Skip to main content
PMC home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1980 Jul;77(7):3932–3936. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.3932

Structure of a cloned circular Moloney murine leukemia virus DNA molecule containing an inverted segment: implications for retrovirus integration.

C Shoemaker, S Goff, E Gilboa, M Paskind, S W Mitra, D Baltimore
PMCID: PMC349741  PMID: 6449003

Abstract

Closed circular Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) DNA was prepared from recently infected cells and cloned in a lambda vector. Four classes of cloned M-MuLV inserts were found: Class I, full length 8.8-kilobase (kb) inserts with two tandem long terminal repeats (LTRs) of 600 base pairs; class 2, 8.2-kb inserts with a single copy of a LTR; class 3, M-MuLV DNA inserts with various portions deleted; and class 4, an 8.8-kb insert with an internal sequence inversion. Determination of nucleotide sequence at the junction between the two LTRs from a class 1 insert suggested that circularization occurred by blunt-end ligation of an 8.8-kb linear DNA. The class 4 molecule had an inversion that was flanked by inverted LTRs, each of which had lost two terminal base pairs at the inversion end points. Also, four base pairs that were present only once in standard M-MuLV DNA were duplicated at either end of the inversion. This molecule was interpreted as resulting from an integrative inversion in which M-MuLV DNA has integrated into itself. Its analysis thus provided explicit information concerning the mechanism by which retrovirus DNA integrates into host cell DNA. Models of retrovirus integration based on bacterial DNA transposition mechanisms are proposed.

Full text

PDF
3934

Images in this article

3933Image
on p.3933

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Benton W. D., Davis R. W. Screening lambdagt recombinant clones by hybridization to single plaques in situ. Science. 1977 Apr 8;196(4286):180–182. doi: 10.1126/science.322279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bishop J. M. Retroviruses. Annu Rev Biochem. 1978;47:35–88. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.47.070178.000343. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Blattner F. R., Blechl A. E., Denniston-Thompson K., Faber H. E., Richards J. E., Slightom J. L., Tucker P. W., Smithies O. Cloning human fetal gamma globin and mouse alpha-type globin DNA: preparation and screening of shotgun collections. Science. 1978 Dec 22;202(4374):1279–1284. doi: 10.1126/science.725603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Calos M. P., Johnsrud L., Miller J. H. DNA sequence at the integration sites of the insertion element IS1. Cell. 1978 Mar;13(3):411–418. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90315-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Cohen J. C., Shank P. R., Morris V. L., Cardiff R., Varmus H. E. Integration of the DNA of mouse mammary tumor virus in virus-infected normal and neoplastic tissue of the mouse. Cell. 1979 Feb;16(2):333–345. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90010-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dhar R., McClements W. L., Enquist L. W., Vande Woude G. F. Nucleotide sequences of integrated Moloney sarcoma provirus long terminal repeats and their host and viral junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jul;77(7):3937–3941. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.3937. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Enea V., Vovis G. F., Zinder N. D. Genetic studies with heteroduplex DNA of bacteriophage fl. Asymmetric segregation, base correction and implications for the mechanism of genetic recombination. J Mol Biol. 1975 Aug 15;96(3):495–509. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90175-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Enquist L., Tiemeier D., Leder P., Weisberg R., Sternberg N. Safer derivatives of bacteriophage lambdagt-lambdaC for use in cloning of recombinant DNA molecules. Nature. 1976 Feb 19;259(5544):596–598. doi: 10.1038/259596a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Fan H., Paskind M. Measurement of the sequence complexity of cloned Moloney murine leukemia virus 60 to 70S RNA: evidence for a haploid genome. J Virol. 1974 Sep;14(3):421–429. doi: 10.1128/jvi.14.3.421-429.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Gilboa E., Goff S., Shields A., Yoshimura F., Mitra S., Baltimore D. In vitro synthesis of a 9 kbp terminally redundant DNA carrying the infectivity of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Cell. 1979 Apr;16(4):863–874. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90101-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gilboa E., Mitra S. W., Goff S., Baltimore D. A detailed model of reverse transcription and tests of crucial aspects. Cell. 1979 Sep;18(1):93–100. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90357-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Grindley N. D., Sherratt D. J. Sequence analysis at IS1 insertion sites: models for transposition. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1979;43(Pt 2):1257–1261. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1979.043.01.142. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Hager G. L., Chang E. H., Chan H. W., Garon C. F., Israel M. A., Martin M. A., Scolnick E. M., Lowy D. R. Molecular cloning of the Harvey sarcoma virus closed circular DNA intermediates: initial structural and biological characterization. J Virol. 1979 Sep;31(3):795–809. doi: 10.1128/jvi.31.3.795-809.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Haseltine W. A., Kleid D. G., Panet A., Rothenberg E., Baltimore D. Ordered transcription of RNA tumor virus genomes. J Mol Biol. 1976 Sep 5;106(1):109–131. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90303-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hirt B. Selective extraction of polyoma DNA from infected mouse cell cultures. J Mol Biol. 1967 Jun 14;26(2):365–369. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(67)90307-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hughes S. H., Shank P. R., Spector D. H., Kung H. J., Bishop J. M., Varmus H. E., Vogt P. K., Breitman M. L. Proviruses of avian sarcoma virus are terminally redundant, co-extensive with unintegrated linear DNA and integrated at many sites. Cell. 1978 Dec;15(4):1397–1410. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90064-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Jolicoeur P., Rassart E. Effect of Fv-1 gene product on synthesis of linear and supercoiled viral DNA in cells infected with murine leukemia virus. J Virol. 1980 Jan;33(1):183–195. doi: 10.1128/jvi.33.1.183-195.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Katz L., Kingsbury D. T., Helinski D. R. Stimulation by cyclic adenosine monophosphate of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid replication and catabolite repression of the plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid-protein relaxation complex. J Bacteriol. 1973 May;114(2):577–591. doi: 10.1128/jb.114.2.577-591.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kleckner N. Translocatable elements in procaryotes. Cell. 1977 May;11(1):11–23. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90313-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Maat J., Smith A. J. A method for sequencing restriction fragments with dideoxynucleoside triphosphates. Nucleic Acids Res. 1978 Dec;5(12):4537–4545. doi: 10.1093/nar/5.12.4537. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Feb;74(2):560–564. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.2.560. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Ohtsubo E., Zenilman M., Ohtsubo H. Plasmids containing insertion elements are potential transposons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Feb;77(2):750–754. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.2.750. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Oliff A. I., Hager G. L., Chang E. H., Scolnick E. M., Chan H. W., Lowy D. R. Transfection of molecularly cloned Friend murine leukemia virus DNA yields a highly leukemogenic helper-independent type C virus. J Virol. 1980 Jan;33(1):475–486. doi: 10.1128/jvi.33.1.475-486.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Pereira W. C., Neves V. J., Rodrigues Y. Craniotomia descompressive bifrontal no tratamento do edema cerebral grave. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1977 Jun;35(2):99–111. doi: 10.1590/s0004-282x1977000200002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Potter S. S., Brorein W. J., Jr, Dunsmuir P., Rubin G. M. Transposition of elements of the 412, copia and 297 dispersed repeated gene families in Drosophila. Cell. 1979 Jun;17(2):415–427. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90168-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Radloff R., Bauer W., Vinograd J. A dye-buoyant-density method for the detection and isolation of closed circular duplex DNA: the closed circular DNA in HeLa cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1967 May;57(5):1514–1521. doi: 10.1073/pnas.57.5.1514. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Reed R. R., Young R. A., Steitz J. A., Grindley N. D., Guyer M. S. Transposition of the Escherichia coli insertion element gamma generates a five-base-pair repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Oct;76(10):4882–4886. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.10.4882. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Sabran J. L., Hsu T. W., Yeater C., Kaji A., Mason W. S., Taylor J. M. Analysis of integrated avian RNA tumor virus DNA in transformed chicken, duck and quail fibroblasts. J Virol. 1979 Jan;29(1):170–178. doi: 10.1128/jvi.29.1.170-178.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Shank P. R., Cohen J. C., Varmus H. E., Yamamoto K. R., Ringold G. M. Mapping of linear and circular forms of mouse mammary tumor virus DNA with restriction endonucleases: evidence for a large specific deletion occurring at high frequency during circularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 May;75(5):2112–2116. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.5.2112. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Shank P. R., Hughes S. H., Kung H. J., Majors J. E., Quintrell N., Guntaka R. V., Bishop J. M., Varmus H. E. Mapping unintegrated avian sarcoma virus DNA: termini of linear DNA bear 300 nucleotides present once or twice in two species of circular DNA. Cell. 1978 Dec;15(4):1383–1395. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90063-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Shank P. R., Varmus H. E. Virus-specific DNA in the cytoplasm of avian sarcoma virus-infected cells is a precursor to covalently closed circular viral DNA in the nucleus. J Virol. 1978 Jan;25(1):104–104. doi: 10.1128/jvi.25.1.104-104.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Shapiro J. A. Molecular model for the transposition and replication of bacteriophage Mu and other transposable elements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Apr;76(4):1933–1937. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.4.1933. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Shields A., Witte W. N., Rothenberg E., Baltimore D. High frequency of aberrant expression of Moloney murine leukemia virus in clonal infections. Cell. 1978 Jul;14(3):601–609. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90245-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Steffen D., Weinberg R. A. The integrated genome of murine leukemia virus. Cell. 1978 Nov;15(3):1003–1010. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90284-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Sternberg N., Tiemeier D., Enquist L. In vitro packaging of a lambda Dam vector containing EcoRI DNA fragments of Escherichia coli and phage P1. Gene. 1977 May;1(3-4):255–280. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(77)90049-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Tronick S. R., Robbins K. C., Canaani E., Devare S. G., Andersen P. R., Aaronson S. A. Molecular cloning of Moloney murine sarcoma virus: arrangement of virus-related sequences within the normal mouse genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Dec;76(12):6314–6318. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.12.6314. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Yoshimura F. K., Weinberg R. A. Restriction endonuclease cleavage of linear and closed circular murine leukemia viral DNAs: discovery of a smaller circular form. Cell. 1979 Feb;16(2):323–332. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90009-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES