Abstract
An electron microscopic study was made of the replication of rDNA chromatin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two different methods were used to synchronize cells. cdc7-1 cells were raised to a restrictive temperature, whereas A364a cells were blocked with mating factor. Replication bubbles typically opened in the nontranscribed spacers of rDNA repeats in both cell types. The mean position of the center of these bubbles corresponds closely to a position where an autonomously replicating sequence previously has been mapped in an rDNA repeat. Clusters of replication bubbles containing up to four bubbles spaced one to three genes apart were seen opening in early S phase.
Full text
PDF









Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Amaldi F., Giacomoni D., Zito-Bignami R. On the duplication of ribosomal RNA cistrons in Chinese hamster cells. Eur J Biochem. 1969 Dec;11(3):419–423. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00790.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Balazs L., Schildkraut C. L. DNA replication in synchronized cultured mammalian cells. II. Replication of ribosomal cistrons in thymidine-synchronized HeLa cells. J Mol Biol. 1971 Apr 14;57(1):153–158. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90125-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beach D., Piper M., Shall S. Isolation of chromosomal origins of replication in yeast. Nature. 1980 Mar 13;284(5752):185–187. doi: 10.1038/284185a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bell G. I., DeGennaro L. J., Gelfand D. H., Bishop R. J., Valenzuela P., Rutter W. J. Ribosomal RNA genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Physical map of the repeating unit and location of the regions coding for 5 S, 5.8 S, 18 S, and 25 S ribosomal RNAs. J Biol Chem. 1977 Nov 25;252(22):8118–8125. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Botchan P. M., Dayton A. I. A specific replication origin in the chromosomal rDNA of Lytechinus variegatus. Nature. 1982 Sep 30;299(5882):453–456. doi: 10.1038/299453a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brewer B. J., Zakian V. A., Fangman W. L. Replication and meiotic transmission of yeast ribosomal RNA genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Nov;77(11):6739–6743. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.11.6739. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Broach J. R., Hicks J. B. Replication and recombination functions associated with the yeast plasmid, 2 mu circle. Cell. 1980 Sep;21(2):501–508. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90487-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Broach J. R., Li Y. Y., Feldman J., Jayaram M., Abraham J., Nasmyth K. A., Hicks J. B. Localization and sequence analysis of yeast origins of DNA replication. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1983;47(Pt 2):1165–1173. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1983.047.01.132. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cech T. R., Brehm S. L. Replication of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes of Tetrahymena thermophilia. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Jul 24;9(14):3531–3543. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.14.3531. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chan C. S., Tye B. K. Autonomously replicating sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Nov;77(11):6329–6333. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.11.6329. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clarke L., Carbon J. Isolation of a yeast centromere and construction of functional small circular chromosomes. Nature. 1980 Oct 9;287(5782):504–509. doi: 10.1038/287504a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cramer J. H., Farrelly F. W., Rownd R. H. Restriction endonuclease analysis of ribosomal DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Gen Genet. 1976 Nov 17;148(3):233–241. doi: 10.1007/BF00332897. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- D'Andrea A. D., Tantravahi U., Lalande M., Perle M. A., Latt S. A. High resolution analysis of the timing of replication of specific DNA sequences during S phase of mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Jul 25;11(14):4753–4774. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.14.4753. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Epner E., Rifkind R. A., Marks P. A. Replication of alpha and beta globin DNA sequences occurs during early S phase in murine erythroleukemia cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 May;78(5):3058–3062. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.5.3058. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Georgiev O. I., Nikolaev N., Hadjiolov A. A., Skryabin K. G., Zakharyev V. M., Bayev A. A. The structure of the yeast ribosomal RNA genes. 4. Complete sequence of the 25 S rRNA gene from Saccharomyces cerevisae. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Dec 21;9(24):6953–6958. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.24.6953. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Giacomoni D., Finkel D. Time of duplication of ribosomal RNA cistrons in a cell line of Potorous tridactylis (rat kangaroo). J Mol Biol. 1972 Oct 14;70(3):725–728. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90570-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hand R. Eucaryotic DNA: organization of the genome for replication. Cell. 1978 Oct;15(2):317–325. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90001-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hand R., Tamm I. DNA replication: direction and rate of chain growth in mammalian cells. J Cell Biol. 1973 Aug;58(2):410–418. doi: 10.1083/jcb.58.2.410. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harland R. M., Laskey R. A. Regulated replication of DNA microinjected into eggs of Xenopus laevis. Cell. 1980 Oct;21(3):761–771. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90439-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hartwell L. H., Culotti J., Pringle J. R., Reid B. J. Genetic control of the cell division cycle in yeast. Science. 1974 Jan 11;183(4120):46–51. doi: 10.1126/science.183.4120.46. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hereford L. M., Hartwell L. H. Sequential gene function in the initiation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA synthesis. J Mol Biol. 1974 Apr 15;84(3):445–461. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90451-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Huberman J. A., Tsai A. Direction of DNA replication in mammalian cells. J Mol Biol. 1973 Mar 25;75(1):5–12. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90525-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kearsey S. Structural requirements for the function of a yeast chromosomal replicator. Cell. 1984 May;37(1):299–307. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90326-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kikuchi Y. Yeast plasmid requires a cis-acting locus and two plasmid proteins for its stable maintenance. Cell. 1983 Dec;35(2 Pt 1):487–493. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90182-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kiss G. B., Amin A. A., Pearlman R. E. Two separate regions of the extrachromosomal ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid of Tetrahymena thermophila enable autonomous replication of plasmids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol. 1981 Jun;1(6):535–543. doi: 10.1128/mcb.1.6.535. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lauer G. D., Roberts T. M., Klotz L. C. Determination of the nuclear DNA content of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and implications for the organization of DNA in yeast chromosomes. J Mol Biol. 1977 Aug 25;114(4):507–526. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90175-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Martin R. G., Setlow V. P. The initiation of SV40 DNA synthesis is not unique to the replication origin. Cell. 1980 Jun;20(2):381–391. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90624-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mazur P., Schmidt J. J. Interactions of cooling velocity, temperature, and warming velocity on the survival of frozen and thawed yeast. Cryobiology. 1968 Jul-Aug;5(1):1–17. doi: 10.1016/s0011-2240(68)80138-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McKnight S. L., Bustin M., Miller O. L., Jr Electron microscopic analysis of chromosome metabolism in the Drosophila melanogaster embryo. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1978;42(Pt 2):741–754. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1978.042.01.075. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McKnight S. L., Miller O. L., Jr Electron microscopic analysis of chromatin replication in the cellular blastoderm Drosophila melanogaster embryo. Cell. 1977 Nov;12(3):795–804. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90278-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McKnight S. L., Miller O. L., Jr Ultrastructural patterns of RNA synthesis during early embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster. Cell. 1976 Jun;8(2):305–319. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90014-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Méchali M., Kearsey S. Lack of specific sequence requirement for DNA replication in Xenopus eggs compared with high sequence specificity in yeast. Cell. 1984 Aug;38(1):55–64. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90526-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Newlon C. S., Petes T. D., Hereford L. M., Fangman W. L. Replication of yeast chromosomal DNA. Nature. 1974 Jan 4;247(5435):32–35. doi: 10.1038/247032a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Petes T. D. Yeast ribosomal DNA genes are located on chromosome XII. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Jan;76(1):410–414. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.1.410. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Philippsen P., Thomas M., Kramer R. A., Davis R. W. Unique arrangement of coding sequences for 5 S, 5.8 S, 18 S and 25 S ribosomal RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as determined by R-loop and hybridization analysis. J Mol Biol. 1978 Aug 15;123(3):387–404. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90086-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pierron G., Sauer H. W., Toublan B., Jalouzot R. Physical relationship between replicons and transcription units in Physarum polycephalum. Eur J Cell Biol. 1982 Nov;29(1):104–113. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rivin C. J., Fangman W. L. Replication fork rate and origin activation during the S phase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol. 1980 Apr;85(1):108–115. doi: 10.1083/jcb.85.1.108. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schweizer E., MacKechnie C., Halvorson H. O. The redundancy of ribosomal and transfer RNA genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol. 1969 Mar 14;40(2):261–277. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(69)90474-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Skryabin K. G., Maxam A. M., Petes T. D., Hereford L. Location of the 5.8S rRNA gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol. 1978 Apr;134(1):306–309. doi: 10.1128/jb.134.1.306-309.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stinchcomb D. T., Thomas M., Kelly J., Selker E., Davis R. W. Eukaryotic DNA segments capable of autonomous replication in yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Aug;77(8):4559–4563. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.8.4559. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Struhl K., Stinchcomb D. T., Scherer S., Davis R. W. High-frequency transformation of yeast: autonomous replication of hybrid DNA molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Mar;76(3):1035–1039. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.3.1035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Szostak J. W., Wu R. Insertion of a genetic marker into the ribosomal DNA of yeast. Plasmid. 1979 Oct;2(4):536–554. doi: 10.1016/0147-619x(79)90053-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Truett M. A., Gall J. G. The replication of ribosomal DNA in the macronucleus of Tetrahymena. Chromosoma. 1977 Dec 6;64(4):295–303. doi: 10.1007/BF00294937. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Udem S. A., Warner J. R. Ribosomal RNA synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Biol. 1972 Mar 28;65(2):227–242. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90279-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Valenzuela P., Bell G. I., Venegas A., Sewell E. T., Masiarz F. R., DeGennaro L. J., Weinberg F., Rutter W. J. Ribosomal RNA genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Physical map and nucleotide sequence of the 5 S ribosomal RNA gene and adjacent intergenic regions. J Biol Chem. 1977 Nov 25;252(22):8126–8135. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Walmsley R. M., Johnston L. H., Williamson D. H., Oliver S. G. Replicon size of yeast ribosomal DNA. Mol Gen Genet. 1984;195(1-2):260–266. doi: 10.1007/BF00332757. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zakian V. A., Brewer B. J., Fangman W. L. Replication of each copy of the yeast 2 micron DNA plasmid occurs during the S phase. Cell. 1979 Aug;17(4):923–934. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90332-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]