Skip to main content
PMC home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1986 Sep;6(9):3221–3231. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.9.3221

Synergism of v-myc and v-Ha-ras in the in vitro neoplastic progression of murine lymphoid cells.

R C Schwartz, L W Stanton, S C Riley, K B Marcu, O N Witte
PMCID: PMC367059  PMID: 3023969

Abstract

Murine bone marrow was either singly or doubly infected with retroviral vectors expressing v-myc (OK10) or v-Ha-ras. The infected bone marrow was cultured in a system that supports the long-term growth of B-lineage lymphoid cells. While the v-myc vector by itself had no apparent effect on lymphoid culture establishment and growth, infection with the v-Ha-ras vector or coinfection with both v-myc and v-Ha-ras vectors led to the appearance of growth-stimulated cell populations. Clonal pre-B-cell lines stably expressing v-Ha-ras alone or both v-myc and v-Ha-ras grew out of these cultures. In comparison with cell lines expressing v-Ha-ras alone, cell lines expressing both v-myc and v-Ha-ras grew to higher densities, had reduced dependence on a feeder layer for growth, and had a marked increase in ability to grow in soft-agar medium. The cell lines expressing both oncogenes were highly tumorigenic in syngeneic animals. These experiments show that the v-myc oncogene in synergy with v-Ha-ras can play a direct role in the in vitro transformation of murine B lymphoid cells.

Full text

PDF
3223

Images in this article

3224Image
on p.3224
3225Image
on p.3225
3226Image
on p.3226
3227Image
on p.3227
3227Image
on p.3227

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adams J. M., Gerondakis S., Webb E., Corcoran L. M., Cory S. Cellular myc oncogene is altered by chromosome translocation to an immunoglobulin locus in murine plasmacytomas and is rearranged similarly in human Burkitt lymphomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Apr;80(7):1982–1986. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.7.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Adams J. M., Harris A. W., Pinkert C. A., Corcoran L. M., Alexander W. S., Cory S., Palmiter R. D., Brinster R. L. The c-myc oncogene driven by immunoglobulin enhancers induces lymphoid malignancy in transgenic mice. Nature. 1985 Dec 12;318(6046):533–538. doi: 10.1038/318533a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bernard O., Cory S., Gerondakis S., Webb E., Adams J. M. Sequence of the murine and human cellular myc oncogenes and two modes of myc transcription resulting from chromosome translocation in B lymphoid tumours. EMBO J. 1983;2(12):2375–2383. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01749.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bishop J. M. Viral oncogenes. Cell. 1985 Aug;42(1):23–38. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(85)80098-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Boettiger D., Anderson S., Dexter T. M. Effect of src infection on long-term marrow cultures: increased self-renewal of hemopoietic progenitor cells without leukemia. Cell. 1984 Mar;36(3):763–773. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90356-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cepko C. L., Roberts B. E., Mulligan R. C. Construction and applications of a highly transmissible murine retrovirus shuttle vector. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):1053–1062. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90440-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Coffman R. L., Weissman I. L. A monoclonal antibody that recognizes B cells and B cell precursors in mice. J Exp Med. 1981 Feb 1;153(2):269–279. doi: 10.1084/jem.153.2.269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Cooper G. M., Neiman P. E. Two distinct candidate transforming genes of lymphoid leukosis virus-induced neoplasms. Nature. 1981 Aug 27;292(5826):857–858. doi: 10.1038/292857a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Davidson W. F., Fredrickson T. N., Rudikoff E. K., Coffman R. L., Hartley J. W., Morse H. C., 3rd A unique series of lymphomas related to the Ly-1+ lineage of B lymphocyte differentiation. J Immunol. 1984 Aug;133(2):744–753. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Dhar R., Ellis R. W., Shih T. Y., Oroszlan S., Shapiro B., Maizel J., Lowy D., Scolnick E. Nucleotide sequence of the p21 transforming protein of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Science. 1982 Sep 3;217(4563):934–936. doi: 10.1126/science.6287572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Early P., Huang H., Davis M., Calame K., Hood L. An immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene is generated from three segments of DNA: VH, D and JH. Cell. 1980 Apr;19(4):981–992. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90089-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Eliyahu D., Raz A., Gruss P., Givol D., Oren M. Participation of p53 cellular tumour antigen in transformation of normal embryonic cells. Nature. 1984 Dec 13;312(5995):646–649. doi: 10.1038/312646a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ellis R. W., DeFeo D., Maryak J. M., Young H. A., Shih T. Y., Chang E. H., Lowy D. R., Scolnick E. M. Dual evolutionary origin for the rat genetic sequences of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. J Virol. 1980 Nov;36(2):408–420. doi: 10.1128/jvi.36.2.408-420.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Enrietto P. J., Payne L. N., Hayman M. J. A recovered avian myelocytomatosis virus that induces lymphomas in chickens: pathogenic properties and their molecular basis. Cell. 1983 Dec;35(2 Pt 1):369–379. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90170-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Graf T., Beug H. Avian leukemia viruses: interaction with their target cells in vivo and in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1978 Nov 17;516(3):269–299. doi: 10.1016/0304-419x(78)90011-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Hann S. R., Abrams H. D., Rohrschneider L. R., Eisenman R. N. Proteins encoded by v-myc and c-myc oncogenes: identification and localization in acute leukemia virus transformants and bursal lymphoma cell lines. Cell. 1983 Oct;34(3):789–798. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90535-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Hayflick J., Seeburg P. H., Ohlsson R., Pfeifer-Ohlsson S., Watson D., Papas T., Duesberg P. H. Nucleotide sequence of two overlapping myc-related genes in avian carcinoma virus OK10 and their relation to the myc genes of other viruses and the cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 May;82(9):2718–2722. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.9.2718. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Jenkins J. R., Rudge K., Currie G. A. Cellular immortalization by a cDNA clone encoding the transformation-associated phosphoprotein p53. Nature. 1984 Dec 13;312(5995):651–654. doi: 10.1038/312651a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Keath E. J., Caimi P. G., Cole M. D. Fibroblast lines expressing activated c-myc oncogenes are tumorigenic in nude mice and syngeneic animals. Cell. 1984 Dec;39(2 Pt 1):339–348. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90012-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Keath E. J., Kelekar A., Cole M. D. Transcriptional activation of the translocated c-myc oncogene in mouse plasmacytomas: similar RNA levels in tumor and proliferating normal cells. Cell. 1984 Jun;37(2):521–528. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90382-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Klein G., Klein E. Evolution of tumours and the impact of molecular oncology. Nature. 1985 May 16;315(6016):190–195. doi: 10.1038/315190a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Kurland J. I., Ziegler S. F., Witte O. N. Long-term cultured B lymphocytes and their precursors reconstitute the B-lymphocyte lineage in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Dec;81(23):7554–7558. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.23.7554. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Land H., Parada L. F., Weinberg R. A. Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature. 1983 Aug 18;304(5927):596–602. doi: 10.1038/304596a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Leder P., Battey J., Lenoir G., Moulding C., Murphy W., Potter H., Stewart T., Taub R. Translocations among antibody genes in human cancer. Science. 1983 Nov 18;222(4625):765–771. doi: 10.1126/science.6356357. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Lee W. M., Schwab M., Westaway D., Varmus H. E. Augmented expression of normal c-myc is sufficient for cotransformation of rat embryo cells with a mutant ras gene. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Dec;5(12):3345–3356. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.12.3345. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Malissen M., Minard K., Mjolsness S., Kronenberg M., Goverman J., Hunkapiller T., Prystowsky M. B., Yoshikai Y., Fitch F., Mak T. W. Mouse T cell antigen receptor: structure and organization of constant and joining gene segments encoding the beta polypeptide. Cell. 1984 Jul;37(3):1101–1110. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90444-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Murray M. J., Cunningham J. M., Parada L. F., Dautry F., Lebowitz P., Weinberg R. A. The HL-60 transforming sequence: a ras oncogene coexisting with altered myc genes in hematopoietic tumors. Cell. 1983 Jul;33(3):749–757. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90017-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Neiman P., Wolf C., Enrietto P. J., Cooper G. M. A retroviral myc gene induces preneoplastic transformation of lymphocytes in a bursal transplantation assay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Jan;82(1):222–226. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.1.222. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Nepveu A., Fahrlander P. D., Yang J. Q., Marcu K. B. Amplification and altered expression of the c-myc oncogene in A-MuLV-transformed fibroblasts. Nature. 1985 Oct 3;317(6036):440–443. doi: 10.1038/317440a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Ohno S., Migita S., Wiener F., Babonits M., Klein G., Mushinski J. F., Potter M. Chromosomal translocations activating myc sequences and transduction of v-abl are critical events in the rapid induction of plasmacytomas by pristane and abelson virus. J Exp Med. 1984 Jun 1;159(6):1762–1777. doi: 10.1084/jem.159.6.1762. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Oshimura M., Gilmer T. M., Barrett J. C. Nonrandom loss of chromosome 15 in Syrian hamster tumours induced by v-Ha-ras plus v-myc oncogenes. Nature. 1985 Aug 15;316(6029):636–639. doi: 10.1038/316636a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Parada L. F., Land H., Weinberg R. A., Wolf D., Rotter V. Cooperation between gene encoding p53 tumour antigen and ras in cellular transformation. Nature. 1984 Dec 13;312(5995):649–651. doi: 10.1038/312649a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Payne G. S., Bishop J. M., Varmus H. E. Multiple arrangements of viral DNA and an activated host oncogene in bursal lymphomas. Nature. 1982 Jan 21;295(5846):209–214. doi: 10.1038/295209a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Perry R. P. Consequences of myc invasion of immunoglobulin loci: facts and speculation. Cell. 1983 Jul;33(3):647–649. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90006-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Pierce J. H., Aaronson S. A. BALB- and Harvey-murine sarcoma virus transformation of a novel lymphoid progenitor cell. J Exp Med. 1982 Sep 1;156(3):873–887. doi: 10.1084/jem.156.3.873. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Pulciani S., Santos E., Long L. K., Sorrentino V., Barbacid M. ras gene Amplification and malignant transformation. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Oct;5(10):2836–2841. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.10.2836. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Rapp U. R., Cleveland J. L., Brightman K., Scott A., Ihle J. N. Abrogation of IL-3 and IL-2 dependence by recombinant murine retroviruses expressing v-myc oncogenes. Nature. 1985 Oct 3;317(6036):434–438. doi: 10.1038/317434a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Rapp U. R., Cleveland J. L., Fredrickson T. N., Holmes K. L., Morse H. C., 3rd, Jansen H. W., Patschinsky T., Bister K. Rapid induction of hemopoietic neoplasms in newborn mice by a raf(mil)/myc recombinant murine retrovirus. J Virol. 1985 Jul;55(1):23–33. doi: 10.1128/jvi.55.1.23-33.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Raschke W. C., Baird S., Ralph P., Nakoinz I. Functional macrophage cell lines transformed by Abelson leukemia virus. Cell. 1978 Sep;15(1):261–267. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90101-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Rave N., Crkvenjakov R., Boedtker H. Identification of procollagen mRNAs transferred to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper from formaldehyde agarose gels. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Aug 10;6(11):3559–3567. doi: 10.1093/nar/6.11.3559. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Rigby P. W., Dieckmann M., Rhodes C., Berg P. Labeling deoxyribonucleic acid to high specific activity in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I. J Mol Biol. 1977 Jun 15;113(1):237–251. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90052-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Ruley H. E. Adenovirus early region 1A enables viral and cellular transforming genes to transform primary cells in culture. Nature. 1983 Aug 18;304(5927):602–606. doi: 10.1038/304602a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Schwab M., Varmus H. E., Bishop J. M. Human N-myc gene contributes to neoplastic transformation of mammalian cells in culture. Nature. 1985 Jul 11;316(6024):160–162. doi: 10.1038/316160a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Schwartz R. C., Sonenshein G. E., Bothwell A., Gefter M. L. Multiple expression of Ig lambda-chain encoding RNA species in murine plasmacytoma cells. J Immunol. 1981 Jun;126(6):2104–2108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Seidman J. G., Leder P. The arrangement and rearrangement of antibody genes. Nature. 1978 Dec 21;276(5690):790–795. doi: 10.1038/276790a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Shen-Ong G. L., Keath E. J., Piccoli S. P., Cole M. D. Novel myc oncogene RNA from abortive immunoglobulin-gene recombination in mouse plasmacytomas. Cell. 1982 Dec;31(2 Pt 1):443–452. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(82)90137-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Southern E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J Mol Biol. 1975 Nov 5;98(3):503–517. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80083-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Spandidos D. A., Wilkie N. M. Malignant transformation of early passage rodent cells by a single mutated human oncogene. Nature. 1984 Aug 9;310(5977):469–475. doi: 10.1038/310469a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Spooncer E., Boettiger D., Dexter T. M. Continuous in vitro generation of multipotential stem cell clones from src-infected cultures. Nature. 1984 Jul 19;310(5974):228–230. doi: 10.1038/310228a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Springer T., Galfré G., Secher D. S., Milstein C. Mac-1: a macrophage differentiation antigen identified by monoclonal antibody. Eur J Immunol. 1979 Apr;9(4):301–306. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830090410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Stanton L. W., Watt R., Marcu K. B. Translocation, breakage and truncated transcripts of c-myc oncogene in murine plasmacytomas. Nature. 1983 Jun 2;303(5916):401–406. doi: 10.1038/303401a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Stewart T. A., Pattengale P. K., Leder P. Spontaneous mammary adenocarcinomas in transgenic mice that carry and express MTV/myc fusion genes. Cell. 1984 Oct;38(3):627–637. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90257-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Tanaka T., Slamon D. J., Cline M. J. Efficient generation of antibodies to oncoproteins by using synthetic peptide antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 May;82(10):3400–3404. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.10.3400. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Thomas P. S. Hybridization of denatured RNA and small DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Sep;77(9):5201–5205. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.9.5201. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Thomassen D. G., Gilmer T. M., Annab L. A., Barrett J. C. Evidence for multiple steps in neoplastic transformation of normal and preneoplastic Syrian hamster embryo cells following transfection with Harvey murine sarcoma virus oncogene (v-Ha-ras). Cancer Res. 1985 Feb;45(2):726–732. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Vennström B., Kahn P., Adkins B., Enrietto P., Hayman M. J., Graf T., Luciw P. Transformation of mammalian fibroblasts and macrophages in vitro by a murine retrovirus encoding an avian v-myc oncogene. EMBO J. 1984 Dec 20;3(13):3223–3229. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02282.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Vennström B., Moscovici C., Goodman H. M., Bishop J. M. Molecular cloning of the avian myelocytomatosis virus genome and recovery of infectious virus by transfection of chicken cells. J Virol. 1981 Aug;39(2):625–631. doi: 10.1128/jvi.39.2.625-631.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Wagner E. F., Vanek M., Vennström B. Transfer of genes into embryonal carcinoma cells by retrovirus infection: efficient expression from an internal promoter. EMBO J. 1985 Mar;4(3):663–666. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03680.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Watson D. K., Reddy E. P., Duesberg P. H., Papas T. S. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the chicken c-myc gene reveals homologous and unique coding regions by comparison with the transforming gene of avian myelocytomatosis virus MC29, delta gag-myc. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Apr;80(8):2146–2150. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.8.2146. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Weinberg R. A. The action of oncogenes in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Science. 1985 Nov 15;230(4727):770–776. doi: 10.1126/science.2997917. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Whitlock C. A., Witte O. N. Long-term culture of B lymphocytes and their precursors from murine bone marrow. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Jun;79(11):3608–3612. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.11.3608. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Whitlock C. A., Ziegler S. F., Treiman L. J., Stafford J. I., Witte O. N. Differentiation of cloned populations of immature B cells after transformation with Abelson murine leukemia virus. Cell. 1983 Mar;32(3):903–911. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90075-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Yam L. T., Li C. Y., Crosby W. H. Cytochemical identification of monocytes and granulocytes. Am J Clin Pathol. 1971 Mar;55(3):283–290. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/55.3.283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Yancopoulos G. D., Nisen P. D., Tesfaye A., Kohl N. E., Goldfarb M. P., Alt F. W. N-myc can cooperate with ras to transform normal cells in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Aug;82(16):5455–5459. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.16.5455. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. ar-Rushdi A., Nishikura K., Erikson J., Watt R., Rovera G., Croce C. M. Differential expression of the translocated and the untranslocated c-myc oncogene in Burkitt lymphoma. Science. 1983 Oct 28;222(4622):390–393. doi: 10.1126/science.6414084. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES