Abstract
A murine v-raf probe, representing the kinase domain, was used to identify two unique loci in Drosophila melanogaster DNA. The most closely related to v-raf was mapped by in situ hybridization to position 2F5-6 (Draf-1) on the X chromosome, whereas the other raf-related gene (Draf-2) was found at position 43A2-5 on chromosome 2. The nucleotide and amino acid homologies of Draf-1 to the kinase domain of v-raf are 61 and 65%, respectively. The large amount of a 3.2-kilobase Draf-1 transcript detected in eggs as a maternal message decreases during embryonic development, and significant steady-state levels are observed throughout the remainder of morphogenesis. We speculate that the Draf-1 locus plays an important role in early embryogenesis.
Full text
PDF![2134](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/ccab/365335/90655d2e8918/molcellb00078-0106.png)
![2135](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/ccab/365335/bd6aaa294713/molcellb00078-0107.png)
![2136](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/ccab/365335/ac82e4541658/molcellb00078-0108.png)
![2137](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/ccab/365335/53d8fa074c09/molcellb00078-0109.png)
![2138](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/ccab/365335/da18926cce04/molcellb00078-0110.png)
![2139](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/ccab/365335/79afa61599a6/molcellb00078-0111.png)
![2140](https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/ccab/365335/cccaf154b470/molcellb00078-0112.png)
Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Benton W. D., Davis R. W. Screening lambdagt recombinant clones by hybridization to single plaques in situ. Science. 1977 Apr 8;196(4286):180–182. doi: 10.1126/science.322279. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bishop J. M. Cellular oncogenes and retroviruses. Annu Rev Biochem. 1983;52:301–354. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.001505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bishop J. M. Viral oncogenes. Cell. 1985 Aug;42(1):23–38. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80098-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bonner J. J., Pardue M. L. Ecdysone-stimulated RNA synthesis in imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster. Assay by in situ hybridization. Chromosoma. 1976 Oct 12;58(1):87–99. doi: 10.1007/BF00293443. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bonner T. I., Kerby S. B., Sutrave P., Gunnell M. A., Mark G., Rapp U. R. Structure and biological activity of human homologs of the raf/mil oncogene. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Jun;5(6):1400–1407. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.6.1400. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boumpas D. T., Tsokos G. C., Mann D. L., Eleftheriades E. G., Harris C. C., Mark G. E. Increased proto-oncogene expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 1986 Jun;29(6):755–760. doi: 10.1002/art.1780290608. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Feinberg A. P., Vogelstein B. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal Biochem. 1983 Jul 1;132(1):6–13. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90418-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Glisin V., Crkvenjakov R., Byus C. Ribonucleic acid isolated by cesium chloride centrifugation. Biochemistry. 1974 Jun 4;13(12):2633–2637. doi: 10.1021/bi00709a025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hoffman-Falk H., Einat P., Shilo B. Z., Hoffmann F. M. Drosophila melanogaster DNA clones homologous to vertebrate oncogenes: evidence for a common ancestor to the src and abl cellular genes. Cell. 1983 Feb;32(2):589–598. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90478-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hoffmann F. M., Fresco L. D., Hoffman-Falk H., Shilo B. Z. Nucleotide sequences of the Drosophila src and abl homologs: conservation and variability in the src family oncogenes. Cell. 1983 Dec;35(2 Pt 1):393–401. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90172-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hopp T. P., Woods K. R. Prediction of protein antigenic determinants from amino acid sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Jun;78(6):3824–3828. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.6.3824. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hunter T., Cooper J. A. Protein-tyrosine kinases. Annu Rev Biochem. 1985;54:897–930. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.004341. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hunter T. The proteins of oncogenes. Sci Am. 1984 Aug;251(2):70–79. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0884-70. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Katzen A. L., Kornberg T. B., Bishop J. M. Isolation of the proto-oncogene c-myb from D. melanogaster. Cell. 1985 Jun;41(2):449–456. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80018-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lev Z., Leibovitz N., Segev O., Shilo B. Z. Expression of the src and abl cellular oncogenes during development of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 May;4(5):982–984. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.5.982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Levy L. S., Ganguly R., Ganguly N., Manning J. E. The selection, expression, and organization of a set of head-specific genes in Drosophila. Dev Biol. 1982 Dec;94(2):451–464. doi: 10.1016/0012-1606(82)90362-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Livneh E., Glazer L., Segal D., Schlessinger J., Shilo B. Z. The Drosophila EGF receptor gene homolog: conservation of both hormone binding and kinase domains. Cell. 1985 Mar;40(3):599–607. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90208-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mark G. E., Rapp U. R. Primary structure of v-raf: relatedness to the src family of oncogenes. Science. 1984 Apr 20;224(4646):285–289. doi: 10.1126/science.6324342. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mark G. E., Seeley T. W., Shows T. B., Mountz J. D. Pks, a raf-related sequence in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986 Sep;83(17):6312–6316. doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.17.6312. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moelling K., Heimann B., Beimling P., Rapp U. R., Sander T. Serine- and threonine-specific protein kinase activities of purified gag-mil and gag-raf proteins. Nature. 1984 Dec 6;312(5994):558–561. doi: 10.1038/312558a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mount S. M. A catalogue of splice junction sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Jan 22;10(2):459–472. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.2.459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Neuman-Silberberg F. S., Schejter E., Hoffmann F. M., Shilo B. Z. The Drosophila ras oncogenes: structure and nucleotide sequence. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):1027–1033. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90437-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Perrimon N., Engstrom L., Mahowald A. P. Developmental genetics of the 2E-F region of the Drosophila X chromosome: a region rich in "developmentally important" genes. Genetics. 1984 Nov;108(3):559–572. doi: 10.1093/genetics/108.3.559. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rigby P. W., Dieckmann M., Rhodes C., Berg P. Labeling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I. J Mol Biol. 1977 Jun 15;113(1):237–251. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90052-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shilo B. Z., Weinberg R. A. DNA sequences homologous to vertebrate oncogenes are conserved in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Nov;78(11):6789–6792. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.11.6789. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Simon M. A., Drees B., Kornberg T., Bishop J. M. The nucleotide sequence and the tissue-specific expression of Drosophila c-src. Cell. 1985 Oct;42(3):831–840. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90279-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Simon M. A., Kornberg T. B., Bishop J. M. Three loci related to the src oncogene and tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity in Drosophila. Nature. 1983 Apr 28;302(5911):837–839. doi: 10.1038/302837a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Telford J., Burckhardt J., Butler B., Pirrotta V. Alternative processing and developmental control of the transcripts of the Drosophila abl oncogene homologue. EMBO J. 1985 Oct;4(10):2609–2615. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03978.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wadsworth S. C., Madhavan K., Bilodeau-Wentworth D. Maternal inheritance of transcripts from three Drosophila src-related genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1985 Mar 25;13(6):2153–2170. doi: 10.1093/nar/13.6.2153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wadsworth S. C., Vincent W. S., 3rd, Bilodeau-Wentworth D. A Drosophila genomic sequence with homology to human epidermal growth factor receptor. Nature. 1985 Mar 14;314(6007):178–180. doi: 10.1038/314178a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]