Abstract
The t(17;19) translocation in acute lymphoblastic leukemias results in creation of E2A-hepatic leukemia factor (HLF) chimeric proteins that contain the DNA-binding and protein dimerization domains of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) protein HLF fused to a portion of E2A proteins with transcriptional activation properties. An in vitro binding site selection procedure was used to determine DNA sequences preferentially bound by wild-type HLF and chimeric E2A-HLF proteins isolated from various t(17;19)-bearing leukemias. All were found to selectively bind the consensus sequence 5'-GTTACGTAAT-3' with high affinity. Wild-type and chimeric HLF proteins also bound closely related sites identified previously for bZIP proteins of both the proline- and acidic amino acid-rich (PAR) and C/EBP subfamilies; however, E2A-HLF proteins were significantly less tolerant of certain deviations from the HLF consensus binding site. These differences were directly attributable to loss of an HLF ancillary DNA-binding domain in all E2A-HLF chimeras and were further exacerbated by a zipper mutation in one isolate. Both wild-type and chimeric HLF proteins displayed transcriptional activator properties in lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells on reporter genes containing HLF or C/EBP consensus binding sites. But on reporter genes with nonoptimal binding sites, their transcriptional properties diverged and E2A-HLF competitively inhibited activation by wild-type PAR proteins. These findings establish a spectrum of binding site-specific transcriptional properties for E2A-HLF which may preferentially activate expression of select subordinate genes as a homodimer and potentially antagonize expression of others through heteromeric interactions.
Full text
PDFImages in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Abate C., Luk D., Curran T. Transcriptional regulation by Fos and Jun in vitro: interaction among multiple activator and regulatory domains. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Jul;11(7):3624–3632. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.7.3624. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Aronheim A., Shiran R., Rosen A., Walker M. D. The E2A gene product contains two separable and functionally distinct transcription activation domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Sep 1;90(17):8063–8067. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.17.8063. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barr F. G., Galili N., Holick J., Biegel J. A., Rovera G., Emanuel B. S. Rearrangement of the PAX3 paired box gene in the paediatric solid tumour alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Nat Genet. 1993 Feb;3(2):113–117. doi: 10.1038/ng0293-113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blackwell T. K., Weintraub H. Differences and similarities in DNA-binding preferences of MyoD and E2A protein complexes revealed by binding site selection. Science. 1990 Nov 23;250(4984):1104–1110. doi: 10.1126/science.2174572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burk O., Mink S., Ringwald M., Klempnauer K. H. Synergistic activation of the chicken mim-1 gene by v-myb and C/EBP transcription factors. EMBO J. 1993 May;12(5):2027–2038. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05852.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cleary M. L. Oncogenic conversion of transcription factors by chromosomal translocations. Cell. 1991 Aug 23;66(4):619–622. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90105-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cooper C., Johnson D., Roman C., Avitahl N., Tucker P., Calame K. The C/EBP family of transcriptional activators is functionally important for Ig VH promoter activity in vivo and in vitro. J Immunol. 1992 Nov 15;149(10):3225–3231. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cowell I. G., Skinner A., Hurst H. C. Transcriptional repression by a novel member of the bZIP family of transcription factors. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Jul;12(7):3070–3077. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.7.3070. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Crozat A., Aman P., Mandahl N., Ron D. Fusion of CHOP to a novel RNA-binding protein in human myxoid liposarcoma. Nature. 1993 Jun 17;363(6430):640–644. doi: 10.1038/363640a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Drolet D. W., Scully K. M., Simmons D. M., Wegner M., Chu K. T., Swanson L. W., Rosenfeld M. G. TEF, a transcription factor expressed specifically in the anterior pituitary during embryogenesis, defines a new class of leucine zipper proteins. Genes Dev. 1991 Oct;5(10):1739–1753. doi: 10.1101/gad.5.10.1739. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hunger S. P., Devaraj P. E., Foroni L., Secker-Walker L. M., Cleary M. L. Two types of genomic rearrangements create alternative E2A-HLF fusion proteins in t(17;19)-ALL. Blood. 1994 May 15;83(10):2970–2977. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hunger S. P., Galili N., Carroll A. J., Crist W. M., Link M. P., Cleary M. L. The t(1;19)(q23;p13) results in consistent fusion of E2A and PBX1 coding sequences in acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Blood. 1991 Feb 15;77(4):687–693. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hunger S. P., Ohyashiki K., Toyama K., Cleary M. L. Hlf, a novel hepatic bZIP protein, shows altered DNA-binding properties following fusion to E2A in t(17;19) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Dev. 1992 Sep;6(9):1608–1620. doi: 10.1101/gad.6.9.1608. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Inaba T., Roberts W. M., Shapiro L. H., Jolly K. W., Raimondi S. C., Smith S. D., Look A. T. Fusion of the leucine zipper gene HLF to the E2A gene in human acute B-lineage leukemia. Science. 1992 Jul 24;257(5069):531–534. doi: 10.1126/science.1386162. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Iyer S. V., Davis D. L., Seal S. N., Burch J. B. Chicken vitellogenin gene-binding protein, a leucine zipper transcription factor that binds to an important control element in the chicken vitellogenin II promoter, is related to rat DBP. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Oct;11(10):4863–4875. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.10.4863. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johnson P. F. Identification of C/EBP basic region residues involved in DNA sequence recognition and half-site spacing preference. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Nov;13(11):6919–6930. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.11.6919. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kamps M. P., Murre C., Sun X. H., Baltimore D. A new homeobox gene contributes the DNA binding domain of the t(1;19) translocation protein in pre-B ALL. Cell. 1990 Feb 23;60(4):547–555. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90658-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Katz S., Kowenz-Leutz E., Müller C., Meese K., Ness S. A., Leutz A. The NF-M transcription factor is related to C/EBP beta and plays a role in signal transduction, differentiation and leukemogenesis of avian myelomonocytic cells. EMBO J. 1993 Apr;12(4):1321–1332. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05777.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lavery D. J., Schibler U. Circadian transcription of the cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase gene may involve the liver-enriched bZIP protein DBP. Genes Dev. 1993 Oct;7(10):1871–1884. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.10.1871. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LeBrun D. P., Cleary M. L. Fusion with E2A alters the transcriptional properties of the homeodomain protein PBX1 in t(1;19) leukemias. Oncogene. 1994 Jun;9(6):1641–1647. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Luckow B., Schütz G. CAT constructions with multiple unique restriction sites for the functional analysis of eukaryotic promoters and regulatory elements. Nucleic Acids Res. 1987 Jul 10;15(13):5490–5490. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.13.5490. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- May W. A., Gishizky M. L., Lessnick S. L., Lunsford L. B., Lewis B. C., Delattre O., Zucman J., Thomas G., Denny C. T. Ewing sarcoma 11;22 translocation produces a chimeric transcription factor that requires the DNA-binding domain encoded by FLI1 for transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jun 15;90(12):5752–5756. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.12.5752. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Monica K., Galili N., Nourse J., Saltman D., Cleary M. L. PBX2 and PBX3, new homeobox genes with extensive homology to the human proto-oncogene PBX1. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Dec;11(12):6149–6157. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.12.6149. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mueller C. R., Maire P., Schibler U. DBP, a liver-enriched transcriptional activator, is expressed late in ontogeny and its tissue specificity is determined posttranscriptionally. Cell. 1990 Apr 20;61(2):279–291. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90808-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nourse J., Mellentin J. D., Galili N., Wilkinson J., Stanbridge E., Smith S. D., Cleary M. L. Chromosomal translocation t(1;19) results in synthesis of a homeobox fusion mRNA that codes for a potential chimeric transcription factor. Cell. 1990 Feb 23;60(4):535–545. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90657-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Picketts D. J., Lillicrap D. P., Mueller C. R. Synergy between transcription factors DBP and C/EBP compensates for a haemophilia B Leyden factor IX mutation. Nat Genet. 1993 Feb;3(2):175–179. doi: 10.1038/ng0293-175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Quong M. W., Massari M. E., Zwart R., Murre C. A new transcriptional-activation motif restricted to a class of helix-loop-helix proteins is functionally conserved in both yeast and mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Feb;13(2):792–800. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.2.792. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rabbitts T. H., Forster A., Larson R., Nathan P. Fusion of the dominant negative transcription regulator CHOP with a novel gene FUS by translocation t(12;16) in malignant liposarcoma. Nat Genet. 1993 Jun;4(2):175–180. doi: 10.1038/ng0693-175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Van Dijk M. A., Voorhoeve P. M., Murre C. Pbx1 is converted into a transcriptional activator upon acquiring the N-terminal region of E2A in pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastoid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jul 1;90(13):6061–6065. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.13.6061. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vinson C. R., Hai T., Boyd S. M. Dimerization specificity of the leucine zipper-containing bZIP motif on DNA binding: prediction and rational design. Genes Dev. 1993 Jun;7(6):1047–1058. doi: 10.1101/gad.7.6.1047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vinson C. R., Sigler P. B., McKnight S. L. Scissors-grip model for DNA recognition by a family of leucine zipper proteins. Science. 1989 Nov 17;246(4932):911–916. doi: 10.1126/science.2683088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wuarin J., Schibler U. Expression of the liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein DBP follows a stringent circadian rhythm. Cell. 1990 Dec 21;63(6):1257–1266. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90421-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yano M., Falvey E., Gonzalez F. J. Role of the liver-enriched transcription factor DBP in expression of the cytochrome P450 CYP2C6 gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Jun;12(6):2847–2854. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.6.2847. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zucman J., Delattre O., Desmaze C., Epstein A. L., Stenman G., Speleman F., Fletchers C. D., Aurias A., Thomas G. EWS and ATF-1 gene fusion induced by t(12;22) translocation in malignant melanoma of soft parts. Nat Genet. 1993 Aug;4(4):341–345. doi: 10.1038/ng0893-341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]