Abstract
Mammalian ras genes substitute for the yeast RAS gene, and their products activate adenylate cyclase in yeast cells, although the direct target protein of mammalian ras p21s remains to be identified. ras p21s undergo posttranslational processing, including prenylation, proteolysis, methylation, and palmitoylation, at their C-terminal regions. We have previously reported that the posttranslational processing of Ki-ras p21 is essential for its interaction with one of its GDP/GTP exchange proteins named smg GDS. In this investigation, we have studied whether the posttranslational processing of Ki- and Ha-ras p21s is critical for their stimulation of yeast adenylate cyclase in a cell-free system. We show that the posttranslationally fully processed Ki- and Ha-ras p21s activate yeast adenylate cyclase far more effectively than do the unprocessed proteins. The previous and present results suggest that the posttranslational processing of ras p21s is important for their interaction not only with smg GDS but also with the target protein.
Full text
PDFSelected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Barbacid M. ras genes. Annu Rev Biochem. 1987;56:779–827. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.004023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Birchmeier C., Broek D., Wigler M. ras proteins can induce meiosis in Xenopus oocytes. Cell. 1985 Dec;43(3 Pt 2):615–621. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90233-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bradford M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248–254. doi: 10.1006/abio.1976.9999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Broek D., Samiy N., Fasano O., Fujiyama A., Tamanoi F., Northup J., Wigler M. Differential activation of yeast adenylate cyclase by wild-type and mutant RAS proteins. Cell. 1985 Jul;41(3):763–769. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80057-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Broek D., Toda T., Michaeli T., Levin L., Birchmeier C., Zoller M., Powers S., Wigler M. The S. cerevisiae CDC25 gene product regulates the RAS/adenylate cyclase pathway. Cell. 1987 Mar 13;48(5):789–799. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90076-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Burgering B. M., Medema R. H., Maassen J. A., van de Wetering M. L., van der Eb A. J., McCormick F., Bos J. L. Insulin stimulation of gene expression mediated by p21ras activation. EMBO J. 1991 May;10(5):1103–1109. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb08050.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Buss J. E., Solski P. A., Schaeffer J. P., MacDonald M. J., Der C. J. Activation of the cellular proto-oncogene product p21Ras by addition of a myristylation signal. Science. 1989 Mar 24;243(4898):1600–1603. doi: 10.1126/science.2648572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Casey P. J., Solski P. A., Der C. J., Buss J. E. p21ras is modified by a farnesyl isoprenoid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989 Nov;86(21):8323–8327. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.21.8323. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cox A. D., Hisaka M. M., Buss J. E., Der C. J. Specific isoprenoid modification is required for function of normal, but not oncogenic, Ras protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Jun;12(6):2606–2615. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.6.2606. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DeClue J. E., Zhang K., Redford P., Vass W. C., Lowy D. R. Suppression of src transformation by overexpression of full-length GTPase-activating protein (GAP) or of the GAP C terminus. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 May;11(5):2819–2825. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.5.2819. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DeFeo-Jones D., Scolnick E. M., Koller R., Dhar R. ras-Related gene sequences identified and isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature. 1983 Dec 15;306(5944):707–709. doi: 10.1038/306707a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DeFeo-Jones D., Tatchell K., Robinson L. C., Sigal I. S., Vass W. C., Lowy D. R., Scolnick E. M. Mammalian and yeast ras gene products: biological function in their heterologous systems. Science. 1985 Apr 12;228(4696):179–184. doi: 10.1126/science.3883495. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Downward J., Graves J. D., Warne P. H., Rayter S., Cantrell D. A. Stimulation of p21ras upon T-cell activation. Nature. 1990 Aug 23;346(6286):719–723. doi: 10.1038/346719a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Downward J., Riehl R., Wu L., Weinberg R. A. Identification of a nucleotide exchange-promoting activity for p21ras. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Aug;87(15):5998–6002. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.15.5998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Farnsworth C. L., Feig L. A. Dominant inhibitory mutations in the Mg(2+)-binding site of RasH prevent its activation by GTP. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Oct;11(10):4822–4829. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.10.4822. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Field J., Broek D., Kataoka T., Wigler M. Guanine nucleotide activation of, and competition between, RAS proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1987 Jun;7(6):2128–2133. doi: 10.1128/mcb.7.6.2128. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Field J., Nikawa J., Broek D., MacDonald B., Rodgers L., Wilson I. A., Lerner R. A., Wigler M. Purification of a RAS-responsive adenylyl cyclase complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by use of an epitope addition method. Mol Cell Biol. 1988 May;8(5):2159–2165. doi: 10.1128/mcb.8.5.2159. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gibbs J. B., Marshall M. S., Scolnick E. M., Dixon R. A., Vogel U. S. Modulation of guanine nucleotides bound to Ras in NIH3T3 cells by oncogenes, growth factors, and the GTPase activating protein (GAP). J Biol Chem. 1990 Nov 25;265(33):20437–20442. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gross M., Sweet R. W., Sathe G., Yokoyama S., Fasano O., Goldfarb M., Wigler M., Rosenberg M. Purification and characterization of human H-ras proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 May;5(5):1015–1024. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.5.1015. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hancock J. F., Magee A. I., Childs J. E., Marshall C. J. All ras proteins are polyisoprenylated but only some are palmitoylated. Cell. 1989 Jun 30;57(7):1167–1177. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90054-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hancock J. F., Paterson H., Marshall C. J. A polybasic domain or palmitoylation is required in addition to the CAAX motif to localize p21ras to the plasma membrane. Cell. 1990 Oct 5;63(1):133–139. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90294-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hiraoka K., Kaibuchi K., Ando S., Musha T., Takaishi K., Mizuno T., Asada M., Ménard L., Tomhave E., Didsbury J. Both stimulatory and inhibitory GDP/GTP exchange proteins, smg GDS and rho GDI, are active on multiple small GTP-binding proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Jan 31;182(2):921–930. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91820-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hiroyoshi M., Kaibuchi K., Kawamura S., Hata Y., Takai Y. Role of the C-terminal region of smg p21, a ras p21-like small GTP-binding protein, in membrane and smg p21 GDP/GTP exchange protein interactions. J Biol Chem. 1991 Feb 15;266(5):2962–2969. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Huang Y. K., Kung H. F., Kamata T. Purification of a factor capable of stimulating the guanine nucleotide exchange reaction of ras proteins and its effect on ras-related small molecular mass G proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(20):8008–8012. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.20.8008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jackson J. H., Cochrane C. G., Bourne J. R., Solski P. A., Buss J. E., Der C. J. Farnesol modification of Kirsten-ras exon 4B protein is essential for transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Apr;87(8):3042–3046. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.8.3042. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jones S., Vignais M. L., Broach J. R. The CDC25 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae promotes exchange of guanine nucleotides bound to ras. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 May;11(5):2641–2646. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.5.2641. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kaibuchi K., Mizuno T., Fujioka H., Yamamoto T., Kishi K., Fukumoto Y., Hori Y., Takai Y. Molecular cloning of the cDNA for stimulatory GDP/GTP exchange protein for smg p21s (ras p21-like small GTP-binding proteins) and characterization of stimulatory GDP/GTP exchange protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 May;11(5):2873–2880. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.5.2873. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kataoka T., Powers S., Cameron S., Fasano O., Goldfarb M., Broach J., Wigler M. Functional homology of mammalian and yeast RAS genes. Cell. 1985 Jan;40(1):19–26. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90304-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marcus S., Caldwell G. A., Miller D., Xue C. B., Naider F., Becker J. M. Significance of C-terminal cysteine modifications to the biological activity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae a-factor mating pheromone. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 Jul;11(7):3603–3612. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.7.3603. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Martegani E., Vanoni M., Zippel R., Coccetti P., Brambilla R., Ferrari C., Sturani E., Alberghina L. Cloning by functional complementation of a mouse cDNA encoding a homologue of CDC25, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAS activator. EMBO J. 1992 Jun;11(6):2151–2157. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05274.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mizuno T., Kaibuchi K., Ando S., Musha T., Hiraoka K., Takaishi K., Asada M., Nunoi H., Matsuda I., Takai Y. Regulation of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase by a small GTP-binding protein and its stimulatory and inhibitory GDP/GTP exchange proteins. J Biol Chem. 1992 May 25;267(15):10215–10218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mizuno T., Kaibuchi K., Yamamoto T., Kawamura M., Sakoda T., Fujioka H., Matsuura Y., Takai Y. A stimulatory GDP/GTP exchange protein for smg p21 is active on the post-translationally processed form of c-Ki-ras p21 and rhoA p21. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Aug 1;88(15):6442–6446. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.15.6442. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nori M., L'Allemain G., Weber M. J. Regulation of tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-induced responses in NIH 3T3 cells by GAP, the GTPase-activating protein associated with p21c-ras. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Mar;12(3):936–945. doi: 10.1128/mcb.12.3.936. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nori M., Vogel U. S., Gibbs J. B., Weber M. J. Inhibition of v-src-induced transformation by a GTPase-activating protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1991 May;11(5):2812–2818. doi: 10.1128/mcb.11.5.2812. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Powers S., Kataoka T., Fasano O., Goldfarb M., Strathern J., Broach J., Wigler M. Genes in S. cerevisiae encoding proteins with domains homologous to the mammalian ras proteins. Cell. 1984 Mar;36(3):607–612. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90340-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Robinson L. C., Gibbs J. B., Marshall M. S., Sigal I. S., Tatchell K. CDC25: a component of the RAS-adenylate cyclase pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science. 1987 Mar 6;235(4793):1218–1221. doi: 10.1126/science.3547648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Satoh T., Endo M., Nakafuku M., Akiyama T., Yamamoto T., Kaziro Y. Accumulation of p21ras.GTP in response to stimulation with epidermal growth factor and oncogene products with tyrosine kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Oct;87(20):7926–7929. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.20.7926. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Satoh T., Endo M., Nakafuku M., Nakamura S., Kaziro Y. Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates formation of active p21ras.GTP complex in Swiss mouse 3T3 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Aug;87(15):5993–5997. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.15.5993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schafer W. R., Kim R., Sterne R., Thorner J., Kim S. H., Rine J. Genetic and pharmacological suppression of oncogenic mutations in ras genes of yeast and humans. Science. 1989 Jul 28;245(4916):379–385. doi: 10.1126/science.2569235. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stacey D. W., Kung H. F. Transformation of NIH 3T3 cells by microinjection of Ha-ras p21 protein. Nature. 1984 Aug 9;310(5977):508–511. doi: 10.1038/310508a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Suzuki N., Choe H. R., Nishida Y., Yamawaki-Kataoka Y., Ohnishi S., Tamaoki T., Kataoka T. Leucine-rich repeats and carboxyl terminus are required for interaction of yeast adenylate cyclase with RAS proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990 Nov;87(22):8711–8715. doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.22.8711. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Takai Y., Kaibuchi K., Kikuchi A., Kawata M. Small GTP-binding proteins. Int Rev Cytol. 1992;133:187–230. doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61861-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Toda T., Uno I., Ishikawa T., Powers S., Kataoka T., Broek D., Cameron S., Broach J., Matsumoto K., Wigler M. In yeast, RAS proteins are controlling elements of adenylate cyclase. Cell. 1985 Jan;40(1):27–36. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90305-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Trahey M., McCormick F. A cytoplasmic protein stimulates normal N-ras p21 GTPase, but does not affect oncogenic mutants. Science. 1987 Oct 23;238(4826):542–545. doi: 10.1126/science.2821624. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wolfman A., Macara I. G. A cytosolic protein catalyzes the release of GDP from p21ras. Science. 1990 Apr 6;248(4951):67–69. doi: 10.1126/science.2181667. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yamamoto T., Kaibuchi K., Mizuno T., Hiroyoshi M., Shirataki H., Takai Y. Purification and characterization from bovine brain cytosol of proteins that regulate the GDP/GTP exchange reaction of smg p21s, ras p21-like GTP-binding proteins. J Biol Chem. 1990 Sep 25;265(27):16626–16634. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yatani A., Okabe K., Polakis P., Halenbeck R., McCormick F., Brown A. M. ras p21 and GAP inhibit coupling of muscarinic receptors to atrial K+ channels. Cell. 1990 Jun 1;61(5):769–776. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90187-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhang K., DeClue J. E., Vass W. C., Papageorge A. G., McCormick F., Lowy D. R. Suppression of c-ras transformation by GTPase-activating protein. Nature. 1990 Aug 23;346(6286):754–756. doi: 10.1038/346754a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]