Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect differences in the expression levels of melanoma-associated antigen D4 (MAGED4) mRNA between non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and normal tissues, and to compare differences in the expression levels of MAGED4 in tumor patients. Patients were grouped according to age, gender, smoking history, tumor size, pathological classification, degree of lung cancer cell differentiation and presence of lymph node metastasis. The expression levels of MAGED4 were detected using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. MAGED4 expression was higher in squamous cell carcinomas compared to adenocarcinomas (P<0.05), in poorly differentiated tissues compared to well-differentiated tissues (P<0.05), and in patients with lymph node metastasis compared to patients without lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). MAGED4 may be used as a specific antigen for NSCLC to influence the improvement of diagnosis, prognosis and immunological therapy outcomes in lung cancer patients.
Keywords: MAGED4 gene, non-small cell lung cancer, polymerase chain reaction
Introduction
Lung cancer is one of the most common types of malignant tumor, with a morbidity rate that has increased during recent years (1). Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 80–85% of all lung cancer cases (2–4). To date, the most effective therapeutic measure for treating this type of lung cancer has been surgical excision of the tumor; however, its efficacy is not always satisfactory, particularly in patients with advanced lung cancer for whom the five-year survival rate is relatively low (15–20%) (3–5). Early diagnosis of lung cancer is not easy, and chances of overall survival greatly diminish as the cancer becomes more advanced. Therapeutic measures for detecting and treating lung cancer have developed rapidly. Methods such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy are constantly improving and new chemo-therapeutic drugs are continuously emerging. Overall, the therapeutic efficacy of existing methods for the treatment of lung cancer remains unsatisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to explore new diagnostic and therapeutic methods to further improve the outcomes for lung cancer patients.
Currently, great attention has been paid to the expression of tumor-specific antigen genes and their association with tumorigenesis. The majority of these studies have evaluated melanoma-associated antigens (MAGEs). A member of this family, MAGED4, has been shown to be highly expressed in NSCLC. Therefore, we consider that the MAGED4 gene may be used as a specific antigen for NSCLC, and aid in the early diagnosis and successful treatment of patients with NSCLC.
Patients and methods
Patient data
Among the 54 patients with NSCLC, 33 (61.11%) were male and 21 (38.89%) were female. Patient ages ranged from 31–78 years, with an average age of 57.33 years (±10.91). A total of 21 (38.89%) patients had a smoking history of ≥20 years (and ≥1 pack/day), and 33 (61.11%) patients had a smoking history of <20 years (or <1 pack/day).
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University and all patients signed informed consent forms.
Tissue samples
All tissue samples were obtained by surgical excision from patients with pulmonary malignant tumors during their hospitalization at the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the Huashan Hospital (Shanghai, China). A total of 54 cases were pathologically diagnosed as primary malignant lung tumors (NSCLC), of which 34 (62.96%) had a tumor size of >3 cm and 20 (37.04%) had a tumor size of ≤3 cm. A total of 19 (35.18%) cases were classified as squamous cell carcinoma, 31 (57.41%) were classified as adenocarcinoma, three (5.56%) were borderline undifferentiated large cell carcinoma and one (1.85%) was pulmonary malignant melanoma. The tumor cells were well-differentiated in 17 (31.48%) cases, moderately differentiated in 25 (59.25%) cases and poorly differentiated in 12 (9.00%) cases. Lymph node metastasis occurred in 26 (48.15%) cases, the remaining 28 (51.85%) cases had no lymph node metastasis. All patients underwent macroscopical radical resection and lymph node clearance. Once the tumors were excised, two sections of tissue of approximately 1 cm3 were removed; one from the tumor area and the other from an area 5 cm away from the tumor boundary, which was used as the non-cancerous tissue sample. The tissues were immediately preserved in liquid nitrogen at −196°C. Non-cancerous tissues were collected from 20 cases. None of the patients had received any antitumor treatments, including radiotherapy or chemotherapy, prior to the surgery.
The patients were grouped according to their age, gender, smoking history, tumor size, pathological classification, degree of lung cancer cell differentiation and presence of lymph node metastasis. The patient data for the tissue samples are shown in Table I.
Table I.
Data from 54 NSCLC patients.
| Patient data | No. of cases | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| <60 | 31 | 57.41 | |
| ≥60 | 23 | 42.59 | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 33 | 61.11 | |
| Female | 21 | 38.89 | |
| Smoking history (years) | |||
| ≥20 (and ≥1 pack/day) | 21 | 38.89 | |
| <20 (or <1 pack/day) | 33 | 61.11 | |
| Tumor size (diameter, cm) | |||
| ≤3 | 20 | 37.04 | |
| >3 | 34 | 62.96 | |
| Pathological classification | |||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 19 | 35.18 | |
| Adenocarcinoma | 31 | 57.41 | |
| Other | 4 | 7.41 | |
| Cell differentiation (group) | |||
| Well (a) | 17 | 31.48 | |
| Moderate (b) | 25 | 59.52 | |
| Poor (c) | 12 | 9.00 | |
| Lymph node metastasis | |||
| N0 | 28 | 51.85 | |
| N1–2 | 26 | 48.15 |
NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.
Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect MAGED4 expression in the tumor and normal tissues according to the data collected (6,7), and to analyze the correlation between the various groups.
Reagents and instruments
TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used for RNA extraction, and RNase-Free DNase M610A (Promega Corporation, Madison WI, USA) was used for DNA treatment. The Reverse Transcription System A3500 (Promega Corporation) was used for reverse transcription (RT) reactions, and SYBR-Green PCR Master mix (Cat No. 4309155; Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used for qPCR. An ABI7900 fluorescence quantitative PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems) was used for PCR analysis.
Methods
RT-PCR was conducted to detect the expression level of MAGED4 mRNA. The primer sequences for MAGED4 were as follows: positive-sense strand, 5′-CCAGAATCAGAA CCGAGA-3′ and antisense strand, 5′-CCAAAATCTCCG TCCTCA-3′; internal reference glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) positive-sense strand, 5′-TGAACG GGAAGCTCACTGG-3′ and antisense strand, 5′-TCCACC ACCCTGTTGCTGTA-3′. Primers were synthesized by Shanghai Shenggong Biotechnology Co. (Shanghai, China). Total RNA extraction using an RNA extraction kit (Invitrogen Life Technologies) was conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The RT kit was from Promega Corporation, and total RNAs were reverse transcribed into cDNA according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Real-time PCR was conducted using the Applied Biosystem high-throughput fluorescent quantitative PCR system (7900HT). The conditions for PCR reactions were as follows: 50°C for 2 min, 95°C for 10 min, 95°C for 15 sec, 60°C for 1 min, 95°C for 15 sec, 60°C for 15 sec and 95°C for 15 sec. A total of 40 cycles were conducted and the values of MAGED4 and GAPDH were determined.
Correction of real-time PCR analysis
For real-time qPCR, all 74 sample volumes were 1 μl. Since the cDNA concentrations in each sample were not identical, possibly due to errors in concentration quantitation or the RT efficiency of RNA, results were normalized to GAPDH expression. ΔCt was obtained by subtracting the measured value of GAPDH from the measured value of MAGED4 and a ΔCt value was set as the standard value. Thus, ΔΔCt was obtained by comparing the ΔCt values of other samples, and 2−ΔΔCt was obtained after comparison and conversion using formulas. Finally, the relative expression level of MAGED4 mRNA in the sample was obtained (7).
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software version 11.5 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Student-Newman-Keuls test (q-test) were used for statistical analysis of data between multiple groups, and a t-test was used to evaluate the difference in means between the two groups. P<0.05 was used to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
The measured MAGE4 values of the 74 patients are shown in Fig. 1. The X-axis represents the number of cases and the Y-axis represents the corresponding measured value of MAGED4 for each patient. We identified that the measured values of MAGED4 in the 54 NSCLC tissues were significantly higher compared to those of the 20 normal lung tissues (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Column diagram revealing the changes in the measured values of MAGED4 mRNA. Expression levels are significantly higher in the 54 NSCLC tissues compared to those of the 20 normal lung tissues. GAPDH was used as a reference control. qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
Statistical analysis revealed that the expression level of MAGED4 in tumor tissues (mean, 1.74±1.07) was significantly higher than that of normal lung tissues, non-cancerous tissues excised more than 5 cm away from the focus, (mean, 0.55±0.22; P<0.01; Table II).
Table II.
MAGED4 expression levels in NSCLC and normal lung tissues (n=74).
| Tissue | No. of cases | Mean MAGED4 expression | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| NSCLC | 54 | 1.74±1.07 | <0.01 |
| Normal lung | 20 | 0.55±0.22 |
MAGED4, melanoma-associated antigen D4; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.
MAGED4 expression in NSCLC tumor tissues was then compared between the various groups. The results revealed that MAGED4 expression was not significantly correlated to patient age, gender, smoking history or tumor size (P>0.05). Notably, MAGED4 expression in squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher than that in adenocarcinoma (P<0.01). In the various cell differentiation types, expression levels of MAGED4 were relatively higher when the cells were poorly differentiated compared to when the cells were well differentiated. The expression levels of MAGED4 increased from poorly differentiated cells to well-differentiated cells, with moderately differentiated cells having an intermediate level of expression (P<0.01). MAGED4 expression levels in patients with lymph node metastasis were significantly higher compared to patients without lymph node metastasis (P<0.05; Table III).
Table III.
MAGED4 gene expression in NSCLC tumor tissues compared between various patient groups (n=54).
| Patient data | No. of cases (%) | Mean MAGED4 expression | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| <60 | 31 (57.41) | 1.96±1.29 | 0.08 |
| ≥60 | 23 (42.59) | 1.44±0.60 | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 33 (61.11) | 1.75±0.85 | 0.92 |
| Female | 21 (38.89) | 1.72±1.39 | |
| Smoking history (years) | |||
| ≥20 (and ≥1 pack/day) | 21 (38.89) | 1.73±0.82 | 0.95 |
| <20 (or <1 pack/day) | 33 (61.11) | 1. 75±1.22 | |
| Tumor size (cm) | |||
| ≤3 | 20 (37.04) | 1.52±0.63 | 0.27 |
| >3 | 34 (62.96) | 1.87±1.26 | |
| Pathological classification | |||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 19 (34.55) | 1.99±0.74 | <0.01 |
| Adenocarcinoma | 32 (58.18) | 1.27±0.53 | Not included in statistical analysis |
| Other | 4 (7.27) | 4.23±1.85 | |
| Cell differentiation (group) | |||
| Well (a) | 17 (31.48) | 1.01±0.45 | <0.01 |
| Moderate (b) | 25 (46.29) | 1.65±0.59 | (c>b>a)a |
| Poor (c) | 12 (22.22) | 2.96±1.44 | |
| Lymph node metastasis | |||
| N0 | 28 (51.85) | 1.42±0.60 | 0.031 |
| N1–2 | 26 (48.15) | 2.07±1.36 |
MAGED4, melanoma-associated antigen D4; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer.
Expression levels of MAGED4 were significantly highest in group c, followed by group b, then group a.
Discussion
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality. With continually rising rates of morbidity and mortality, lung cancer has become the leading cause of mortality among carcinomas in numerous countries worldwide (1). Although a vast amount of research has been conducted regarding early prevention, diagnosis and clinical treatments of lung cancer, the five-year survival rate remains unsatisfactory (approximately 15%) (2–4). Therefore, there is an urgent requirement to identify new diagnostic and therapeutic methods for the treatment of lung cancer.
Genetic diagnosis and treatments for lung cancer may be one direction for the development of diagnosis and treatments for lung cancer in the future. MAGEs are a group of tumor-associated antigens (TAA), which were first discovered in melanomas (8). The MAGE gene family is almost completely silent in normal tissues and is mainly expressed in malignant tumor tissues, particularly in melanomas. MAGE expression correlates with tumor specificity to a relatively high degree (9), and its expression is closely associated with the development, progression and prognosis of tumors. Thus, its products may be used in molecular diagnosis and immunotherapy of tumors. Van der Bruggen et al discovered the first MAGE, MAGE1, during a study of malignant melanomas in 1991 (8). Following this study, attempts were made to further characterize other members of the MAGE gene family.
Previous studies revealed that MAGE antigens were expressed in various malignant tumors (10–15), while there was low or no expression of MAGE in normal tissues. Certain MAGE family members also demonstrated relatively high levels of positive expression in lung cancer tissues. Certain studies indicate that the positive expression rate of MAGE-A3 in lung cancer is as high as 30–50% (16,17). However, findings obtained by other studies vary widely. One study revealed that MAGE-A3 expression levels in lung cancer were only 13% (18). Identification of a consistent lung cancer-specific antigen remains an aim for researchers in the field.
MAGED4 is a member of the MAGE gene family that has been recently discovered (19). In contrast to other MAGE members, MAGED4 demonstrates low levels of expression in many malignant tumors outside of the lung, while its expression level in NSCLC is relatively high (19).
Our study compared the expression levels of MAGED4 between 54 cases of surgically-resected NSCLC and non-cancerous lung tissues proximal to the cancer using real-time fluorescence qPCR. Expression of MAGED4 in normal tissues was significantly lower compared to that in tumor tissues (0.55 vs. 1.74; P<0.01).
Previous studies have reported that genes in the MAGED4 family may be detected at a significantly increased level in the majority of malignant tumor tissues. This is due to the characterization of malignant tumors by melanoma, and due to the fact that low levels that are typically found in normal tissues, with the exception of the testicles and placenta (20). However, Jang et al discovered that MAGE mRNA was detected in corresponding normal tissues (21), and in 2006 Ito et al also revealed that MAGED4 expression was detected at low levels in normal tissues (19). These results correspond with our findings in the present study which indicate that MAGED4 expression can be detected at low levels in normal tissues. We suggest that the reason for this discrepancy may be due to the slightly different expression features of various members of the MAGE family in tissues. It may also be related to the processing of the tissue samples, methods for experimental detection or other factors. The real-time fluorescence qPCR detection in this study had a higher sensitivity and accuracy in comparison to previous staining, immunohistological methods and traditional PCR detection. Its high sensitivity is able to detect less than 10 tumor cells from 1×105–1×107 nucleated cells; thus, it is a well-received accurate RNA detection technique.
We conducted a more detailed analysis for the high expression levels of MAGED4 in NSCLC and revealed that expression in NSCLC tissues was not significantly correlated with patient age or gender (P>0.05). These results were in accordance with the properties of other members of the MAGE gene family discovered in previous studies (15,17,18).
Since the development of lung cancer has previously been shown to be correlated with smoking (22), we divided patients into two groups; those with a smoking history of ≥20 years and those with a smoking history of <20 years. Notably, the expression levels of MAGED4 in these two groups did not demonstrate a significant difference (P>0.05). Ito et al similarly revealed that MAGED4 expression level did not correlate with patient smoking history (19); while a number of earlier studies on other members of the MAGE gene family, including MAGE-A1, -A3 and -B2, indicated that the activation and expression of these genes had a certain degree of correlation with smoking (21). We suggest that the discrepancy in these findings is due to different biological behaviors of the various members of the MAGE gene family. We presume that the reason for this result may be attributed to the difference in biological behaviors in various genes in the MAGE family.
This study demonstrated that expression of MAGED4 in the younger age group was higher than that of the older age group (1.96 vs. 1.44; P>0.05). This difference in expression may be attributed to the slightly more rapid tumor cell proliferation in young patients due to an increased cellular activity (19). Studies have revealed that the proliferation speed of tumor cells has a certain degree of correlation with expression of the MAGE gene family (19). However, we identified that there was no significant difference between the two age groups (P>0.05), which may be due to the relatively small sample size used in this study.
Members of the MAGE gene family have been identified to have higher expression levels in tumors with relatively larger diameters (23). In this study, we discovered that MAGED4 expression was not significantly correlated with tumor size (P>0.05). This may result from the different expression characteristics of the various subtypes of genes in the MAGE family. Research data for MAGED4 regarding this topic requires further investigation.
Currently, there is no agreement with regards to the correlation between MAGE expression and pathological types of tumors. Yoshimatsu et al revealed that the expression levels of MAGE-1 and -3 were higher in squamous cell carcinomas compared to adenocarcinomas (15), while Shen et al revealed that there was no significant difference in MAGE-1 expression between these two types of carcinomas (24). There have been few studies focusing on the correlation between MAGED4 expression and pathological types of tumors. In accordance with the results of this study, Ito et al identified that expression levels of MAGED4 in squamous cell carcinomas were higher than those in adenocarcinomas (19). The difference in expression levels may be due to the different proliferation profiles and molecular genetic characteristics between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma cells.
In the present study, there was a certain degree of correlation between the expression level of MAGED4 and the differentiation degree of tumor cells. The expression level of MAGED4 was higher when the tumor cells were poorly differentiated and lower when the tumor cells were well differentiated. We categorized the pathological sections of the samples into three groups according to the tumor cell differentiation degree: a, well-differentiated carcinoma; b, moderately differentiated carcinoma; c, poorly differentiated carcinoma. Multiple comparisons demonstrated that expression levels of MAGED4 were highest in c, followed by b, then a (P<0.01). This result provides a general guideline that may be helpful in selecting therapies and providing prognostic information for NSCLC patients.
It is well-known that the metastatic status of lymph nodes is an important prognostic factor in cancer; therefore, we categorized the samples into two groups according to whether lymph node metastasis had occurred. Our results demonstrated that the expression level of MAGED4 in the lymph node metastasis group was higher than that in the group without lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). In the literature, there has been no agreement in terms of the correlation between MAGE gene family expression and metastatic status of lymph nodes. Dango et al reported that the expression of MAGE-A was correlated with lymph node metastasis (25), while Chang et al proposed that they were not correlated (26). The results of this study indicate that there is a certain degree of correlation between MAGED4 expression and the metastatic status of lymph nodes. These results will aid in providing prognostic information with regards to NSCLC.
In the present study, we discovered that MAGED4 expression in NSCLC tissues was significantly higher than that in normal lung tissues. This is in accordance with results from other members of the MAGE family. MAGE-A1, -A2 and -A3 demonstrated higher expression levels in malignant tumor tissues compared to normal tissues; however, the expression of MAGED4 in NSCLC tissues revealed its particularity as it did not follow the consistent expression of the other genes in the MAGE family.
The mechanism of MAGED4 activity in tumor cells also remains unclear. Studies have been conducted on more well-characterized family members, including MAGE-A1, -A2 and -A3, but further study is required in order to compare MAGED4 to these family members. Studies on these genes have entered the stage of immunotherapy investigation. Studies on active specific immunotherapy with MAGE peptide-based tumor vaccines and adoptive therapy with in vitro-induced MAGE-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) of certain MAGE-positive cancers have been conducted, and a degree of efficacy has been demonstrated (27,28).
In conclusion, MAGED4 is a newly discovered member of the MAGE gene family. Its expression level in NSCLC is higher than that of other members of the MAGE family, but studies on the MAGED4 gene remain insufficient (29). In our study, the expression of MAGED4 in NSCLC tissues revealed a certain degree of specificity and sensitivity. The results may be beneficial for the diagnosis and treatments of NSCLC in the future.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Youth Foundation of Fudan University and the Startup Foundation of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University.
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