations
Our study has several limitations. First, we were limited by diagnostic reporting. Although recent studies using Ambulatory Care Classification System data indicate diagnostic accuracy,15,16 no formal assessment of mental health diagnostic coding in ambulatory care has been conducted.
Second, the databases used do not identify all Aboriginal children; non-Treaty Status, Inuit and Métis children were not included.
Third, we could not determine the influence of either pre-crisis mental health care, contact with non-physician resources in the post-crisis period or other variables hypothesized to influence the use of health care. Higher rates of visits to emergency departments may be the result of a disproportionately high use of emergency services over other medical services or a preference for emergency care. Longer times to physician follow-up in our study may reflect access to other mental health services in the child’s community (private clinics, community-based programs designed for specific sociodemographic groups). Child- or family-specific determinants (e.g., stress, stigma, family constellation and psychiatric history) likely further explain both crisis and post-crisis health care use, but these were not available in the Ambulatory Care Classification System. Although this database limitation is not unique to our study, it does point to important considerations for administrative data-capture parameters and how to increase the contributions of these repositories for health care decision-making.
Finally, although others have reported the same socioeconomic proxy definition,26 our use of health care premium subsidy may not have always accurately reflected a child’s socioeconomic status.
Conclusion
Visits to the emergency department for mental health care should be considered a “stop gap” solution in the full suite of mental health services. For many children, these visits reflect a need for earlier intervention to prevent illness destabilization into crisis. Further, children with longer times to follow-up care in the post-crisis period may also be disadvantaged because they likely require continued support for stabilization. We found that sociodemographic status plays an important role in the post-crisis use of health care services.
A recent US-based study reported continued use of emergency departments for pediatric mental health care despite linkage to community-based services,27 which suggests that seeking health care is not solely patterned by features of the health care system. Factors such as stigma and discrimination,28 single-parenthood29 and parent unemployment29 are linked with service use and should be a priority for understanding predictors of the time to and use of mental health care. Such a line of investigation may help to explain the varied patterns of emergency department use and follow-up physician care observed among the different sociodemographic groups in our study.
Although recent treatment in an emergency department has been shown to be a strong predictor of follow-up mental health care for suicide-related behaviours,30 our study also suggests that the time to post-crisis care is affected by age, sex, diagnosis and clinical acuity. Future studies that determine why the risk for repeat crisis events increases with age are worthwhile and could query, for example, whether youth are particularly vulnerable because of their developmental struggles for autonomy. Moving ahead, our findings that when a child leaves the emergency department with an unspecified diagnosis they are more likely to return sooner in crisis or that certain diagnoses (substance abuse, anxiety) and less urgent presentations (e.g., lower triage scores) involve longer times to follow-up care could inform current discharge planning processes in Canada’s emergency departments without fiscal or human resource impact.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgements
This study is based in part on data provided by Alberta Health and Wellness. The interpretation and conclusions contained herein are those of the researchers and do not necessarily represent the views of the Government of Alberta. Neither the Government of Alberta nor Alberta Health and Wellness express any opinion in relation to this study.
Footnotes
Competing interests: None declared.
This article has been peer reviewed.
Contributors: Rhonda Rosychuk and Amanda Newton had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Amanda Newton conceived and designed the study. Rhonda Rosychuk acquired data. All of the authors analyzed and interpreted the data, drafted the manuscript and critically revised it for important intellectual content. Rhonda Rosychuk performed the statistical analysis. Rhonda Rosychuk and Amanda Newton obtained funding. Amanda Newton and Rhonda Rosychuk supervised the study. All of the authors approved the final version submitted for publication.
Funding: Funding for this project was provided by a Catalyst grant awarded to Rhonda Rosychuk and Amanda Newton from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR; 200809MCH, FRN#97596). Amanda Newton holds a CIHR New Investigator Award. Rhonda Rosychuk is a Health Scholar with Alberta Innovates-Health Solutions. Patrick McGrath holds a Canada Research Chair (Tier 1) in pediatric pain. The sponsor had no role in the specific conduct of the review; in the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; or in the preparation, review or approval of the manuscript.
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