Skip to main content
PMC home page
Clinical Microbiology Reviews logoLink to Clinical Microbiology Reviews
. 1992 Jan;5(1):1–25. doi: 10.1128/cmr.5.1.1

Agents of newly recognized or infrequently encountered mycobacterial diseases.

L G Wayne 1, H A Sramek 1
PMCID: PMC358220  PMID: 1735092

Abstract

This paper reviews recent information on the systematics and clinical significance of potentially pathogenic environmental mycobacteria. A short history of these mycobacteria is given. Information on species for which clinical and systematic aspects have already been well documented, i.e., Mycobacterium kansasii, M. marinum, M. scrofulaceum, M. simiae, M. szulgai, M. ulcerans, M. xenopi, and members of the M. fortuitum complex, is updated. Although the M. avium complex was extensively reviewed in earlier literature, major new systematic and clinical information is presented in some detail. Species that have received very limited prior coverage, i.e., M. asiaticum, M. haemophilum, M. malmoense, and M. shimoidei, are the main subjects of this review and are discussed in detail. The rare infections attributed to species that are normally considered nonpathogenic, i.e., M. gastri, M. gordonae, the M. terrae complex, and most of the rapidly growing mycobacteria outside of the M. fortuitum complex, are critically reviewed. Finally, suggestions are offered for practical measures that can minimize the risk of failing to isolate or misidentifying some of the more obscure potentially pathogenic environmental mycobacteria that are only infrequently recognized.

Full text

PDF
5

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abbott M. R., Smith D. D. Mycobacterial infections in immunosuppressed patients. Med J Aust. 1981 Apr 4;1(7):351–353. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1981.tb135629.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alberts W. M., Chandler K. W., Solomon D. A., Goldman A. L. Pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium malmoense. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 Jun;135(6):1375–1378. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1987.135.6.1375. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ausina V., Barrio J., Luquin M., Sambeat M. A., Gurgui M., Verger G., Prats G. Mycobacterium xenopi infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Dec 1;109(11):927–928. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-109-11-927_2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BUHLER V. B., POLLAK A. Human infection with atypical acid-fast organisms; report of two cases with pathologic findings. Am J Clin Pathol. 1953 Apr;23(4):363–374. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/23.4.363. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Baess I. Deoxyribonucleic acid relationships between different serovars of Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand B. 1983 Jun;91(3):201–203. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1983.tb00033.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Baess I., Magnusson M. Classification of Mycobacterium simiae by means of comparative reciprocal intradermal sensitin testing on guinea-pigs and deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand B. 1982 Apr;90(2):101–107. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1982.tb00089.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Banks J., Jenkins P. A., Smith A. P. Pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium malmoense--a review of treatment and response. Tubercle. 1985 Sep;66(3):197–203. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(85)90037-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Banks J., Smith A. P., Jenkins P. A. Mycobacterium malmoense--problems with treatment and diagnosis--a case report. Tubercle. 1983 Sep;64(3):217–219. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(83)90017-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bannister E. R., Condon E., Cohen R., Manos J. P. Rapid detection of Mycobacterium chelonei ss abscessus by a radiometric technique. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1981 Nov-Dec;11(6):538–541. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Barclay J., Stanbridge T. N., Doyle L. Pneumonectomy for drug resistant mycobacterium malmoense. Thorax. 1983 Oct;38(10):796–797. doi: 10.1136/thx.38.10.796. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Barrow W. W., Ullom B. P., Brennan P. J. Peptidoglycolipid nature of the superficial cell wall sheath of smooth-colony-forming mycobacteria. J Bacteriol. 1980 Nov;144(2):814–822. doi: 10.1128/jb.144.2.814-822.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Beckman E. N., Pankey G. A., McFarland G. B. The histopathology of Mycobacterium marinum synovitis. Am J Clin Pathol. 1985 Apr;83(4):457–462. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/83.4.457. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Berman L. B. Infection of synovial tissue by Mycobacterium gordonae. Can Med Assoc J. 1983 Nov 15;129(10):1078–1079. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Blacklock Z. M., Dawson D. J., Kane D. W., McEvoy D. Mycobacterium asiaticum as a potential pulmonary pathogen for humans. A clinical and bacteriologic review of five cases. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Feb;127(2):241–244. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.127.2.241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Branger B., Gouby A., Oulès R., Balducchi J. P., Mourad G., Fourcade J., Mion C., Duntz F., Ramuz M. Mycobacterium haemophilum and mycobacterium xenopi associated infection in a renal transplant patient. Clin Nephrol. 1985 Jan;23(1):46–49. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Brown J. W., 3rd, Sanders C. V. Mycobacterium marinum infections. A problem of recognition, not therapy? Arch Intern Med. 1987 May;147(5):817–818. doi: 10.1001/archinte.147.5.817. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Brown T. H. The rapidly growing mycobacteria--Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei. Infect Control. 1985 Jul;6(7):283–288. doi: 10.1017/s0195941700061762. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Butler W. R., Kilburn J. O. Identification of major slowly growing pathogenic mycobacteria and Mycobacterium gordonae by high-performance liquid chromatography of their mycolic acids. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Jan;26(1):50–53. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.1.50-53.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Butorac R., Littlejohn G. O., Hooper J. Mycobacterial disease in the musculoskeletal system. Med J Aust. 1987 Oct 19;147(8):388–391. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1987.tb133558.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. CUTTINO J. T., McCABE A. M. Pure granulomatous nocardiosis, a new fungus disease distinguished by intracellular parasitism; a description of a new disease in man due to a hitherto undescribed organism, Nocardia intracellularis, n. sp., including a study of the biologic and pathogenic properties of this species. Am J Pathol. 1949 Jan;25(1):1–47. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Carson L. A., Petersen N. J., Favero M. S., Aguero S. M. Growth characteristics of atypical mycobacteria in water and their comparative resistance to disinfectants. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1978 Dec;36(6):839–846. doi: 10.1128/aem.36.6.839-846.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Casimir M. T., Fainstein V., Papadopolous N. Cavitary lung infection caused by Mycobacterium flavescens. South Med J. 1982 Feb;75(2):253–254. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198202000-00042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Chaisson R. E., Hopewell P. C. Mycobacteria and AIDS mortality. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Jan;139(1):1–3. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Chan J., McKitrick J. C., Klein R. S. Mycobacterium gordonae in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Sep;101(3):400–400. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-101-3-400_1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Chiodini R. J. Characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and organisms of the Mycobacterium avium complex by restriction polymorphism of the rRNA gene region. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Mar;28(3):489–494. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.3.489-494.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Chiodini R. J. Crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: a review and comparison of two disease entities. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1989 Jan;2(1):90–117. doi: 10.1128/cmr.2.1.90. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Chiodini R. J., Van Kruiningen H. J., Thayer W. R., Merkal R. S., Coutu J. A. Possible role of mycobacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. I. An unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1984 Dec;29(12):1073–1079. doi: 10.1007/BF01317078. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Chow S. P., Ip F. K., Lau J. H., Collins R. J., Luk K. D., So Y. C., Pun W. K. Mycobacterium marinum infection of the hand and wrist. Results of conservative treatment in twenty-four cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987 Oct;69(8):1161–1168. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Clague H., Hopkins C. A., Roberts C., Jenkins P. A. Pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium gordonae in the presence of bronchial carcinoma. Tubercle. 1985 Mar;66(1):61–63. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(85)90055-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Collins C. H., Grange J. M., Noble W. C., Yates M. D. Mycobacterium marinum infections in man. J Hyg (Lond) 1985 Apr;94(2):135–149. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400061349. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Collins D. M., Gabric D. M., De Lisle G. W. Identification of a repetitive DNA sequence specific to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1989 Jul 15;51(1):175–178. doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(89)90503-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Collins F. M. Mycobacterial disease, immunosuppression, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1989 Oct;2(4):360–377. doi: 10.1128/cmr.2.4.360. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Collop N. A. A solitary pulmonary nodule due to Mycobacterium gordonae. Respiration. 1990;57(5):351–352. doi: 10.1159/000195869. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Connolly M. J., Magee J. G., Hendrick D. J., Jenkins P. A. Mycobacterium malmoense in the north-east of England. Tubercle. 1985 Sep;66(3):211–217. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(85)90039-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Contreras M. A., Cheung O. T., Sanders D. E., Goldstein R. S. Pulmonary infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988 Jan;137(1):149–152. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.1.149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Costrini A. M., Mahler D. A., Gross W. M., Hawkins J. E., Yesner R., D'Esopo N. D. Clinical and roentgenographic features of nosocomial pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium xenopi. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1981 Jan;123(1):104–109. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1981.123.1.104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Crawford J. T., Bates J. H. Analysis of plasmids in Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare isolates from persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986 Oct;134(4):659–661. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1986.134.4.659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Czajka S., Kaleta C., Górska-Kowalska J., Trzciński K. Dwa przypadki zmian płucnych wywołanych przez pratki atypowe (Myc. gastri). Pneumonol Pol. 1979 Feb;47(2):121–126. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Damsker B., Bottone E. J., Deligdisch L. Mycobacterium xenopi: infection in an immunocompromised host. Hum Pathol. 1982 Sep;13(9):866–870. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(82)80084-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Dattwyler R. J., Thomas J., Hurst L. C. Antigen-specific T-cell anergy in progressive Mycobacterium marinum infection in humans. Ann Intern Med. 1987 Nov;107(5):675–677. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-107-5-675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Davis B. R., Brumbach J., Sanders W. J., Wolinsky E. Skin lesions caused by Mycobacterium haemophilum. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Nov;97(5):723–724. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-5-723. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Davison M. B., McCormack J. G., Blacklock Z. M., Dawson D. J., Tilse M. H., Crimmins F. B. Bacteremia caused by Mycobacterium neoaurum. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Apr;26(4):762–764. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.4.762-764.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Dawson D. J., Blacklock Z. M., Kane D. W. Mycobacterium haemophilum causing lymphadenitis in an otherwise healthy child. Med J Aust. 1981 Sep 19;2(6):289–290. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1981.tb128321.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Dawson D. J., Jennis F. Mycobacteria with a growth requirement for ferric ammonium citrate, identified as Mycobacterium haemophilum. J Clin Microbiol. 1980 Feb;11(2):190–192. doi: 10.1128/jcm.11.2.190-192.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Drake T. A., Hindler J. A., Berlin O. G., Bruckner D. A. Rapid identification of Mycobacterium avium complex in culture using DNA probes. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Aug;25(8):1442–1445. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.8.1442-1445.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Elston R. A. Missed diagnosis of mycobacterial infection. Lancet. 1989 May 20;1(8647):1144–1144. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92426-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Eng R. H., Forrester C., Smith S. M., Sobel H. Mycobacterium xenopi infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Chest. 1984 Jul;86(1):145–147. doi: 10.1378/chest.86.1.145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. FENNER F. The significance of the incubation period in infectious diseases. Med J Aust. 1950 Dec 2;2(23):813–818. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1950.tb106945.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Feldman R. A., Hershfield E. Mycobacterial skin infection by an unidentified species. A report of 29 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1974 Apr;80(4):445–452. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-80-4-445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Feyen J., Martens M., Mulier J. C. Infection of the knee joint with Mycobacterium xenopi. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983 Oct;(179):189–190. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. France A. J., McLeod D. T., Calder M. A., Seaton A. Mycobacterium malmoense infections in Scotland: an increasing problem. Thorax. 1987 Aug;42(8):593–595. doi: 10.1136/thx.42.8.593. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Fujisawa K., Watanabe H., Yamamoto K., Nasu T., Kitahara Y., Nakano M. Primary atypical mycobacteriosis of the intestine: a report of three cases. Gut. 1989 Apr;30(4):541–545. doi: 10.1136/gut.30.4.541. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Gannon M., Otridge B., Hone R., Dervan P., O'Loughlin S. Cutaneous Mycobacterium malmoense infection in an immunocompromised patient. Int J Dermatol. 1990 Mar;29(2):149–150. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1990.tb04092.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Gengoux P., Portaels F., Lachapelle J. M., Minnikin D. E., Tennstedt D., Tamigneau P. Skin granulomas due to Mycobacterium gordonae. Int J Dermatol. 1987 Apr;26(3):181–184. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1987.tb00888.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Gitnick G., Collins J., Beaman B., Brooks D., Arthur M., Imaeda T., Palieschesky M. Preliminary report on isolation of mycobacteria from patients with Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1989 Jun;34(6):925–932. doi: 10.1007/BF01540280. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Gonzalez R., Hanna B. A. Evaluation of Gen-Probe DNA hybridization systems for the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1987 Oct;8(2):69–77. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(87)90152-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Good R. C. From the Center for Disease Control. Isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria in the United States, 1979. J Infect Dis. 1980 Nov;142(5):779–783. doi: 10.1093/infdis/142.5.779. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Good R. C. Opportunistic pathogens in the genus Mycobacterium. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1985;39:347–369. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.39.100185.002023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Good R. C., Snider D. E., Jr Isolation of nontuberculous mycobacteria in the United States, 1980. J Infect Dis. 1982 Dec;146(6):829–833. doi: 10.1093/infdis/146.6.829. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Goodfellow M., Lind A., Mordarska H., Pattyn S., Tsukamura M. A co-operative numerical analysis of cultures considered to belong to the 'rhodochrous' taxon. J Gen Microbiol. 1974 Dec;85(2):291–302. doi: 10.1099/00221287-85-2-291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Graham D. Y., Markesich D. C., Yoshimura H. H. Mycobacteria and inflammatory bowel disease. Results of culture. Gastroenterology. 1987 Feb;92(2):436–442. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90139-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Grange J. M. Infection and disease due to the environmental mycobacteria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1987;81(2):179–182. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(87)90206-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Green E. P., Tizard M. L., Moss M. T., Thompson J., Winterbourne D. J., McFadden J. J., Hermon-Taylor J. Sequence and characteristics of IS900, an insertion element identified in a human Crohn's disease isolate of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989 Nov 25;17(22):9063–9073. doi: 10.1093/nar/17.22.9063. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Greene J. B., Sidhu G. S., Lewin S., Levine J. F., Masur H., Simberkoff M. S., Nicholas P., Good R. C., Zolla-Pazner S. B., Pollock A. A. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare: a cause of disseminated life-threatening infection in homosexuals and drug abusers. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Oct;97(4):539–546. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-4-539. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Gribetz A. R., Damsker B., Marchevsky A., Bottone E. J. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in pleural fluid. Assessment of clinical significance. Chest. 1985 Apr;87(4):495–498. doi: 10.1378/chest.87.4.495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Guthertz L. S., Damsker B., Bottone E. J., Ford E. G., Midura T. F., Janda J. M. Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare infections in patients with and without AIDS. J Infect Dis. 1989 Dec;160(6):1037–1041. doi: 10.1093/infdis/160.6.1037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Hampson S. J., Portaels F., Thompson J., Green E. P., Moss M. T., Hermon-Taylor J., McFadden J. J. DNA probes demonstrate a single highly conserved strain of Mycobacterium avium infecting AIDS patients. Lancet. 1989 Jan 14;1(8629):65–68. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91427-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Hawkins J. E. Scotochromogenic mycobacteria which appear intermediate between Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1977 Nov;116(5):963–964. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1977.116.5.963. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Heap B. J. Mycobacterium simiae as a cause of intra-abdominal disease: a case report. Tubercle. 1989 Sep;70(3):217–221. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(89)90055-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Heifets L. B. Rapid automated methods (BACTEC System) in clinical mycobacteriology. Semin Respir Infect. 1986 Dec;1(4):242–249. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Hirasuna J. D. Disseminated Mycobacterium kansasii infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Ann Intern Med. 1987 Nov;107(5):784–784. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-107-5-784_1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Hobby G. L., Redmond W. B., Runyon E. H., Schaefer W. B., Wayne L. G., Wichelhausen R. H. A study on pulmonary disease associated with mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis: identification and characterization of the mycobacteria. 18. A report of the Veterans Administration-Armed Forces Cooperative Study. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1967 Jun;95(6):954–971. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1967.95.6.954. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Hoffner S. E., Petrini B., Brennan P. J., Tsang A. Y., Källenius G. AIDS and Mycobacterium avium serovars in Sweden. Lancet. 1989 Aug 5;2(8658):336–337. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90525-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Horsburgh C. R., Jr, Selik R. M. The epidemiology of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989 Jan;139(1):4–7. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/139.1.4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Hoy J., Rolston K., Hopfer R. L. Pseudoepidemic of Mycobacterium fortuitum in bone marrow cultures. Am J Infect Control. 1987 Dec;15(6):268–271. doi: 10.1016/0196-6553(87)90121-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Huskisson E. C., Doyle D. V., Fowler E. F., Shaw E. J. Sausage digit due to radish bacillus. Ann Rheum Dis. 1981 Feb;40(1):90–91. doi: 10.1136/ard.40.1.90. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Isaac-Renton J. L., Allen E. A., Chao C. W., Grzybowski S., Whittaker E. I., Black W. A. Isolation and geographic distribution of Mycobacterium other than M. tuberculosis in British Columbia, 1972-81. CMAJ. 1985 Sep 15;133(6):573–576. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Jadeja L., Bolivar R., Wallace R. J., Jr, Silcox V. A., Bodey G. P. Bacteremia caused by a previously unidentified species of rapidly growing Mycobacterium successfully treated with vancomycin. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Oct;99(4):475–477. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-99-4-475. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Jenkins P. A. Mycobacterium malmoense. Tubercle. 1985 Sep;66(3):193–195. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(85)90036-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Jenkins P. A., Tsukamura M. Infections with Mycobacterium malmoense in England and Wales. Tubercle. 1979 Jun;60(2):71–76. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(79)90038-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Johnston J. M., Izumi A. K. Cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection ("swimming pool granuloma"). Clin Dermatol. 1987 Jul-Sep;5(3):68–75. doi: 10.1016/s0738-081x(87)80011-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Jones M. W., Wahid I. A. Mycobacterium marinum infections of the hand and wrist. Results of conservative treatment in twenty-four cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988 Apr;70(4):631–632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Karassova V., Weissfeiler J., Krasznay E. Occurrence of atypical mycobacteria in Macacus rhesus. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1965;12(3):275–282. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Katila M. L., Brander E., Backman A. Neonatal BCG vaccination and mycobacterial cervical adenitis in childhood. Tubercle. 1987 Dec;68(4):291–296. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(87)90070-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Katila M. L., Mattila J., Brander E. Enhancement of growth of Mycobacterium malmoense by acidic pH and pyruvate. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1989 Nov;8(11):998–1000. doi: 10.1007/BF01967574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Klatt E. C., Jensen D. F., Meyer P. R. Pathology of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol. 1987 Jul;18(7):709–714. doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(87)80242-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Krisher K. K., Kallay M. C., Nolte F. S. Primary pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium terrae complex. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1988 Nov;11(3):171–175. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(88)90020-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Kubica G. P., Baess I., Gordon R. E., Jenkins P. A., Kwapinski J. B., McDurmont C., Pattyn S. R., Saito H., Silcox V., Stanford J. L. A co-operative numerical analysis of rapidly growing mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol. 1972 Nov;73(1):55–70. doi: 10.1099/00221287-73-1-55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Kurnik P. B., Padmanabh U., Bonatsos C., Cynamon M. H. Mycobacterium gordonae as a human hepato-peritoneal pathogen, with a review of the literature. Am J Med Sci. 1983 Jan-Feb;285(1):45–48. doi: 10.1097/00000441-198301000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Kuze F., Mitsuoka A., Chiba W., Shimizu Y., Ito M., Teramatsu T., Maekawa N., Suzuki Y. Chronic pulmonary infection caused by Mycobacterium terrae complex: a resected case. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1983 Sep;128(3):561–565. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1983.128.3.561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. LaRocco M. T., Mortensen J. E., Robinson A. Mycobacterium fortuitum peritonitis in a patient undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1986 Feb;4(2):161–164. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(86)90151-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Lacaille F., Blanche S., Bodemer C., Durand C., De Prost Y., Gaillard J. L. Persistent Mycobacterium marinum infection in a child with probable visceral involvement. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1990 Jan;9(1):58–60. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199001000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Lambertus M. W., Mathisen G. E. Mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient with cryptosporidiosis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cutis. 1988 Jul;42(1):38–40. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Lavy A., Rusu R., Shaheen S. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in clinical specimens: etiological factor or contaminant? Isr J Med Sci. 1990 Jul;26(7):374–378. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Lavy A., Yoshpe-Purer Y. Isolation of Mycobacterium simiae from clinical specimens in Israel. Tubercle. 1982 Dec;63(4):279–285. doi: 10.1016/s0041-3879(82)80016-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Leysen D. C., Haemers A., Pattyn S. R. Mycobacteria and the new quinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989 Jan;33(1):1–5. doi: 10.1128/aac.33.1.1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Lim S. D., Todd J., Lopez J., Ford E., Janda J. M. Genotypic identification of pathogenic Mycobacterium species by using a nonradioactive oligonucleotide probe. J Clin Microbiol. 1991 Jun;29(6):1276–1278. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.6.1276-1278.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Linton I. M., Leahy S. I., Thomas G. W. Mycobacterium gastri peritonitis in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Aust N Z J Med. 1986 Apr;16(2):224–225. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1986.tb01155.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Liu F., Andrews D., Wright D. N. Mycobacterium thermoresistibile infection in an immunocompromised host. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Apr;19(4):546–547. doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.4.546-547.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. London R. D., Damsker B., Neibart E. P., Knorr B., Bottone E. J. Mycobacterium gordonae: an unusual peritoneal pathogen in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Med. 1988 Nov;85(5):703–704. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(88)80244-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Lévy-Frébault V. V., Thorel M. F., Varnerot A., Gicquel B. DNA polymorphism in Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, "wood pigeon mycobacteria," and related mycobacteria analyzed by field inversion gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol. 1989 Dec;27(12):2823–2826. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.12.2823-2826.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Lévy-Frébault V., Pangon B., Buré A., Katlama C., Marche C., David H. L. Mycobacterium simiae and Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare mixed infection in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Jan;25(1):154–157. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.154-157.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. MASSON A. M., PRISSICK F. H. Cervical lymphadenitis in children caused by chromogenic Mycobacteria. Can Med Assoc J. 1956 Nov 15;75(10):798–803. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Males B. M., West T. E., Bartholomew W. R. Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Jan;25(1):186–190. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.186-190.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Maloney J. M., Gregg C. R., Stephens D. S., Manian F. A., Rimland D. Infections caused by Mycobacterium szulgai in humans. Rev Infect Dis. 1987 Nov-Dec;9(6):1120–1126. doi: 10.1093/clinids/9.6.1120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Marchevsky A. M., Damsker B., Green S., Tepper S. The clinicopathological spectrum of non-tuberculous mycobacterial osteoarticular infections. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985 Jul;67(6):925–929. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. May D. C., Kutz J. E., Howell R. S., Raff M. J., Melo J. C. Mycobacterium terrae tenosynovitis: chronic infection in a previously healthy individual. South Med J. 1983 Nov;76(11):1445–1447. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. McBride M. E., Rudolph A. H., Tschen J. A., Cernoch P., Davis J., Brown B. A., Wallace R. J., Jr Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations for cutaneous Mycobacterium haemophilum infections. Arch Dermatol. 1991 Feb;127(2):276–277. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. McFadden J. J., Butcher P. D., Chiodini R. J., Hermon-Taylor J. Determination of genome size and DNA homology between an unclassified Mycobacterium species isolated from patients with Crohn's disease and other mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol. 1987 Jan;133(1):211–214. doi: 10.1099/00221287-133-1-211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. McFadden J. J., Butcher P. D., Chiodini R., Hermon-Taylor J. Crohn's disease-isolated mycobacteria are identical to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, as determined by DNA probes that distinguish between mycobacterial species. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 May;25(5):796–801. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.5.796-801.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. McFadden J. J., Butcher P. D., Thompson J., Chiodini R., Hermon-Taylor J. The use of DNA probes identifying restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms to examine the Mycobacterium avium complex. Mol Microbiol. 1987 Nov;1(3):283–291. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1987.tb01934.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. McIntyre P., Blacklock Z., McCormack J. G. Cutaneous infection with Mycobacterium gordonae. J Infect. 1987 Jan;14(1):71–78. doi: 10.1016/s0163-4453(87)90912-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Mehta J. B., Hovis W. M. Tenosynovitis of the forearm due to Mycobacterium terrae (radish bacillus). South Med J. 1983 Nov;76(11):1433–1435. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198311000-00028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Meissner G., Schröder K. H., Amadio G. E., Anz W., Chaparas S., Engel H. W., Jenkins P. A., Käppler W., Kleeberg H. H., Kubala E. A co-operative numerical analysis of nonscoto- and nonphotochromogenic slowly growing mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol. 1974 Aug;83(2):207–235. doi: 10.1099/00221287-83-2-207. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Merchant R., Irani A., Shah U. C., Daftary D., Sharma J., Joshi L. Disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis due to atypical type II-Mycobacteria gordonoe. Indian J Pediatr. 1984 May-Jun;51(410):295–297. doi: 10.1007/BF02754675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Mezo A., Jennis F., McCarthy S. W., Dawson D. J. Unusual mycobacteria in 5 cases of opportunistic infections. Pathology. 1979 Jul;11(3):377–384. doi: 10.3109/00313027909059014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Modilevsky T., Sattler F. R., Barnes P. F. Mycobacterial disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 1989 Oct;149(10):2201–2205. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Moore M. B., Newton C., Kaufman H. E. Chronic keratitis caused by Mycobacterium gordonae. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986 Oct 15;102(4):516–521. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(86)90083-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Moreno Guillen S., Sanz Hospital J., Gomez Mampaso E., Guerrero Espejo A., Ezpeleta Baquedano C., Ortega Calderon A. Gluteal abscess caused by Mycobacterium flavescens. Tubercle. 1986 Jun;67(2):151–153. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(86)90010-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Moulsdale M. T., Harper J. M., Thatcher G. N., Dunn B. L. Infection by Mycobacterium haemophilum, a metabolically fastidious acid-fast bacillus. Tubercle. 1983 Mar;64(1):29–36. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(83)90047-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Musial C. E., Tice L. S., Stockman L., Roberts G. D. Identification of mycobacteria from culture by using the Gen-Probe Rapid Diagnostic System for Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Oct;26(10):2120–2123. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.10.2120-2123.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. NORDEN A., LINELL F. A new type of pathogenic Mycobacterium. Nature. 1951 Nov 10;168(4280):826–826. doi: 10.1038/168826a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. O'Brien R. J., Geiter L. J., Snider D. E., Jr The epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases in the United States. Results from a national survey. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987 May;135(5):1007–1014. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1987.135.5.1007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. POLLAK A., BUHLER V. B. The cultural characteristics and animal pathogenicity of an atypical acid-fast organism which causes human disease. Am Rev Tuberc. 1955 Jan;71(1):74–87. doi: 10.1164/artpd.1955.71.1.74. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Pabst M. J., Gross J. M., Brozna J. P., Goren M. B. Inhibition of macrophage priming by sulfatide from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol. 1988 Jan 15;140(2):634–640. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Panwalker A. P., Fuhse E. Nosocomial Mycobacterium gordonae pseudoinfection from contaminated ice machines. Infect Control. 1986 Feb;7(2):67–70. doi: 10.1017/s0195941700063918. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Peters M., Schürmann D., Mayr A. C., Heterzer R., Pohle H. D., Ruf B. Immunosuppression and mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis: results from patients with and without HIV infection. Epidemiol Infect. 1989 Oct;103(2):293–300. doi: 10.1017/s095026880003065x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Pethel M. L., Falkinham J. O., 3rd Plasmid-influenced changes in Mycobacterium avium catalase activity. Infect Immun. 1989 Jun;57(6):1714–1718. doi: 10.1128/iai.57.6.1714-1718.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Picon M., Bissuel F., Causse X., Zukervar P., Ducarme F., Trepo C., Perrot H. Une mycobactérie atypique chez un sujet VIH positif: Mycobacterium marinum. Presse Med. 1991 Jan 19;20(2):82–82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Pitchenik A. E., Cole C., Russell B. W., Fischl M. A., Spira T. J., Snider D. E., Jr Tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteriosis, and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among Haitian and non-Haitian patients in south Florida. Ann Intern Med. 1984 Nov;101(5):641–645. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-101-5-641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Portaels F., Larsson L., Smeets P. Isolation of mycobacteria from healthy persons' stools. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1988 Sep;56(3):468–471. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Prosser A. J. Spinal infection with Mycobacterium xenopi. Tubercle. 1986 Sep;67(3):229–232. doi: 10.1016/s0041-3879(86)80030-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Rahman A. F., Sinclair A. L. Mycobacterium xenopi, pathogen of the future? Lancet. 1984 Dec 22;2(8417-8418):1467–1467. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91655-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Roberts C., Clague H., Jenkins P. A. Pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium malmoense: a report of 4 cases. Tubercle. 1985 Sep;66(3):205–209. doi: 10.1016/0041-3879(85)90038-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Robicsek F., Hoffman P. C., Masters T. N., Daugherty H. K., Cook J. W., Selle J. G., Mauney C. U., Hinson P. Rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria: a new enemy of the cardiac surgeon. Ann Thorac Surg. 1988 Dec;46(6):703–710. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)64742-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Rogall T., Flohr T., Böttger E. C. Differentiation of Mycobacterium species by direct sequencing of amplified DNA. J Gen Microbiol. 1990 Sep;136(9):1915–1920. doi: 10.1099/00221287-136-9-1915. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Rogall T., Wolters J., Flohr T., Böttger E. C. Towards a phylogeny and definition of species at the molecular level within the genus Mycobacterium. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1990 Oct;40(4):323–330. doi: 10.1099/00207713-40-4-323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Rogers P. L., Walker R. E., Lane H. C., Witebsky F. G., Kovacs J. A., Parrillo J. E., Masur H. Disseminated Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in two patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med. 1988 Mar;84(3 Pt 2):640–642. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(88)90150-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Rose H. D., Dorff G. J., Lauwasser M., Sheth N. K. Pulmonary and disseminated Mycobacterium simiae infection in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982 Dec;126(6):1110–1113. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1982.126.6.1110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Runyon E. H. Pathogenic mycobacteria. Bibl Tuberc. 1965;21:235–287. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Ryan C. G., Dwyer B. W. New characteristics of Mycobacterium haemophilum. J Clin Microbiol. 1983 Oct;18(4):976–977. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.4.976-977.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Rüsch-Gerdes S., Wandelt-Freerksen E., Schröder K. H. Vorkommen von Mycobacterium shimoidei in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1985 Feb;259(1):146–150. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Saito H., Tomioka H., Sato K., Tasaka H., Dawson D. J. Identification of various serovar strains of Mycobacterium avium complex by using DNA probes specific for Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 Aug;28(8):1694–1697. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.8.1694-1697.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Saito H., Tomioka H. Susceptibilities of transparent, opaque, and rough colonial variants of Mycobacterium avium complex to various fatty acids. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988 Mar;32(3):400–402. doi: 10.1128/aac.32.3.400. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Saxegaard F., Baess I. Relationship between Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and "wood pigeon mycobacteria". Determinations by DNA-DNA hybridization. APMIS. 1988 Jan;96(1):37–42. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Schröder K. H., Müller U. Mycobacterium malmoense in Deutschland. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1982 Nov;253(2):279–283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Schönherr U., Naumann G. O., Lang G. K., Bialasiewicz A. A. Sclerokeratitis caused by Mycobacterium marinum. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989 Nov 15;108(5):607–608. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(89)90449-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Sennesael J. J., Maes V. A., Pierard D., Debeukelaer S. H., Verbeelen D. L. Streptomycin pharmacokinetics in relapsing Mycobacterium xenopi peritonitis. Am J Nephrol. 1990;10(5):422–425. doi: 10.1159/000168161. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Shelley W. B., Folkens A. T. Mycobacterium gordonae infection of the hand. Arch Dermatol. 1984 Aug;120(8):1064–1065. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Sompolinsky D., Lagziel A., Rosenberg I. Further studies of a new pathogenic mycobacterium (M. haemophilum sp. nov.). Can J Microbiol. 1979 Feb;25(2):217–226. doi: 10.1139/m79-033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Stahl D. A., Urbance J. W. The division between fast- and slow-growing species corresponds to natural relationships among the mycobacteria. J Bacteriol. 1990 Jan;172(1):116–124. doi: 10.1128/jb.172.1.116-124.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Stine T. M., Harris A. A., Levin S., Rivera N., Kaplan R. L. A pseudoepidemic due to atypical mycobacteria in a hospital water supply. JAMA. 1987 Aug 14;258(6):809–811. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Stover D. E., White D. A., Romano P. A., Gellene R. A., Robeson W. A. Spectrum of pulmonary diseases associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med. 1985 Mar;78(3):429–437. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90334-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Strand C. L., Epstein C., Verzosa S., Effatt E., Hormozi P., Siddiqi S. H. Evaluation of a new blood culture medium for mycobacteria. Am J Clin Pathol. 1989 Mar;91(3):316–318. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/91.3.316. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Sunderam G., McDonald R. J., Maniatis T., Oleske J., Kapila R., Reichman L. B. Tuberculosis as a manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). JAMA. 1986 Jul 18;256(3):362–366. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. TIMPE A., RUNYON E. H. The relationship of atypical acid-fast bacteria to human disease; a preliminary report. J Lab Clin Med. 1954 Aug;44(2):202–209. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Thomas P., Liu F., Weiser W. Characteristics of Mycobacterium xenopi disease. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis. 1988 Sep;63(3):12–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Thorel M. F., Krichevsky M., Lévy-Frébault V. V. Numerical taxonomy of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria, emended description of Mycobacterium avium, and description of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium subsp. nov., Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis subsp. nov., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum subsp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1990 Jul;40(3):254–260. doi: 10.1099/00207713-40-3-254. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Thorel M. F., Pardon P., Irgens K., Marly J., Lechopier P. Paratuberculose expérimentale: pouvoir pathogène chez le veau de souches de mycobactéries mycobactine-dépendantes. Ann Rech Vet. 1984;15(3):365–374. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Tonner J. A., Hammond M. D. Pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium terrae complex. South Med J. 1989 Oct;82(10):1279–1282. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198910000-00021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Tsukamura M., Kita N., Otsuka W., Shimoide H. A study of the taxonomy of the Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum complex and report of six cases of lung infection due to Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum. Microbiol Immunol. 1983;27(3):219–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1983.tb03585.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Tsukamura M., Kita N., Shimoide H., Nagasawa S., Mishima Y., Uemura H., Kuze A., Arakawa H., Shinoda A., Matsuura K. [Studies on the nontuberculous lung mycobacteriosis in Japan (report of the study year 1985 of the Mycobacteriosis Research Group of the Japanese National Chest Hospitals). Incidence rate of lung disease caused by Mycobacterium kansasii is still increasing which elevates the incidence rate of nontuberculous lung mycobacteriosis]. Kekkaku. 1987 Jun;62(6):319–327. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Tsukamura M., Mizuno S., Toyama H. Mycobacterium thermoresistibile from dust of Japanese houses. Microbiol Immunol. 1985;29(5):467–473. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1985.tb00847.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Tsukamura M., Shimoide H., Shaefer W. B. A possible new pathogen of group iii Mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol. 1975 Jun;88(2):377–380. doi: 10.1099/00221287-88-2-377. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Turner D. M., Ramsey P. G., Ojemann G. A., Ralph D. D. Disseminated Mycobacterium gordonae infection associated with glomerulonephritis. West J Med. 1985 Mar;142(3):391–393. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Vary P. H., Andersen P. R., Green E., Hermon-Taylor J., McFadden J. J. Use of highly specific DNA probes and the polymerase chain reaction to detect Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Johne's disease. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 May;28(5):933–937. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.5.933-937.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. WAYNE L. G. THE MYCOBACTERIAL MYSTIQUE: DETERRENT TO TAXONOMY. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1964 Aug;90:255–257. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1964.90.2.255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  168. Wallace R. J., Jr, Brown B. A., Silcox V. A., Tsukamura M., Nash D. R., Steele L. C., Steingrube V. A., Smith J., Sumter G., Zhang Y. S. Clinical disease, drug susceptibility, and biochemical patterns of the unnamed third biovariant complex of Mycobacterium fortuitum. J Infect Dis. 1991 Mar;163(3):598–603. doi: 10.1093/infdis/163.3.598. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Wallace R. J., Jr, Musser J. M., Hull S. I., Silcox V. A., Steele L. C., Forrester G. D., Labidi A., Selander R. K. Diversity and sources of rapidly growing mycobacteria associated with infections following cardiac surgery. J Infect Dis. 1989 Apr;159(4):708–716. doi: 10.1093/infdis/159.4.708. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Wallace R. J., Jr, Nash D. R., Tsukamura M., Blacklock Z. M., Silcox V. A. Human disease due to Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Infect Dis. 1988 Jul;158(1):52–59. doi: 10.1093/infdis/158.1.52. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Wallace R. J., Jr, Swenson J. M., Silcox V. A., Bullen M. G. Treatment of nonpulmonary infections due to Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonei on the basis of in vitro susceptibilities. J Infect Dis. 1985 Sep;152(3):500–514. doi: 10.1093/infdis/152.3.500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  172. Wallace R. J., Jr, Swenson J. M., Silcox V. A., Good R. C., Tschen J. A., Stone M. S. Spectrum of disease due to rapidly growing mycobacteria. Rev Infect Dis. 1983 Jul-Aug;5(4):657–679. doi: 10.1093/clinids/5.4.657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Wards B. J., Collins D. M., de Lisle G. W. Restriction endonuclease analysis of members of the Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare-M. scrofulaceum serocomplex. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Dec;25(12):2309–2313. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.12.2309-2313.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Warren N. G., Body B. A., Silcox V. A., Matthews J. H. Pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium malmoense. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Aug;20(2):245–247. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.2.245-247.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Wayne L. G., Anderson B., Chetty K., Light R. W. Antibodies to mycobacterial peptidoglycolipid and to crude protein antigens in sera from different categories of human subjects. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Nov;26(11):2300–2306. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.11.2300-2306.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Wayne L. G., Andrade L., Froman S., Käppler W., Kubala E., Meissner G., Tsukamura M. A co-operative numerical analysis of Mycobacterium gastri, Mycobacterium kansasii and Mycobacterium marinum. J Gen Microbiol. 1978 Dec;109(2):319–327. doi: 10.1099/00221287-109-2-319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Wayne L. G., Diaz G. A. A double staining method for differentiating between two classes of mycobacterial catalase in polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels. Anal Biochem. 1986 Aug 15;157(1):89–92. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(86)90200-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Wayne L. G., Diaz G. A. Detection of a novel catalase in extracts of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. Infect Immun. 1988 Apr;56(4):936–941. doi: 10.1128/iai.56.4.936-941.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Wayne L. G., Diaz G. A. Identification of mycobacteria by specific precipitation of catalase with absorbed sera. J Clin Microbiol. 1985 May;21(5):721–725. doi: 10.1128/jcm.21.5.721-725.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Wayne L. G., Diaz G. A. Intrinsic catalase dot blot immunoassay for identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, and Mycobacterium intracellulare. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Sep;25(9):1687–1690. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.9.1687-1690.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Wayne L. G., Dietz T. M., Gernez-Rieux C., Jenkins P. A., Käppler W., Kubica G. P., Kwapinski J. B., Meissner G., Pattyn S. R., Runyon E. H. A co-operative numerical anaysis of scotochromogenic slowly growing mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol. 1971 Jun;66(3):255–271. doi: 10.1099/00221287-66-3-255. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Wayne L. G., Good R. C., Krichevsky M. I., Blacklock Z., David H. L., Dawson D., Gross W., Hawkins J., Levy-Frebault V. V., McManus C. Fourth report of the cooperative, open-ended study of slowly growing mycobacteria by the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1991 Oct;41(4):463–472. doi: 10.1099/00207713-41-4-463. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Wayne L. G., Krichevsky M. I., Portyrata D., Jackson C. K. Diagnostic probability matrix for identification of slowly growing mycobacteria in clinical laboratories. J Clin Microbiol. 1984 Oct;20(4):722–729. doi: 10.1128/jcm.20.4.722-729.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Wayne L. G. Selection of characters for an Adansonian analysis of mycobacterial taxonomy. J Bacteriol. 1967 Apr;93(4):1382–1391. doi: 10.1128/jb.93.4.1382-1391.1967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Wayne L. G. The "atypical" mycobacteria: recognition and disease association. Crit Rev Microbiol. 1985;12(3):185–222. doi: 10.3109/10408418509104429. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Wayne L. G., Young L. S., Bertram M. Absence of mycobacterial antibody in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Eur J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Jun;5(3):363–365. doi: 10.1007/BF02017802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Weber J., Mettang T., Staerz E., Machleidt C., Kuhlmann U. Pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium xenopi in a renal allograft recipient: report of a case and review. Rev Infect Dis. 1989 Nov-Dec;11(6):964–969. doi: 10.1093/clinids/11.6.964. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Weinberg J. R., Dootson G., Gertner D., Chambers S. T., Smith H. Disseminated Mycobacterium xenopi infection. Lancet. 1985 May 4;1(8436):1033–1034. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91626-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Weiszfeiler G., Karasseva V., Karczag E. A new mycobacterium species: Mycobacterium asiaticum n. sp. Acta Microbiol Acad Sci Hung. 1971;18(4):247–252. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Weitzman I., Osadczyi D., Corrado M. L., Karp D. Mycobacterium thermoresistibile: a new pathogen for humans. J Clin Microbiol. 1981 Nov;14(5):593–595. doi: 10.1128/jcm.14.5.593-595.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Wenger J. D., Spika J. S., Smithwick R. W., Pryor V., Dodson D. W., Carden G. A., Klontz K. C. Outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae infection associated with use of jet injectors. JAMA. 1990 Jul 18;264(3):373–376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Whipple D. L., Kapke P. A., Andrews R. E., Jr Analysis of restriction endonuclease fragment patterns of DNA from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol. 1989 Feb;19(2):189–194. doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(89)90084-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. White M. P., Bangash H., Goel K. M., Jenkins P. A. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial lymphadenitis. Arch Dis Child. 1986 Apr;61(4):368–371. doi: 10.1136/adc.61.4.368. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Williams D. L., Gillis T. P., Portaels F. Geographically distinct isolates of Mycobacterium leprae exhibit no genotypic diversity by restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis. Mol Microbiol. 1990 Oct;4(10):1653–1659. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00542.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Wolinsky E. Nontuberculous mycobacteria and associated diseases. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979 Jan;119(1):107–159. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1979.119.1.107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Wong B., Edwards F. F., Kiehn T. E., Whimbey E., Donnelly H., Bernard E. M., Gold J. W., Armstrong D. Continuous high-grade mycobacterium avium-intracellulare bacteremia in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med. 1985 Jan;78(1):35–40. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90458-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  197. Woodruff T. S., Shulaw W. P., Bech-Nielsen S., Hoffsis G. F., Spangler E., Heider L. E. Serodiagnosis of bovine paratuberculosis by use of a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Vet Res. 1991 Feb;52(2):217–221. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Woods G. L., Hall G. S., Schreiber M. J. Mycobacterium fortuitum peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Apr;23(4):786–788. doi: 10.1128/jcm.23.4.786-788.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  199. Woods G. L., Washington J. A., 2nd Mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis: review of microbiologic and clinical aspects. Rev Infect Dis. 1987 Mar-Apr;9(2):275–294. doi: 10.1093/clinids/9.2.275. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Yakrus M. A., Good R. C. Geographic distribution, frequency, and specimen source of Mycobacterium avium complex serotypes isolated from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Clin Microbiol. 1990 May;28(5):926–929. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.5.926-929.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Yoshimura H. H., Graham D. Y., Estes M. K., Merkal R. S. Investigation of association of mycobacteria with inflammatory bowel disease by nucleic acid hybridization. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Jan;25(1):45–51. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.1.45-51.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Yoshimura H. H., Graham D. Y. Nucleic acid hybridization studies of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria. J Clin Microbiol. 1988 Jul;26(7):1309–1312. doi: 10.1128/jcm.26.7.1309-1312.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  203. Young L. S., Inderlied C. B., Berlin O. G., Gottlieb M. S. Mycobacterial infections in AIDS patients, with an emphasis on the Mycobacterium avium complex. Rev Infect Dis. 1986 Nov-Dec;8(6):1024–1033. doi: 10.1093/clinids/8.6.1024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Zakowski P., Fligiel S., Berlin G. W., Johnson L., Jr Disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection in homosexual men dying of acquired immunodeficiency. JAMA. 1982 Dec 10;248(22):2980–2982. doi: 10.1001/jama.1982.03330220024029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Zuckerkandl E., Pauling L. Molecules as documents of evolutionary history. J Theor Biol. 1965 Mar;8(2):357–366. doi: 10.1016/0022-5193(65)90083-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Microbiology Reviews are provided here courtesy of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

RESOURCES