Skip to main content
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1985 Aug;5(8):1894–1900. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.8.1894

Synthesis of predominantly unspliced cytoplasmic RNAs by chimeric herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase-human beta-globin genes.

D S Greenspan, S M Weissman
PMCID: PMC366905  PMID: 3018535

Abstract

The herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (tk) gene lacks introns and produces stable mRNA in the absence of splicing. We have prepared a hybrid gene by placing the first exon, first intron (first intervening sequence, designated IVS1), and most of the second exon of the normal human beta-globin gene into the 3' untranslated region of the tk gene. Although this hybrid gene contains all globin sequences presumed necessary for the splicing of IVS1, predominantly, unspliced stable cytoplasmic RNA is produced in both long- and short-term expression assays. Moreover, stable unspliced cytoplasmic RNA is detected whether the intron is situated in a sense or an antisense orientation. Efficient splicing of IVS1 is obtained either by deleting the majority of tk coding sequences or by relocating the globin sequences from the 3' to the 5' untranslated region of the tk gene.

Full text

PDF
1898

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bacchetti S., Graham F. L. Transfer of the gene for thymidine kinase to thymidine kinase-deficient human cells by purified herpes simplex viral DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Apr;74(4):1590–1594. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.4.1590. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Banerji J., Rusconi S., Schaffner W. Expression of a beta-globin gene is enhanced by remote SV40 DNA sequences. Cell. 1981 Dec;27(2 Pt 1):299–308. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90413-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Battey J., Moulding C., Taub R., Murphy W., Stewart T., Potter H., Lenoir G., Leder P. The human c-myc oncogene: structural consequences of translocation into the IgH locus in Burkitt lymphoma. Cell. 1983 Oct;34(3):779–787. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90534-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Berk A. J., Sharp P. A. Sizing and mapping of early adenovirus mRNAs by gel electrophoresis of S1 endonuclease-digested hybrids. Cell. 1977 Nov;12(3):721–732. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90272-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Busslinger M., Moschonas N., Flavell R. A. Beta + thalassemia: aberrant splicing results from a single point mutation in an intron. Cell. 1981 Dec;27(2 Pt 1):289–298. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90412-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Byrne B. J., Davis M. S., Yamaguchi J., Bergsma D. J., Subramanian K. N. Definition of the simian virus 40 early promoter region and demonstration of a host range bias in the enhancement effect of the simian virus 40 72-base-pair repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Feb;80(3):721–725. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.3.721. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Carlock L., Jones N. C. Synthesis of an unspliced cytoplasmic message by an adenovirus 5 deletion mutant. Nature. 1981 Dec 10;294(5841):572–574. doi: 10.1038/294572a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Collins F. S., Weissman S. M. The molecular genetics of human hemoglobin. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol. 1984;31:315–462. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60382-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Favaloro J., Treisman R., Kamen R. Transcription maps of polyoma virus-specific RNA: analysis by two-dimensional nuclease S1 gel mapping. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):718–749. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65070-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Fiers W., Contreras R., Haegemann G., Rogiers R., Van de Voorde A., Van Heuverswyn H., Van Herreweghe J., Volckaert G., Ysebaert M. Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA. Nature. 1978 May 11;273(5658):113–120. doi: 10.1038/273113a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Ghosh P. K., Reddy V. B., Swinscoe J., Lebowitz P., Weissman S. M. Heterogeneity and 5'-terminal structures of the late RNAs of simian virus 40. J Mol Biol. 1978 Dec 25;126(4):813–846. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90022-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Ghosh P. K., Roy P., Barkan A., Mertz J. E., Weissman S. M., Lebowitz P. Unspliced functional late 19S mRNAs containing intervening sequences are produced by a late leader mutant of simian virus 40. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Mar;78(3):1386–1390. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.3.1386. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gruss P., Lai C. J., Dhar R., Khoury G. Splicing as a requirement for biogenesis of functional 16S mRNA of simian virus 40. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Sep;76(9):4317–4321. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.9.4317. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hamer D. H., Leder P. Splicing and the formation of stable RNA. Cell. 1979 Dec;18(4):1299–1302. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90240-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hamer D. H., Smith K. D., Boyer S. H., Leder P. SV40 recombinants carrying rabbit beta-globin gene coding sequences. Cell. 1979 Jul;17(3):725–735. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90279-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Humphries R. K., Ley T., Turner P., Moulton A. D., Nienhuis A. W. Differences in human alpha-, beta- and delta-globin gene expression in monkey kidney cells. Cell. 1982 Aug;30(1):173–183. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90023-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Kedes L. H. Histone genes and histone messengers. Annu Rev Biochem. 1979;48:837–870. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.48.070179.004201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Korn L. J., Brown D. D. Nucleotide sequence of Xenopus borealis oocyte 5S DNA: comparison of sequences that flank several related eucaryotic genes. Cell. 1978 Dec;15(4):1145–1156. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90042-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kühne T., Wieringa B., Reiser J., Weissmann C. Evidence against a scanning model of RNA splicing. EMBO J. 1983;2(5):727–733. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01492.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Lang K. M., Spritz R. A. RNA splice site selection: evidence for a 5' leads to 3' scanning model. Science. 1983 Jun 24;220(4604):1351–1355. doi: 10.1126/science.6304877. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Lawn R. M., Efstratiadis A., O'Connell C., Maniatis T. The nucleotide sequence of the human beta-globin gene. Cell. 1980 Oct;21(3):647–651. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90428-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Levis R., Penman S. The metabolism of poly (A)+ and poly(A)-hnRNA in cultured Drosophila cells studied with a rapid uridine pulse-chase. Cell. 1977 May;11(1):105–113. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90321-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. May E., Kress M., May P. Characterization of two SV40 early mRNAs and evidence for a nuclear "prespliced" RNA species. Nucleic Acids Res. 1978 Sep;5(9):3083–3099. doi: 10.1093/nar/5.9.3083. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. McKnight S. L., Kingsbury R. Transcriptional control signals of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene. Science. 1982 Jul 23;217(4557):316–324. doi: 10.1126/science.6283634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. McKnight S. L. The nucleotide sequence and transcript map of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Dec 20;8(24):5949–5964. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.24.5949. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Moreau P., Hen R., Wasylyk B., Everett R., Gaub M. P., Chambon P. The SV40 72 base repair repeat has a striking effect on gene expression both in SV40 and other chimeric recombinants. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Nov 25;9(22):6047–6068. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.22.6047. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Nagata S., Mantei N., Weissmann C. The structure of one of the eight or more distinct chromosomal genes for human interferon-alpha. Nature. 1980 Oct 2;287(5781):401–408. doi: 10.1038/287401a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Piatak M., Subramanian K. N., Roy P., Weissman S. M. Late messenger RNA production by viable simian virus 40 mutants with deletions in the leader region. J Mol Biol. 1981 Dec 15;153(3):589–618. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90409-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Reddy V. B., Ghosh P. K., Lebowitz P., Piatak M., Weissman S. M. Simian virus 40 early mRNA's. I. Genomic localization of 3' and 5' termini and two major splices in mRNA from transformed and lytically infected cells. J Virol. 1979 Apr;30(1):279–296. doi: 10.1128/jvi.30.1.279-296.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Reddy V. B., Thimmappaya B., Dhar R., Subramanian K. N., Zain B. S., Pan J., Ghosh P. K., Celma M. L., Weissman S. M. The genome of simian virus 40. Science. 1978 May 5;200(4341):494–502. doi: 10.1126/science.205947. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Ruskin B., Krainer A. R., Maniatis T., Green M. R. Excision of an intact intron as a novel lariat structure during pre-mRNA splicing in vitro. Cell. 1984 Aug;38(1):317–331. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90553-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Spandidos D. A., Wilkie N. M. Host-specificities of papillomavirus, Moloney murine sarcoma virus and simian virus 40 enhancer sequences. EMBO J. 1983;2(7):1193–1199. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01566.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Treisman R., Novak U., Favaloro J., Kamen R. Transformation of rat cells by an altered polyoma virus genome expressing only the middle-T protein. Nature. 1981 Aug 13;292(5824):595–600. doi: 10.1038/292595a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Villarreal L. P., Jovanovich S. Leakage of nuclear transcripts late in simian virus 40-infected CV1 cells: quantitation of spliced and unspliced late 19S RNAs. J Virol. 1980 Nov;36(2):595–600. doi: 10.1128/jvi.36.2.595-600.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Wagner M. J., Sharp J. A., Summers W. C. Nucleotide sequence of the thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Mar;78(3):1441–1445. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.3.1441. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Weaver R. F., Weissmann C. Mapping of RNA by a modification of the Berk-Sharp procedure: the 5' termini of 15 S beta-globin mRNA precursor and mature 10 s beta-globin mRNA have identical map coordinates. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Nov 10;7(5):1175–1193. doi: 10.1093/nar/7.5.1175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Wieringa B., Meyer F., Reiser J., Weissmann C. Unusual splice sites revealed by mutagenic inactivation of an authentic splice site of the rabbit beta-globin gene. Nature. 1983 Jan 6;301(5895):38–43. doi: 10.1038/301038a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Wigler M., Pellicer A., Silverstein S., Axel R., Urlaub G., Chasin L. DNA-mediated transfer of the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase locus into mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Mar;76(3):1373–1376. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.3.1373. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Wilchek M., Gorecki M. Affinity chromatography of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A. Eur J Biochem. 1969 Dec;11(3):491–494. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00799.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES