Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Clinical Microbiology Reviews logoLink to Clinical Microbiology Reviews
. 1989 Jul;2(3):285–314. doi: 10.1128/cmr.2.3.285

Streptococcal M protein: molecular design and biological behavior.

V A Fischetti 1
PMCID: PMC358122  PMID: 2670192

Abstract

M protein is a major virulence determinant for the group A streptococcus by virtue of its ability to allow the organism to resist phagocytosis. Common in eucaryotes, the fibrillar coiled-coil design for the M molecule may prove to be a common motif for surface proteins in gram-positive organisms. This type of structure offers the organism several distinct advantages, ranging from antigenic variation to multiple functional domains. The close resemblance of this molecular design to that of certain mammalian proteins could help explain on a molecular level the formation of epitopes responsible for serological cross-reactions between microbial and mammalian proteins. Many of the approaches described in the elucidation of the M-protein structure may be applied for characterizing similar molecules in other microbial systems.

Full text

PDF
285

Images in this article

287Image
on p.287
288Image
on p.288
289Image
on p.289
290Image
on p.290
291Image
on p.291
296Image
on p.296

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Agarwal B. L. Rheumatic heart disease unabated in developing countries. Lancet. 1981 Oct 24;2(8252):910–911. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)91400-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Akerström B., Brodin T., Reis K., Björck L. Protein G: a powerful tool for binding and detection of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. J Immunol. 1985 Oct;135(4):2589–2592. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Akerström B., Nielsen E., Björck L. Definition of IgG- and albumin-binding regions of streptococcal protein G. J Biol Chem. 1987 Oct 5;262(28):13388–13391. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Auckenthaler R., Hermans P. E., Washington J. A., 2nd Group G streptococcal bacteremia: clinical study and review of the literature. Rev Infect Dis. 1983 Mar-Apr;5(2):196–204. doi: 10.1093/clinids/5.2.196. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BECKER C. G. SELECTION OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI RICH IN M-PROTEIN FROM POPULATIONS POOR IN M-PROTEIN. Am J Pathol. 1964 Jan;44:51–60. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bach M. A., Lewis D. E., McClure J. E., Parikh N., Rosenblatt H. M., Shearer W. T. Monoclonal anti-actin antibody recognizes a surface molecule on normal and transformed human B lymphocytes: expression varies with phase of cell cycle. Cell Immunol. 1986 Apr 1;98(2):364–374. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(86)90296-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Baker C. J. Unusual occurrence of neonatal septicemia due to group G streptococcus. Pediatrics. 1974 Apr;53(4):568–570. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Beachey E. H., Campbell G. L., Ofek I. Peptic digestion of streptococcal M protein. II. Extraction of M antigen from group A streptococci with pepsin. Infect Immun. 1974 May;9(5):891–896. doi: 10.1128/iai.9.5.891-896.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Beachey E. H., Gras-Masse H., Tarter A., Jolivet M., Audibert F., Chedid L., Seyer J. M. Opsonic antibodies evoked by hybrid peptide copies of types 5 and 24 streptococcal M proteins synthesized in tandem. J Exp Med. 1986 Jun 1;163(6):1451–1458. doi: 10.1084/jem.163.6.1451. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Beachey E. H., Ofek I. Epithelial cell binding of group A streptococci by lipoteichoic acid on fimbriae denuded of M protein. J Exp Med. 1976 Apr 1;143(4):759–771. doi: 10.1084/jem.143.4.759. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Beachey E. H., Seyer J. M., Dale J. B. Protective immunogenicity and T lymphocyte specificity of a trivalent hybrid peptide containing NH2-terminal sequences of types 5, 6, and 24 M proteins synthesized in tandem. J Exp Med. 1987 Sep 1;166(3):647–656. doi: 10.1084/jem.166.3.647. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Beachey E. H., Seyer J. M., Dale J. B., Simpson W. A., Kang A. H. Type-specific protective immunity evoked by synthetic peptide of Streptococcus pyogenes M protein. Nature. 1981 Jul 30;292(5822):457–459. doi: 10.1038/292457a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Beachey E. H., Seyer J. M., Kang A. H. Primary structure of protective antigens of type 24 streptococcal M protein. J Biol Chem. 1980 Jul 10;255(13):6284–6289. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Beachey E. H., Seyer J. M., Kang A. H. Repeating covalent structure of streptococcal M protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Jul;75(7):3163–3167. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.7.3163. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Beachey E. H., Seyer J. M. Protective and nonprotective epitopes of chemically synthesized peptides of the NH2-terminal region of type 6 streptococcal M protein. J Immunol. 1986 Mar 15;136(6):2287–2292. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Beachey E. H., Stollerman G. H., Chiang E. Y., Chiang T. M., Seyer J. M., Kang A. H. Purification and properties of M protein extracted from group A streptococci with pepsin: covalent structure of the amino terminal region of type 24 M antigen. J Exp Med. 1977 Jun 1;145(6):1469–1483. doi: 10.1084/jem.145.6.1469. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Beachey E. H., Tartar A., Seyer J. M., Chedid L. Epitope-specific protective immunogenicity of chemically synthesized 13-, 18-, and 23-residue peptide fragments of streptococcal M protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Apr;81(7):2203–2207. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.7.2203. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Beachey E. H. Type-specific opsonic antibodies evoked with a synthetic peptide of streptococcal M protein conjugated to polylysine without adjuvant. Infect Immun. 1986 Jan;51(1):362–364. doi: 10.1128/iai.51.1.362-364.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Besdine R. W., Pine L. Preparation and description of high-molecular-weight soluble surface antigens from a group A Streptococcus. J Bacteriol. 1968 Dec;96(6):1953–1960. doi: 10.1128/jb.96.6.1953-1960.1968. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bessen D., Fischetti V. A. Influence of intranasal immunization with synthetic peptides corresponding to conserved epitopes of M protein on mucosal colonization by group A streptococci. Infect Immun. 1988 Oct;56(10):2666–2672. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.10.2666-2672.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bessen D., Fischetti V. A. Passive acquired mucosal immunity to group A streptococci by secretory immunoglobulin A. J Exp Med. 1988 Jun 1;167(6):1945–1950. doi: 10.1084/jem.167.6.1945. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Bessen D., Jones K. F., Fischetti V. A. Evidence for two distinct classes of streptococcal M protein and their relationship to rheumatic fever. J Exp Med. 1989 Jan 1;169(1):269–283. doi: 10.1084/jem.169.1.269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Bisno A. L. Alternate complement pathway activation by group A streptococci: role of M-protein. Infect Immun. 1979 Dec;26(3):1172–1176. doi: 10.1128/iai.26.3.1172-1176.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Bisno A. L., Craven D. E., McCabe W. R. M proteins of group G streptococci isolated from bacteremic human infections. Infect Immun. 1987 Mar;55(3):753–757. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.3.753-757.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Brinton C. C., Jr The structure, function, synthesis and genetic control of bacterial pili and a molecular model for DNA and RNA transport in gram negative bacteria. Trans N Y Acad Sci. 1965 Jun;27(8):1003–1054. doi: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1965.tb02342.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Bronze M. S., Beachey E. H., Dale J. B. Protective and heart-crossreactive epitopes located within the NH2 terminus of type 19 streptococcal M protein. J Exp Med. 1988 Jun 1;167(6):1849–1859. doi: 10.1084/jem.167.6.1849. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. COLE R. M., HAHN J. J. Cell wall replication in Streptococcus pyogenes. Science. 1962 Mar 2;135(3505):722–724. doi: 10.1126/science.135.3505.722. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Caparon M. G., Scott J. R. Identification of a gene that regulates expression of M protein, the major virulence determinant of group A streptococci. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1987 Dec;84(23):8677–8681. doi: 10.1073/pnas.84.23.8677. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Chalovich J. M., Fischetti V. A. Crosslinking of actin filaments and inhibition of actomyosin subfragment-1 ATPase activity by streptococcal M6 protein. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1986 Feb 15;245(1):37–43. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(86)90187-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Chedid L., Jolivet M., Audibert F., Przewlocki G., Beachey E. H., Gras-Masse H., Tartar A. Antibody responses elicited by a polyvalent vaccine containing synthetic diphtheric, streptococcal and hepatitis peptides coupled to the same carrier. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Dec 28;117(3):908–915. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91682-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Cheung A. L., Bayer A. S., Peters J., Ward J. I. Analysis by gel electrophoresis, Western blot, and peptide mapping of protein A heterogeneity in Staphylococcus aureus strains. Infect Immun. 1987 Apr;55(4):843–847. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.4.843-847.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Chhatwal G. S., Dutra I. S., Blobel H. Fibrinogen binding inhibits the fixation of the third component of human complement on surface of groups A, B, C, and G streptococci. Microbiol Immunol. 1985;29(10):973–980. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1985.tb02961.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Cleary P. P., Johnson Z., Wannamaker L. Genetic instability of M protein and serum opacity factor of group A streptocci: evidence suggesting extrachromosomal control. Infect Immun. 1975 Jul;12(1):109–118. doi: 10.1128/iai.12.1.109-118.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Cohen C., Phillips G. N., Jr Spikes and fimbriae: alpha-helical proteins form surface projections on microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Sep;78(9):5303–5304. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.9.5303. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Cohen J. O., Gross H., Harrell W. K. Immunogenicity and characteristics of M protein released by phage-associated lysin from group-A streptococci types 1 and 23. J Med Microbiol. 1977 May;10(2):179–194. doi: 10.1099/00222615-10-2-179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Connell T. D., Black W. J., Kawula T. H., Barritt D. S., Dempsey J. A., Kverneland K., Jr, Stephenson A., Schepart B. S., Murphy G. L., Cannon J. G. Recombination among protein II genes of Neisseria gonorrhoeae generates new coding sequences and increases structural variability in the protein II family. Mol Microbiol. 1988 Mar;2(2):227–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1988.tb00024.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Cunningham M. W., Beachey E. H. Peptic digestion of streptococcal M protein. I. Effect of digestion at suboptimal pH upon the biological and immunochemical properties of purified M protein extracts. Infect Immun. 1974 Feb;9(2):244–248. doi: 10.1128/iai.9.2.244-248.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Cunningham M. W., Hall N. K., Krisher K. K., Spanier A. M. A study of anti-group A streptococcal monoclonal antibodies cross-reactive with myosin. J Immunol. 1986 Jan;136(1):293–298. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Cunningham M. W., Russell S. M. Study of heart-reactive antibody in antisera and hybridoma culture fluids against group A streptococci. Infect Immun. 1983 Nov;42(2):531–538. doi: 10.1128/iai.42.2.531-538.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Cunningham M. W., Swerlick R. A. Polyspecificity of antistreptococcal murine monoclonal antibodies and their implications in autoimmunity. J Exp Med. 1986 Oct 1;164(4):998–1012. doi: 10.1084/jem.164.4.998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Cunningham M., Beachey E. H. Immunochemical properties of streptococcal M protein purified by isoelectric focusing. J Immunol. 1975 Oct;115(4):1002–1006. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. D'Alessandri R., Plotkin G., Kluge R. M., Wittner M. K., Fox E. N., Dorfman A., Waldman R. H. Protective studies with group A streptococcal M protein vaccine. III. Challenge of volunteers after systemic or intranasal immunization with Type 3 or Type 12 group A Streptococcus. J Infect Dis. 1978 Dec;138(6):712–718. doi: 10.1093/infdis/138.6.712. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Dale J. B., Beachey E. H. Epitopes of streptococcal M proteins shared with cardiac myosin. J Exp Med. 1985 Aug 1;162(2):583–591. doi: 10.1084/jem.162.2.583. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Dale J. B., Beachey E. H. Localization of protective epitopes of the amino terminus of type 5 streptococcal M protein. J Exp Med. 1986 May 1;163(5):1191–1202. doi: 10.1084/jem.163.5.1191. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Dale J. B., Beachey E. H. Multiple, heart-cross-reactive epitopes of streptococcal M proteins. J Exp Med. 1985 Jan 1;161(1):113–122. doi: 10.1084/jem.161.1.113. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Dale J. B., Beachey E. H. Sequence of myosin-crossreactive epitopes of streptococcal M protein. J Exp Med. 1986 Nov 1;164(5):1785–1790. doi: 10.1084/jem.164.5.1785. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Dale J. B., Beachey E. H. Unique and common protective epitopes among different serotypes of group A streptococcal M proteins defined with hybridoma antibodies. Infect Immun. 1984 Oct;46(1):267–269. doi: 10.1128/iai.46.1.267-269.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Dale J. B., Seyer J. M., Beachey E. H. Type-specific immunogenicity of a chemically synthesized peptide fragment of type 5 streptococcal M protein. J Exp Med. 1983 Nov 1;158(5):1727–1732. doi: 10.1084/jem.158.5.1727. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Daynes R. A., Armstrong C. H. An antiphagocytic factor associated with group E streptococcus. Infect Immun. 1973 Feb;7(2):298–304. doi: 10.1128/iai.7.2.298-304.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Drlica K., Worcel A. Conformational transitions in the Escherichia coli chromosome: analysis by viscometry and sedimentation. J Mol Biol. 1975 Oct 25;98(2):393–411. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80126-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Ellen R. P., Gibbons R. J. M protein-associated adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to epithelial surfaces: prerequisite for virulence. Infect Immun. 1972 May;5(5):826–830. doi: 10.1128/iai.5.5.826-830.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Fahnestock S. R., Alexander P., Nagle J., Filpula D. Gene for an immunoglobulin-binding protein from a group G streptococcus. J Bacteriol. 1986 Sep;167(3):870–880. doi: 10.1128/jb.167.3.870-880.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Farabaugh P. J., Schmeissner U., Hofer M., Miller J. H. Genetic studies of the lac repressor. VII. On the molecular nature of spontaneous hotspots in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol. 1978 Dec 25;126(4):847–857. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90023-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Fenderson P. G., Fischetti V. A., Cunningham M. W. Tropomyosin shares immunologic epitopes with group A streptococcal M proteins. J Immunol. 1989 Apr 1;142(7):2475–2481. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Fischetti V. A., Gotschlich E. C., Bernheimer A. W. Purification and physical properties of group C streptococcal phage-associated lysin. J Exp Med. 1971 May 1;133(5):1105–1117. doi: 10.1084/jem.133.5.1105. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Fischetti V. A., Gotschlich E. C., Siviglia G., Zabriskie J. B. Streptococcal M protein extracted by nonionic detergent. I. Properties of the antiphagocytic and type-specific molecules. J Exp Med. 1976 Jul 1;144(1):32–53. doi: 10.1084/jem.144.1.32. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Fischetti V. A., Jarymowycz M., Jones K. F., Scott J. R. Streptococcal M protein size mutants occur at high frequency within a single strain. J Exp Med. 1986 Oct 1;164(4):971–980. doi: 10.1084/jem.164.4.971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Fischetti V. A., Jones K. F., Manjula B. N., Scott J. R. Streptococcal M6 protein expressed in Escherichia coli. Localization, purification, and comparison with streptococcal-derived M protein. J Exp Med. 1984 Apr 1;159(4):1083–1095. doi: 10.1084/jem.159.4.1083. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Fischetti V. A., Jones K. F., Scott J. R. Size variation of the M protein in group A streptococci. J Exp Med. 1985 Jun 1;161(6):1384–1401. doi: 10.1084/jem.161.6.1384. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Fischetti V. A., Parry D. A., Trus B. L., Hollingshead S. K., Scott J. R., Manjula B. N. Conformational characteristics of the complete sequence of group A streptococcal M6 protein. Proteins. 1988;3(1):60–69. doi: 10.1002/prot.340030106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Fischetti V. A. Requirements for the opsonic activity of human IgG directed to type 6 group A streptococci: net basic charge and intact Fc region. J Immunol. 1983 Feb;130(2):896–902. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Fischetti V. A. Streptococcal M protein extracted by nonionic detergent. II. Analysis of the antibody response to the multiple antigenic determinants of the M-protein molecule. J Exp Med. 1977 Oct 1;146(4):1108–1123. doi: 10.1084/jem.146.4.1108. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Fischetti V. A. Streptococcal M protein extracted by nonionic detergent. III. Correlation between immunological cross-reactions and structural similarities with implications for antiphagocytosis. J Exp Med. 1978 Jun 1;147(6):1771–1778. doi: 10.1084/jem.147.6.1771. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Fischetti V. A., Windels M. Mapping the immunodeterminants of the complete streptococcal M6 protein molecule. Identification of an immunodominant region. J Immunol. 1988 Nov 15;141(10):3592–3599. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Fox E. N. M proteins of group A streptococci. Bacteriol Rev. 1974 Mar;38(1):57–86. doi: 10.1128/br.38.1.57-86.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Fox E. N., Wittner M. K. Antigenicity of the M proteins of group A hemolytic streptococci. IV. Cross-reactivity between serotypes. J Immunol. 1968 Jan;100(1):39–45. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Fox E. N., Wittner M. K. New observations on the structure and antigenicity of the M proteins of the group A streptococcus. Immunochemistry. 1969 Jan;6(1):11–24. doi: 10.1016/0019-2791(69)90174-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Fox E. N., Wittner M. K. The multiple molecular structure of the M proteins of group A streptococci. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965 Oct;54(4):1118–1125. doi: 10.1073/pnas.54.4.1118. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Galán J. E., Timoney J. F. Molecular analysis of the M protein of Streptococcus equi and cloning and expression of the M protein gene in Escherichia coli. Infect Immun. 1987 Dec;55(12):3181–3187. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.12.3181-3187.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Gastanaduy A. S., Kaplan E. L., Huwe B. B., McKay C., Wannamaker L. W. Failure of penicillin to eradicate group A streptococci during an outbreak of pharyngitis. Lancet. 1980 Sep 6;2(8193):498–502. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(80)91832-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Goroncy-Bermes P., Dale J. B., Beachey E. H., Opferkuch W. Monoclonal antibody to human renal glomeruli cross-reacts with streptococcal M protein. Infect Immun. 1987 Oct;55(10):2416–2419. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.10.2416-2419.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Goto Y., Hamaguchi K. Role of amino-terminal residues in the folding of the constant fragment of the immunoglobulin light chain. Biochemistry. 1987 Apr 7;26(7):1879–1884. doi: 10.1021/bi00381a014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Guss B., Eliasson M., Olsson A., Uhlén M., Frej A. K., Jörnvall H., Flock J. I., Lindberg M. Structure of the IgG-binding regions of streptococcal protein G. EMBO J. 1986 Jul;5(7):1567–1575. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04398.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Guss B., Uhlén M., Nilsson B., Lindberg M., Sjöquist J., Sjödahl J. Region X, the cell-wall-attachment part of staphylococcal protein A. Eur J Biochem. 1984 Jan 16;138(2):413–420. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb07931.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. HIRSCH J. G., CHURCH A. B. Studies of phagocytosis of group A streptococci by polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro. J Exp Med. 1960 Mar 1;111:309–322. doi: 10.1084/jem.111.3.309. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. HOOK E. W., WAGNER R. R., LANCEFIELD R. C. An epizootic in Swiss mice caused by a group A Streptococcus, newly designated type 50. Am J Hyg. 1960 Jul;72:111–119. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120127. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Haanes-Fritz E., Kraus W., Burdett V., Dale J. B., Beachey E. H., Cleary P. Comparison of the leader sequences of four group A streptococcal M protein genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 May 25;16(10):4667–4677. doi: 10.1093/nar/16.10.4667. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Hafez K., El Kholy A. M., Facklam R. R. Extraction of group A streptococcal M protein with nitrous acid. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Nov;14(5):530–533. doi: 10.1128/jcm.14.5.530-533.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Hollingshead S. K., Fischetti V. A., Scott J. R. A highly conserved region present in transcripts encoding heterologous M proteins of group A streptococci. Infect Immun. 1987 Dec;55(12):3237–3239. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.12.3237-3239.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Hollingshead S. K., Fischetti V. A., Scott J. R. Complete nucleotide sequence of type 6 M protein of the group A Streptococcus. Repetitive structure and membrane anchor. J Biol Chem. 1986 Feb 5;261(4):1677–1686. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Hollingshead S. K., Fischetti V. A., Scott J. R. Size variation in group A streptococcal M protein is generated by homologous recombination between intragenic repeats. Mol Gen Genet. 1987 May;207(2-3):196–203. doi: 10.1007/BF00331578. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Horstmann R. D., Sievertsen H. J., Knobloch J., Fischetti V. A. Antiphagocytic activity of streptococcal M protein: selective binding of complement control protein factor H. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Mar;85(5):1657–1661. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.5.1657. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Hruby D. E., Hodges W. M., Wilson E. M., Franke C. A., Fischetti V. A. Expression of streptococcal M protein in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Aug;85(15):5714–5717. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.15.5714. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Hryniewicz W., Lipinski B., Jeljaszewicz J. Nature of the interaction between M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes and fibrinogen. J Infect Dis. 1972 Jun;125(6):626–630. doi: 10.1093/infdis/125.6.626. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Jacks-Weis J., Kim Y., Cleary P. P. Restricted deposition of C3 on M+ group A streptococci: correlation with resistance to phagocytosis. J Immunol. 1982 Apr;128(4):1897–1902. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Jolivet M., Audibert F., Beachey E. H., Tartar A., Gras-Masse H., Chedid L. Epitope specific immunity elicited by a synthetic streptococcal antigen without carrier or adjuvant. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1983 Dec 16;117(2):359–366. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(83)91208-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Jones K. F., Fischetti V. A. Biological and immunochemical identity of M protein on group G streptococci with M protein on group A streptococci. Infect Immun. 1987 Mar;55(3):502–506. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.3.502-506.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Jones K. F., Fischetti V. A. The importance of the location of antibody binding on the M6 protein for opsonization and phagocytosis of group A M6 streptococci. J Exp Med. 1988 Mar 1;167(3):1114–1123. doi: 10.1084/jem.167.3.1114. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Jones K. F., Hollingshead S. K., Scott J. R., Fischetti V. A. Spontaneous M6 protein size mutants of group A streptococci display variation in antigenic and opsonogenic epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Nov;85(21):8271–8275. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.21.8271. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Jones K. F., Khan S. A., Erickson B. W., Hollingshead S. K., Scott J. R., Fischetti V. A. Immunochemical localization and amino acid sequences of crossreactive epitopes within the group A streptococcal M6 protein. J Exp Med. 1986 Oct 1;164(4):1226–1238. doi: 10.1084/jem.164.4.1226. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Jones K. F., Manjula B. N., Johnston K. H., Hollingshead S. K., Scott J. R., Fischetti V. A. Location of variable and conserved epitopes among the multiple serotypes of streptococcal M protein. J Exp Med. 1985 Mar 1;161(3):623–628. doi: 10.1084/jem.161.3.623. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. KANTOR F. S. FIBRINOGEN PRECIPITATION BY STREPTOCOCCAL M PROTEIN. I. IDENTITY OF THE REACTANTS, AND STOICHIOMETRY OF THE REACTION. J Exp Med. 1965 May 1;121:849–859. doi: 10.1084/jem.121.5.849. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. KAPLAN M. H. IMMUNOLOGIC RELATION OF STREPTOCOCCAL AND TISSUE ANTIGENS. I. PROPERTIES OF AN ANTIGEN IN CERTAIN STRAINS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI EXHIBITING AN IMMUNOLOGIC CROSS-REACTION WITH HUMAN HEART TISSUE. J Immunol. 1963 Apr;90:595–606. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. KAPLAN M. H., MEYESERIAN M. An immunological cross-reaction between group-A streptococcal cells and human heart tissue. Lancet. 1962 Apr 7;1(7232):706–710. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(62)91653-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Kaplan E. L., Gastanaduy A. S., Huwe B. B. The role of the carrier in treatment failures after antibiotic for group A streptococci in the upper respiratory tract. J Lab Clin Med. 1981 Sep;98(3):326–335. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Kehoe M. A., Poirier T. P., Beachey E. H., Timmis K. N. Cloning and genetic analysis of serotype 5 M protein determinant of group A streptococci: evidence for multiple copies of the M5 determinant in the Streptococcus pyogenes genome. Infect Immun. 1985 Apr;48(1):190–197. doi: 10.1128/iai.48.1.190-197.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Khandke K. M., Fairwell T., Acharya A. S., Trus B. L., Manjula B. N. Complete amino acid sequence of streptococcal PepM49 protein, a nephritis-associated serotype. Conserved conformational design among sequentially distinct M protein serotypes. J Biol Chem. 1988 Apr 15;263(11):5075–5082. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Khandke K. M., Fairwell T., Manjula B. N. Difference in the structural features of streptococcal M proteins from nephritogenic and rheumatogenic serotypes. J Exp Med. 1987 Jul 1;166(1):151–162. doi: 10.1084/jem.166.1.151. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Kilian M., Mestecky J., Russell M. W. Defense mechanisms involving Fc-dependent functions of immunoglobulin A and their subversion by bacterial immunoglobulin A proteases. Microbiol Rev. 1988 Jun;52(2):296–303. doi: 10.1128/mr.52.2.296-303.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Kraus W., Beachey E. H. Renal autoimmune epitope of group A streptococci specified by M protein tetrapeptide Ile-Arg-Leu-Arg. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Jun;85(12):4516–4520. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.12.4516. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Kraus W., Haanes-Fritz E., Cleary P. P., Seyer J. M., Dale J. B., Beachey E. H. Sequence and type-specific immunogenicity of the amino-terminal region of type 1 streptococcal M protein. J Immunol. 1987 Nov 1;139(9):3084–3090. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Krisher K., Cunningham M. W. Myosin: a link between streptococci and heart. Science. 1985 Jan 25;227(4685):413–415. doi: 10.1126/science.2578225. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Kronvall G., Schönbeck C., Myhre E. Fibrinogen binding structures in beta-hemolytic streptococci group A, C, and G. Comparisons with receptors for IgG and aggregated beta 2-microglobulin. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B. 1979 Oct;87(5):303–310. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Kurl D. N., Stjernquist-Desatnik A., Schalén C., Christensen P. Induction of local immunity to group A streptococci type M50 in mice by non-type-specific mechanisms. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand B. 1985 Dec;93(6):401–405. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1985.tb02909.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Kuttner A. G., Krumwiede E. OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF STREPTOCOCCAL UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS ON RHEUMATIC CHILDREN: A THREE-YEAR STUDY. J Clin Invest. 1941 May;20(3):273–287. doi: 10.1172/JCI101220. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Kuttner A. G., Lenert T. F. THE OCCURRENCE OF BACTERIOSTATIC PROPERTIES IN THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS AFTER RECOVERY FROM STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS. J Clin Invest. 1944 Mar;23(2):151–161. doi: 10.1172/JCI101478. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. LANCEFIELD R. C. Current knowledge of type-specific M antigens of group A streptococci. J Immunol. 1962 Sep;89:307–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. LANCEFIELD R. C. Differentiation of group A streptococci with a common R antigen into three serological types, with special reference to the bactericidal test. J Exp Med. 1957 Oct 1;106(4):525–544. doi: 10.1084/jem.106.4.525. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. LANCEFIELD R. C. Persistence of type-specific antibodies in man following infection with group A streptococci. J Exp Med. 1959 Aug 1;110(2):271–292. doi: 10.1084/jem.110.2.271. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Lancefield R. C. THE ANTIGENIC COMPLEX OF STREPTOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS : I. DEMONSTRATION OF A TYPE-SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE IN EXTRACTS OF STREPTOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS. J Exp Med. 1928 Jan 1;47(1):91–103. doi: 10.1084/jem.47.1.91. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Lipman D. J., Pearson W. R. Rapid and sensitive protein similarity searches. Science. 1985 Mar 22;227(4693):1435–1441. doi: 10.1126/science.2983426. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. MAXTED W. R. Occurrence of the M. substance of type 28 group A in streptococci of Lancefield groups B, C and G. J Gen Microbiol. 1949 Jan;3(1):1–6. doi: 10.1099/00221287-3-1-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Manjula B. N., Acharya A. S., Fairwell T., Fischetti V. A. Antigenic domains of the streptococcal Pep M5 protein. Localization of epitopes crossreactive with type 6 M protein and identification of a hypervariable region of the M molecule. J Exp Med. 1986 Jan 1;163(1):129–138. doi: 10.1084/jem.163.1.129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Manjula B. N., Acharya A. S., Mische S. M., Fairwell T., Fischetti V. A. The complete amino acid sequence of a biologically active 197-residue fragment of M protein isolated from type 5 group A streptococci. J Biol Chem. 1984 Mar 25;259(6):3686–3693. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Manjula B. N., Fischetti V. A. Sequence homology of group A streptococcal Pep M5 protein with other coiled-coil proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Oct 30;140(2):684–690. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(86)90786-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Manjula B. N., Fischetti V. A. Studies on group A streptococcal M-proteins: purification of type 5 M-protein and comparison of its amino terminal sequence with two immunologically unrelated M-protein molecules. J Immunol. 1980 Jan;124(1):261–267. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Manjula B. N., Fischetti V. A. Tropomyosin-like seven residue periodicity in three immunologically distinct streptococal M proteins and its implications for the antiphagocytic property of the molecule. J Exp Med. 1980 Mar 1;151(3):695–708. doi: 10.1084/jem.151.3.695. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Manjula B. N., Mische S. M., Fischetti V. A. Primary structure of streptococcal Pep M5 protein: Absence of extensive sequence repeats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Sep;80(18):5475–5479. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.18.5475. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Manjula B. N. Molecular aspects of the phagocytosis resistance of group A streptococci. Eur J Epidemiol. 1988 Sep;4(3):289–300. doi: 10.1007/BF00148912. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Manjula B. N., Schmidt M. L., Fischetti V. A. Unimpaired function of human phagocytes in the presence of phagocytosis-resistant group A streptococci. Infect Immun. 1985 Dec;50(3):610–613. doi: 10.1128/iai.50.3.610-613.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Manjula B. N., Trus B. L., Fischetti V. A. Presence of two distinct regions in the coiled-coil structure of the streptococcal Pep M5 protein: relationship to mammalian coiled-coil proteins and implications to its biological properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Feb;82(4):1064–1068. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.4.1064. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Maxted W. R., Potter E. V. The presence of type 12 M-protein antigen in group G streptococci. J Gen Microbiol. 1967 Oct;49(1):119–125. doi: 10.1099/00221287-49-1-119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. McLachlan A. D., Karn J. Periodic features in the amino acid sequence of nematode myosin rod. J Mol Biol. 1983 Mar 15;164(4):605–626. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(83)90053-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Meyer T. F., Mlawer N., So M. Pilus expression in Neisseria gonorrhoeae involves chromosomal rearrangement. Cell. 1982 Aug;30(1):45–52. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90010-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Miller L., Burdett V., Poirier T. P., Gray L. D., Beachey E. H., Kehoe M. A. Conservation of protective and nonprotective epitopes in M proteins of group A streptococci. Infect Immun. 1988 Aug;56(8):2198–2204. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.8.2198-2204.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Miller L., Gray L., Beachey E., Kehoe M. Antigenic variation among group A streptococcal M proteins. Nucleotide sequence of the serotype 5 M protein gene and its relationship with genes encoding types 6 and 24 M proteins. J Biol Chem. 1988 Apr 25;263(12):5668–5673. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Miller V. L., Mekalanos J. J. Synthesis of cholera toxin is positively regulated at the transcriptional level by toxR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Jun;81(11):3471–3475. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.11.3471. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Mische S. M., Manjula B. N., Fischetti V. A. Relation of streptococcal M protein with human and rabbit tropomyosin: the complete amino acid sequence of human cardiac alpha tropomyosin, a highly conserved contractile protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1987 Feb 13;142(3):813–818. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(87)91486-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Mohr D. N., Feist D. J., Washington J. A., 2nd, Hermans P. E. Infections due to group C streptococci in man. Am J Med. 1979 Mar;66(3):450–456. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(79)91067-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Morávek L., Kühnemund O., Havlícek J., Kopecký P., Pavlík M. Type 1 M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes. N-terminal sequence and peptic fragments. FEBS Lett. 1986 Nov 24;208(2):435–438. doi: 10.1016/0014-5793(86)81064-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Mouw A. R., Beachey E. H., Burdett V. Molecular evolution of streptococcal M protein: cloning and nucleotide sequence of the type 24 M protein gene and relation to other genes of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Bacteriol. 1988 Feb;170(2):676–684. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.2.676-684.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Müller-Eberhard H. J., Schreiber R. D. Molecular biology and chemistry of the alternative pathway of complement. Adv Immunol. 1980;29:1–53. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60042-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Ofek I., Bergner-Rabinowitz S., Davies A. M. Opsonic capacity of type specific streptococcal antibodies. Isr J Med Sci. 1969 May-Jun;5(3):293–296. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Ofek I., Simpson W. A., Beachey E. H. Formation of molecular complexes between a structurally defined M protein and acylated or deacylated lipoteichoic acid of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Bacteriol. 1982 Feb;149(2):426–433. doi: 10.1128/jb.149.2.426-433.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Olsson A., Eliasson M., Guss B., Nilsson B., Hellman U., Lindberg M., Uhlén M. Structure and evolution of the repetitive gene encoding streptococcal protein G. Eur J Biochem. 1987 Oct 15;168(2):319–324. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13423.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Owen M. J., Auger J., Barber B. H., Edwards A. J., Walsh F. S., Crumpton M. J. Actin may be present on the lymphocyte surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Sep;75(9):4484–4488. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.9.4484. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. PERUTZ M. F. New x-ray evidence on the configuration of polypeptide chains. Nature. 1951 Jun 30;167(4261):1053–1054. doi: 10.1038/1671053a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Pancholi V., Fischetti V. A. Isolation and characterization of the cell-associated region of group A streptococcal M6 protein. J Bacteriol. 1988 Jun;170(6):2618–2624. doi: 10.1128/jb.170.6.2618-2624.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Parry D. A. Coiled-coils in alpha-helix-containing proteins: analysis of the residue types within the heptad repeat and the use of these data in the prediction of coiled-coils in other proteins. Biosci Rep. 1982 Dec;2(12):1017–1024. doi: 10.1007/BF01122170. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Parry D. A., Crewther W. G., Fraser R. D., MacRae T. P. Structure of alpha-keratin: structural implication of the amino acid sequences of the type I and type II chain segments. J Mol Biol. 1977 Jun 25;113(2):449–454. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90153-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Parry D. A. Structure of rabbit skeletal myosin. Analysis of the amino acid sequences of two fragments from the rod region. J Mol Biol. 1981 Dec 5;153(2):459–464. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90290-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Peterson P. A., Rask L., Sege K., Klareskog L., Anundi H., Ostberg L. Evolutionary relationship between immunoglobulins and transplantation antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Apr;72(4):1612–1616. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.4.1612. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Peterson P. K., Schmeling D., Cleary P. P., Wilkinson B. J., Kim Y., Quie P. G. Inhibition of alternative complement pathway opsonization by group A streptococcal M protein. J Infect Dis. 1979 May;139(5):575–585. doi: 10.1093/infdis/139.5.575. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Phillips G. N., Jr, Flicker P. F., Cohen C., Manjula B. N., Fischetti V. A. Streptococcal M protein: alpha-helical coiled-coil structure and arrangement on the cell surface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Aug;78(8):4689–4693. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.8.4689. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Poirier T. P., Kehoe M. A., Beachey E. H. Protective immunity evoked by oral administration of attenuated aroA Salmonella typhimurium expressing cloned streptococcal M protein. J Exp Med. 1988 Jul 1;168(1):25–32. doi: 10.1084/jem.168.1.25. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Polly S. M., Waldman R. H., High P., Wittner M. K., Dorfman A. Protective studies with a group A streptococcal M protein vaccine. II. Challange of volenteers after local immunization in the upper respiratory tract. J Infect Dis. 1975 Mar;131(3):217–224. doi: 10.1093/infdis/131.3.217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Quinn R. W., Vander Zwaag R., Lowry P. N. Acquisition of group A streptococcal M protein antibodies. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1985 Jul-Aug;4(4):374–378. doi: 10.1097/00006454-198507000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. RAMMELKAMP C. H., Jr, WEAVER R. S. Acute glomerulonephritis, the significance of the variations in the incidence of the disease. J Clin Invest. 1953 Apr;32(4):345–358. doi: 10.1172/JCI102745. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Robbins J. C., Spanier J. G., Jones S. J., Simpson W. J., Cleary P. P. Streptococcus pyogenes type 12 M protein gene regulation by upstream sequences. J Bacteriol. 1987 Dec;169(12):5633–5640. doi: 10.1128/jb.169.12.5633-5640.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Rothbard S. BACTERIOSTATIC EFFECT OF HUMAN SERA ON GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI : I. TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES IN SERA OF PATIENTS CONVALESCING FROM GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS. J Exp Med. 1945 Aug 1;82(2):93–106. doi: 10.1084/jem.82.2.93. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Rotta J., Krause R. M., Lancefield R. C., Everly W., Lackland H. New approaches for the laboratory recognition of M types of group A streptococci. J Exp Med. 1971 Nov 1;134(5):1298–1315. doi: 10.1084/jem.134.5.1298. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Russell H., Facklam R. R. Guanidine extraction of streptococcal M protein. Infect Immun. 1975 Sep;12(3):679–686. doi: 10.1128/iai.12.3.679-686.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Sabatini D. D., Kreibich G., Morimoto T., Adesnik M. Mechanisms for the incorporation of proteins in membranes and organelles. J Cell Biol. 1982 Jan;92(1):1–22. doi: 10.1083/jcb.92.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Sargent S. J., Beachey E. H., Corbett C. E., Dale J. B. Sequence of protective epitopes of streptococcal M proteins shared with cardiac sarcolemmal membranes. J Immunol. 1987 Aug 15;139(4):1285–1290. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Scott J. R., Fischetti V. A. Expression of streptococcal M protein in Escherichia coli. Science. 1983 Aug 19;221(4612):758–760. doi: 10.1126/science.6192499. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Scott J. R., Guenthner P. C., Malone L. M., Fischetti V. A. Conversion of an M- group A streptococcus to M+ by transfer of a plasmid containing an M6 gene. J Exp Med. 1986 Nov 1;164(5):1641–1651. doi: 10.1084/jem.164.5.1641. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Scott J. R., Hollingshead S. K., Fischetti V. A. Homologous regions within M protein genes in group A streptococci of different serotypes. Infect Immun. 1986 May;52(2):609–612. doi: 10.1128/iai.52.2.609-612.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Scott J. R., Pulliam W. M., Hollingshead S. K., Fischetti V. A. Relationship of M protein genes in group A streptococci. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Mar;82(6):1822–1826. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.6.1822. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Shearer W. T., Gilliam E. B. PGE1 not PGF2 alpha reverses the anti-actin antibody stimulation of protein phosphorylation and DNA synthesis in L cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1984 Oct 15;124(1):23–28. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(84)90910-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Shinoda T., Takahashi N., Takayasu T., Okuyama T., Shimizu A. Complete amino acid sequence of the Fc region of a human delta chain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Feb;78(2):785–789. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.2.785. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Simpson W. J., Cleary P. P. Expression of M type 12 protein by a group A streptococcus exhibits phaselike variation: evidence for coregulation of colony opacity determinants and M protein. Infect Immun. 1987 Oct;55(10):2448–2455. doi: 10.1128/iai.55.10.2448-2455.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Simpson W. J., Robbins J. C., Cleary P. P. Evidence for group A-related M protein genes in human but not animal-associated group G streptococcal pathogens. Microb Pathog. 1987 Nov;3(5):339–350. doi: 10.1016/0882-4010(87)90004-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Spanier J. G., Jones S. J., Cleary P. Small DNA deletions creating avirulence in Streptococcus pyogenes. Science. 1984 Aug 31;225(4665):935–938. doi: 10.1126/science.6089334. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Srivastava S. K., Barnum D. A., Prescott J. F. Production and biological properties of M-protein of Streptococcus equi. Res Vet Sci. 1985 Mar;38(2):184–188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Steinert P. M., Steven A. C., Roop D. R. The molecular biology of intermediate filaments. Cell. 1985 Sep;42(2):411–420. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90098-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Streisinger G., Okada Y., Emrich J., Newton J., Tsugita A., Terzaghi E., Inouye M. Frameshift mutations and the genetic code. This paper is dedicated to Professor Theodosius Dobzhansky on the occasion of his 66th birthday. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1966;31:77–84. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1966.031.01.014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Swanson J., Hsu K. C., Gotschlich E. C. Electron microscopic studies on streptococci. I. M antigen. J Exp Med. 1969 Nov 1;130(5):1063–1091. doi: 10.1084/jem.130.5.1063. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Swanson J., Robbins K., Barrera O., Corwin D., Boslego J., Ciak J., Blake M., Koomey J. M. Gonococcal pilin variants in experimental gonorrhea. J Exp Med. 1987 May 1;165(5):1344–1357. doi: 10.1084/jem.165.5.1344. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Swift H. F., Wilson A. T., Lancefield R. C. TYPING GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI BY M PRECIPITIN REACTIONS IN CAPILLARY PIPETTES. J Exp Med. 1943 Aug 1;78(2):127–133. doi: 10.1084/jem.78.2.127. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Timoney J. F., Eggers D. Serum bactericidal responses to Streptococcus equi of horses following infection or vaccination. Equine Vet J. 1985 Jul;17(4):306–310. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02505.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Uhlén M., Guss B., Nilsson B., Gatenbeck S., Philipson L., Lindberg M. Complete sequence of the staphylococcal gene encoding protein A. A gene evolved through multiple duplications. J Biol Chem. 1984 Feb 10;259(3):1695–1702. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Vosti K. L. Characterization of a non-type-specific antigen(s) associated with group A streptococcal type 12 M protein. Infect Immun. 1975 Jun;11(6):1300–1306. doi: 10.1128/iai.11.6.1300-1305.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Vosti K. L., Williams W. K. Extraction of streptococcal type 12 M protein by cyanogen bromide. Infect Immun. 1978 Aug;21(2):546–555. doi: 10.1128/iai.21.2.546-555.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Wannamaker L. W. The chain that links the heart to the throat. Circulation. 1973 Jul;48(1):9–18. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.48.1.9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Weiler J. M., Daha M. R., Austen K. F., Fearon D. T. Control of the amplification convertase of complement by the plasma protein beta1H. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Sep;73(9):3268–3272. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.9.3268. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Weiss A. A., Falkow S. Genetic analysis of phase change in Bordetella pertussis. Infect Immun. 1984 Jan;43(1):263–269. doi: 10.1128/iai.43.1.263-269.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Whitnack E., Beachey E. H. Antiopsonic activity of fibrinogen bound to M protein on the surface of group A streptococci. J Clin Invest. 1982 Apr;69(4):1042–1045. doi: 10.1172/JCI110508. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Whitnack E., Beachey E. H. Biochemical and biological properties of the binding of human fibrinogen to M protein in group A streptococci. J Bacteriol. 1985 Oct;164(1):350–358. doi: 10.1128/jb.164.1.350-358.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Whitnack E., Beachey E. H. Inhibition of complement-mediated opsonization and phagocytosis of Streptococcus pyogenes by D fragments of fibrinogen and fibrin bound to cell surface M protein. J Exp Med. 1985 Dec 1;162(6):1983–1997. doi: 10.1084/jem.162.6.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Whitnack E., Dale J. B., Beachey E. H. Common protective antigens of group A streptococcal M proteins masked by fibrinogen. J Exp Med. 1984 Apr 1;159(4):1201–1212. doi: 10.1084/jem.159.4.1201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Widdowson J. P., Maxted W. R., Grant D. L., Pinney A. M. The relationship between M-antigen and opacity factor in group A streptococci. J Gen Microbiol. 1971 Jan;65(1):69–80. doi: 10.1099/00221287-65-1-69. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Widdowson J. P., Maxted W. R., Pinney A. M. An M-associated protein antigen (MAP) of group A streptococci. J Hyg (Lond) 1971 Dec;69(4):553–564. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400021823. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Widdowson J. P., Maxted W. R., Pinney A. M. Immunological heterogeneity among the M-associated protein antigens of group-A streptococci. J Med Microbiol. 1976 Feb;9(1):73–88. doi: 10.1099/00222615-9-1-73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Williams K. R., Spicer E. K., LoPresti M. B., Guggenheimer R. A., Chase J. W. Limited proteolysis studies on the Escherichia coli single-stranded DNA binding protein. Evidence for a functionally homologous domain in both the Escherichia coli and T4 DNA binding proteins. J Biol Chem. 1983 Mar 10;258(5):3346–3355. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Wittner M. K., Fox E. N. Homologous and heterologous protection of mice with group A streptococcal M protein vaccines. Infect Immun. 1977 Jan;15(1):104–108. doi: 10.1128/iai.15.1.104-108.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Woolcock J. B. Purification and antigenicity of an M-like protein of Streptococcus equi. Infect Immun. 1974 Jul;10(1):116–122. doi: 10.1128/iai.10.1.116-122.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Wright S. D., Weitz J. I., Huang A. J., Levin S. M., Silverstein S. C., Loike J. D. Complement receptor type three (CD11b/CD18) of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes recognizes fibrinogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 Oct;85(20):7734–7738. doi: 10.1073/pnas.85.20.7734. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Zabriskie J. B., Freimer E. H. An immunological relationship between the group. A streptococcus and mammalian muscle. J Exp Med. 1966 Oct 1;124(4):661–678. doi: 10.1084/jem.124.4.661. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. van de Rijn I., Fischetti V. A. Immunochemical analysis of intact M protein secreted from cell wall-less streptococci. Infect Immun. 1981 Apr;32(1):86–91. doi: 10.1128/iai.32.1.86-91.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. van de Rijn I., Zabriskie J. B., McCarty M. Group A streptococcal antigens cross-reactive with myocardium. Purification of heart-reactive antibody and isolation and characterization of the streptococcal antigen. J Exp Med. 1977 Aug 1;146(2):579–599. doi: 10.1084/jem.146.2.579. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Microbiology Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES