Skip to main content
PMC home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1986 Nov;6(11):3626–3631. doi: 10.1128/mcb.6.11.3626

Comparison of the trans-activation capabilities of the human T-cell leukemia virus type I and II chi proteins.

N P Shah, W Wachsman, A J Cann, L Souza, D J Slamon, I S Chen
PMCID: PMC367123  PMID: 3025604

Abstract

The mechanism of cellular transformation by the human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLVs) is thought to involve a novel retrovirus gene known as chi. The chi gene is essential for HTLV replication and acts by enhancing transcription from the viral long terminal repeat. By using the HTLV type I and II chi gene-coding regions inserted into a highly efficient expression vector, we directly compared the efficiencies of the two chi proteins to trans activate the HTLV type I and II long terminal repeats. We demonstrate that the two chi proteins have different patterns of trans activation. The patterns were highly reproducible in all mammalian cells tested. A different pattern of activation was observed in avian cells. These results suggest that the mechanism of trans activation involves specific cellular factors that are highly conserved throughout mammalian species but different in avian cells. Understanding the mechanism of trans activation by the chi gene product may provide insights into mechanisms of cellular transformation by HTLV.

Full text

PDF
3627

Images in this article

3628Image
on p.3628
3628Image
on p.3628
3629Image
on p.3629

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alwine J. C. Transient gene expression control: effects of transfected DNA stability and trans-activation by viral early proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 May;5(5):1034–1042. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.5.1034. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Berk A. J., Lee F., Harrison T., Williams J., Sharp P. A. Pre-early adenovirus 5 gene product regulates synthesis of early viral messenger RNAs. Cell. 1979 Aug;17(4):935–944. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90333-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Cann A. J., Rosenblatt J. D., Wachsman W., Shah N. P., Chen I. S. Identification of the gene responsible for human T-cell leukaemia virus transcriptional regulation. Nature. 1985 Dec 12;318(6046):571–574. doi: 10.1038/318571a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Chen I. S., Cann A. J., Shah N. P., Gaynor R. B. Functional relation between HTLV-II x and adenovirus E1A proteins in transcriptional activation. Science. 1985 Nov 1;230(4725):570–573. doi: 10.1126/science.2996140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Chen I. S., Quan S. G., Golde D. W. Human T-cell leukemia virus type II transforms normal human lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Nov;80(22):7006–7009. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.22.7006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Chen I. S., Slamon D. J., Rosenblatt J. D., Shah N. P., Quan S. G., Wachsman W. The x gene is essential for HTLV replication. Science. 1985 Jul 5;229(4708):54–58. doi: 10.1126/science.2990037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dulak N. C., Temin H. M. A partially purified polypeptide fraction from rat liver cell conditioned medium with multiplication-stimulating activity for embryo fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol. 1973 Apr;81(2):153–160. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1040810204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Felber B. K., Paskalis H., Kleinman-Ewing C., Wong-Staal F., Pavlakis G. N. The pX protein of HTLV-I is a transcriptional activator of its long terminal repeats. Science. 1985 Aug 16;229(4714):675–679. doi: 10.1126/science.2992082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Feldman L. T., Imperiale M. J., Nevins J. R. Activation of early adenovirus transcription by the herpesvirus immediate early gene: evidence for a common cellular control factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Aug;79(16):4952–4956. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.16.4952. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Ferguson B., Krippl B., Andrisani O., Jones N., Westphal H., Rosenberg M. E1A 13S and 12S mRNA products made in Escherichia coli both function as nucleus-localized transcription activators but do not directly bind DNA. Mol Cell Biol. 1985 Oct;5(10):2653–2661. doi: 10.1128/mcb.5.10.2653. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gallo R. C., Kalyanaraman V. S., Sarngadharan M. G., Sliski A., Vonderheid E. C., Maeda M., Nakao Y., Yamada K., Ito Y., Gutensohn N. Association of the human type C retrovirus with a subset of adult T-cell cancers. Cancer Res. 1983 Aug;43(8):3892–3899. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Gluzman Y. SV40-transformed simian cells support the replication of early SV40 mutants. Cell. 1981 Jan;23(1):175–182. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90282-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Haseltine W. A., Sodroski J., Patarca R., Briggs D., Perkins D., Wong-Staal F. Structure of 3' terminal region of type II human T lymphotropic virus: evidence for new coding region. Science. 1984 Jul 27;225(4660):419–421. doi: 10.1126/science.6330894. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hinuma Y., Nagata K., Hanaoka M., Nakai M., Matsumoto T., Kinoshita K. I., Shirakawa S., Miyoshi I. Adult T-cell leukemia: antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Oct;78(10):6476–6480. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.10.6476. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Houweling A., van den Elsen P. J., van der Eb A. J. Partial transformation of primary rat cells by the leftmost 4.5% fragment of adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology. 1980 Sep;105(2):537–550. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90054-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. JENSEN F. C., GIRARDI A. J., GILDEN R. V., KOPROWSKI H. INFECTION OF HUMAN AND SIMIAN TISSUE CULTURES WITH ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1964 Jul;52:53–59. doi: 10.1073/pnas.52.1.53. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Jainchill J. L., Aaronson S. A., Todaro G. J. Murine sarcoma and leukemia viruses: assay using clonal lines of contact-inhibited mouse cells. J Virol. 1969 Nov;4(5):549–553. doi: 10.1128/jvi.4.5.549-553.1969. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kalyanaraman V. S., Sarngadharan M. G., Robert-Guroff M., Miyoshi I., Golde D., Gallo R. C. A new subtype of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-II) associated with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia. Science. 1982 Nov 5;218(4572):571–573. doi: 10.1126/science.6981847. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kingston R. E., Baldwin A. S., Sharp P. A. Transcription control by oncogenes. Cell. 1985 May;41(1):3–5. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(85)90049-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Kiyokawa T., Seiki M., Iwashita S., Imagawa K., Shimizu F., Yoshida M. p27x-III and p21x-III, proteins encoded by the pX sequence of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Dec;82(24):8359–8363. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.24.8359. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Lee T. H., Coligan J. E., Sodroski J. G., Haseltine W. A., Salahuddin S. Z., Wong-Staal F., Gallo R. C., Essex M. Antigens encoded by the 3'-terminal region of human T-cell leukemia virus: evidence for a functional gene. Science. 1984 Oct 5;226(4670):57–61. doi: 10.1126/science.6089350. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Miyoshi I., Kubonishi I., Yoshimoto S., Akagi T., Ohtsuki Y., Shiraishi Y., Nagata K., Hinuma Y. Type C virus particles in a cord T-cell line derived by co-cultivating normal human cord leukocytes and human leukaemic T cells. Nature. 1981 Dec 24;294(5843):770–771. doi: 10.1038/294770a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Moscovici C., Moscovici M. G., Jimenez H., Lai M. M., Hayman M. J., Vogt P. K. Continuous tissue culture cell lines derived from chemically induced tumors of Japanese quail. Cell. 1977 May;11(1):95–103. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90320-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Popovic M., Lange-Wantzin G., Sarin P. S., Mann D., Gallo R. C. Transformation of human umbilical cord blood T cells by human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Sep;80(17):5402–5406. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.17.5402. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Ricciardi R. P., Jones R. L., Cepko C. L., Sharp P. A., Roberts B. E. Expression of early adenovirus genes requires a viral encoded acidic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Oct;78(10):6121–6125. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.10.6121. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Rosenblatt J. D., Golde D. W., Wachsman W., Giorgi J. V., Jacobs A., Schmidt G. M., Quan S., Gasson J. C., Chen I. S. A second isolate of HTLV-II associated with atypical hairy-cell leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1986 Aug 7;315(6):372–377. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198608073150606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Saxon A., Stevens R. H., Golde D. W. T-lymphocyte variant of hairy-cell leukemia. Ann Intern Med. 1978 Mar;88(3):323–326. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-88-3-323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Seiki M., Hattori S., Hirayama Y., Yoshida M. Human adult T-cell leukemia virus: complete nucleotide sequence of the provirus genome integrated in leukemia cell DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Jun;80(12):3618–3622. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.12.3618. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Seiki M., Hikikoshi A., Taniguchi T., Yoshida M. Expression of the pX gene of HTLV-I: general splicing mechanism in the HTLV family. Science. 1985 Jun 28;228(4707):1532–1534. doi: 10.1126/science.2990031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Shimotohno K., Takahashi Y., Shimizu N., Gojobori T., Golde D. W., Chen I. S., Miwa M., Sugimura T. Complete nucleotide sequence of an infectious clone of human T-cell leukemia virus type II: an open reading frame for the protease gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 May;82(10):3101–3105. doi: 10.1073/pnas.82.10.3101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Slamon D. J., Shimotohno K., Cline M. J., Golde D. W., Chen I. S. Identification of the putative transforming protein of the human T-cell leukemia viruses HTLV-I and HTLV-II. Science. 1984 Oct 5;226(4670):61–65. doi: 10.1126/science.6089351. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Sodroski J. G., Goh W. C., Rosen C. A., Salahuddin S. Z., Aldovini A., Franchini G., Wong-Staal F., Gallo R. C., Sugamura K., Hinuma Y. trans-Activation of the human T-cell leukemia virus long terminal repeat correlates with expression of the x-lor protein. J Virol. 1985 Sep;55(3):831–835. doi: 10.1128/jvi.55.3.831-835.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Sodroski J. G., Rosen C. A., Haseltine W. A. Trans-acting transcriptional activation of the long terminal repeat of human T lymphotropic viruses in infected cells. Science. 1984 Jul 27;225(4660):381–385. doi: 10.1126/science.6330891. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Tarpley W. G., Temin H. M. The location of v-src in a retrovirus vector determines whether the virus is toxic or transforming. Mol Cell Biol. 1984 Dec;4(12):2653–2660. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.12.2653. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Wachsman W., Shimotohno K., Clark S. C., Golde D. W., Chen I. S. Expression of the 3' terminal region of human T-cell leukemia viruses. Science. 1984 Oct 12;226(4671):177–179. doi: 10.1126/science.6091270. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Wong G. G., Witek J. S., Temple P. A., Wilkens K. M., Leary A. C., Luxenberg D. P., Jones S. S., Brown E. L., Kay R. M., Orr E. C. Human GM-CSF: molecular cloning of the complementary DNA and purification of the natural and recombinant proteins. Science. 1985 May 17;228(4701):810–815. doi: 10.1126/science.3923623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES