Skip to main content
PMC home page
Molecular and Cellular Biology logoLink to Molecular and Cellular Biology
. 1984 Oct;4(10):2128–2135. doi: 10.1128/mcb.4.10.2128

The long terminal repeat of an endogenous intracisternal A-particle gene functions as a promoter when introduced into eucaryotic cells by transfection.

K K Lueders, J W Fewell, E L Kuff, T Koch
PMCID: PMC369031  PMID: 6095042

Abstract

We describe experiments designed to determine whether an endogenous intracisternal A-particle (IAP) gene randomly selected from a mouse embryo library has the potential to be transcriptionally active. Assays for IAP gene transcription were done with permanently transformed rat cells and transiently transfected monkey and mouse cells. The rat cells, which had integrated IAP gene copies, contained IAP RNA. A start site within the IAP 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) was localized by S1 mapping. The promoter activity of the IAP LTR was also measured in cells 48 h after the introduction of recombinant plasmids in which bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) encoding sequences were under the control of the LTR. The IAP LTR promoted CAT activity in mouse and monkey cells. In mouse L-cells, the levels of CAT activity were 10 to 25% of those promoted by an analogous recombinant containing the Moloney murine sarcoma virus LTR as the promoter. In contrast to the Moloney murine sarcoma virus LTR, the IAP LTR was five- to eightfold more active in monkey cells than in mouse cells. The 5' and 3' LTRs were equally active, and promoter activity was dependent on having the orientation of the LTRs with respect to the CAT gene the same as their orientation with respect to the IAP gene. A 5'-flanking sequence containing a member of the highly repetitive R-sequence family increased CAT activity in COS cells 11-fold when present along with the LTR. Our results indicate that the LTR of an endogenous mouse IAP gene can function as an efficient promoter in heterologous as well as homologous cells.

Full text

PDF
2132

Images in this article

2130Image
on p.2130
2131Image
on p.2131

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Berg P. E., Yu J. K., Popovic Z., Schumperli D., Johansen H., Rosenberg M., Anderson W. F. Differential activation of the mouse beta-globin promoter by enhancers. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Jul;3(7):1246–1254. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.7.1246. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Berk A. J., Sharp P. A. Sizing and mapping of early adenovirus mRNAs by gel electrophoresis of S1 endonuclease-digested hybrids. Cell. 1977 Nov;12(3):721–732. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90272-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Breathnach R., Chambon P. Organization and expression of eucaryotic split genes coding for proteins. Annu Rev Biochem. 1981;50:349–383. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.002025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Byrne B. J., Davis M. S., Yamaguchi J., Bergsma D. J., Subramanian K. N. Definition of the simian virus 40 early promoter region and demonstration of a host range bias in the enhancement effect of the simian virus 40 72-base-pair repeat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Feb;80(3):721–725. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.3.721. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Canaani E., Dreazen O., Klar A., Rechavi G., Ram D., Cohen J. B., Givol D. Activation of the c-mos oncogene in a mouse plasmacytoma by insertion of an endogenous intracisternal A-particle genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Dec;80(23):7118–7122. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.23.7118. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Cohen J. B., Unger T., Rechavi G., Canaani E., Givol D. Rearrangement of the oncogene c-mos in mouse myeloma NSI and hybridomas. Nature. 1983 Dec 22;306(5945):797–799. doi: 10.1038/306797a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cole M. D., Ono M., Huang R. C. Intracisternal A-particle genes: structure of adjacent genes and mapping of the boundaries of the transcriptional unit. J Virol. 1982 Apr;42(1):123–130. doi: 10.1128/jvi.42.1.123-130.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Dhar R., McClements W. L., Enquist L. W., Vande Woude G. F. Nucleotide sequences of integrated Moloney sarcoma provirus long terminal repeats and their host and viral junctions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jul;77(7):3937–3941. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.3937. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Even J., Anderson S. J., Hampe A., Galibert F., Lowy D., Khoury G., Sherr C. J. Mutant feline sarcoma proviruses containing the viral oncogene (v-fes) and either feline or murine control elements. J Virol. 1983 Mar;45(3):1004–1016. doi: 10.1128/jvi.45.3.1004-1016.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Gattoni-Celli S., Hsiao W. L., Weinstein I. B. Rearranged c-mos locus in a MOPC 21 murine myeloma cell line and its persistence in hybridomas. Nature. 1983 Dec 22;306(5945):795–796. doi: 10.1038/306795a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Gebhard W., Meitinger T., Höchtl J., Zachau H. G. A new family of interspersed repetitive DNA sequences in the mouse genome. J Mol Biol. 1982 May 25;157(3):453–471. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90471-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Gluzman Y. SV40-transformed simian cells support the replication of early SV40 mutants. Cell. 1981 Jan;23(1):175–182. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90282-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gorman C. M., Merlino G. T., Willingham M. C., Pastan I., Howard B. H. The Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat is a strong promoter when introduced into a variety of eukaryotic cells by DNA-mediated transfection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(22):6777–6781. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.22.6777. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gorman C. M., Moffat L. F., Howard B. H. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1982 Sep;2(9):1044–1051. doi: 10.1128/mcb.2.9.1044. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Graham F. L., van der Eb A. J. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology. 1973 Apr;52(2):456–467. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90341-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Harbers K., Schnieke A., Stuhlmann H., Jähner D., Jaenisch R. DNA methylation and gene expression: endogenous retroviral genome becomes infectious after molecular cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Dec;78(12):7609–7613. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.12.7609. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Hawley R. G., Shulman M. J., Murialdo H., Gibson D. M., Hozumi N. Mutant immunoglobulin genes have repetitive DNA elements inserted into their intervening sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Dec;79(23):7425–7429. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.23.7425. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Jähner D., Jaenisch R. Integration of Moloney leukaemia virus into the germ line of mice: correlation between site of integration and virus activation. Nature. 1980 Oct 2;287(5781):456–458. doi: 10.1038/287456a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Kriegler M., Botchan M. Enhanced transformation by a simian virus 40 recombinant virus containing a Harvey murine sarcoma virus long terminal repeat. Mol Cell Biol. 1983 Mar;3(3):325–339. doi: 10.1128/mcb.3.3.325. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Kuff E. L., Feenstra A., Lueders K., Rechavi G., Givol D., Canaani E. Homology between an endogenous viral LTR and sequences inserted in an activated cellular oncogene. Nature. 1983 Apr 7;302(5908):547–548. doi: 10.1038/302547a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Kuff E. L., Feenstra A., Lueders K., Smith L., Hawley R., Hozumi N., Shulman M. Intracisternal A-particle genes as movable elements in the mouse genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Apr;80(7):1992–1996. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.7.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Kuff E. L., Leuders K. K., Ozer H. L., Wivel N. A. Some structural and antigenic properties of intracisternal A particles occurring in mouse tumors (complement fixation-immunodiffusion-neuroblastoma-plasma-cell tumor). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972 Jan;69(1):218–222. doi: 10.1073/pnas.69.1.218. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Kuff E. L., Smith L. A., Lueders K. K. Intracisternal A-particle genes in Mus musculus: a conserved family of retrovirus-like elements. Mol Cell Biol. 1981 Mar;1(3):216–227. doi: 10.1128/mcb.1.3.216. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Laimins L. A., Gruss P., Pozzatti R., Khoury G. Characterization of enhancer elements in the long terminal repeat of Moloney murine sarcoma virus. J Virol. 1984 Jan;49(1):183–189. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.1.183-189.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Laimins L. A., Khoury G., Gorman C., Howard B., Gruss P. Host-specific activation of transcription by tandem repeats from simian virus 40 and Moloney murine sarcoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(21):6453–6457. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.21.6453. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Levinson B., Khoury G., Vande Woude G., Gruss P. Activation of SV40 genome by 72-base pair tandem repeats of Moloney sarcoma virus. Nature. 1982 Feb 18;295(5850):568–572. doi: 10.1038/295568a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Luciw P. A., Bishop J. M., Varmus H. E., Capecchi M. R. Location and function of retroviral and SV40 sequences that enhance biochemical transformation after microinjection of DNA. Cell. 1983 Jul;33(3):705–716. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90013-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Lueders K. K., Kuff E. L. Comparison of the sequence organization of related retrovirus-like multigene families in three evolutionarily distant rodent genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1983 Jul 11;11(13):4391–4408. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.13.4391. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lueders K. K., Kuff E. L. Intracisternal A-particle genes: identification in the genome of Mus musculus and comparison of multiple isolates from a mouse gene library. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jun;77(6):3571–3575. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.6.3571. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Lueders K. K., Kuff E. L. Sequences associated with intracisternal A particles are reiterated in the mouse genome. Cell. 1977 Dec;12(4):963–972. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90161-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Lueders K. K., Kuff E. L. Sequences homologous to retrovirus-like genes of the mouse are present in multiple copies in the Syrian hamster genome. Nucleic Acids Res. 1981 Nov 25;9(22):5917–5930. doi: 10.1093/nar/9.22.5917. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Lueders K. K., Paterson B. M. A short interspersed repetitive element found near some mouse structural genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Dec 11;10(23):7715–7729. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.23.7715. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Lueders K. K., Segal S., Kuff E. L. RNA sequences specifically associated with mouse intracisternal A particles. Cell. 1977 May;11(1):83–94. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90319-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. McKnight S. L., Gavis E. R. Expression of the herpes thymidine kinase gene in Xenopus laevis oocytes: an assay for the study of deletion mutants constructed in vitro. Nucleic Acids Res. 1980 Dec 20;8(24):5931–5948. doi: 10.1093/nar/8.24.5931. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. McKnight S. L., Kingsbury R. Transcriptional control signals of a eukaryotic protein-coding gene. Science. 1982 Jul 23;217(4557):316–324. doi: 10.1126/science.6283634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Nordheim A., Rich A. Negatively supercoiled simian virus 40 DNA contains Z-DNA segments within transcriptional enhancer sequences. Nature. 1983 Jun 23;303(5919):674–679. doi: 10.1038/303674a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Ono M., Cole M. D., White A. T., Huang R. C. Sequence organization of cloned intracisternal A particle genes. Cell. 1980 Sep;21(2):465–473. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90483-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Parker B. A., Stark G. R. Regulation of simian virus 40 transcription: sensitive analysis of the RNA species present early in infections by virus or viral DNA. J Virol. 1979 Aug;31(2):360–369. doi: 10.1128/jvi.31.2.360-369.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Queen C., Baltimore D. Immunoglobulin gene transcription is activated by downstream sequence elements. Cell. 1983 Jul;33(3):741–748. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90016-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Rechavi G., Givol D., Canaani E. Activation of a cellular oncogene by DNA rearrangement: possible involvement of an IS-like element. Nature. 1982 Dec 16;300(5893):607–611. doi: 10.1038/300607a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Rosenthal N., Kress M., Gruss P., Khoury G. BK viral enhancer element and a human cellular homolog. Science. 1983 Nov 18;222(4625):749–755. doi: 10.1126/science.6314501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Shen-Ong G. L., Cole M. D. Amplification of a specific set of intracisternal A-particle genes in a mouse plasmacytoma. J Virol. 1984 Jan;49(1):171–177. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.1.171-177.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Shen-Ong G. L., Cole M. D. Differing populations of intracisternal A-particle genes in myeloma tumors and mouse subspecies. J Virol. 1982 May;42(2):411–421. doi: 10.1128/jvi.42.2.411-421.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Varmus H. E. Form and function of retroviral proviruses. Science. 1982 May 21;216(4548):812–820. doi: 10.1126/science.6177038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Weaver R. F., Weissmann C. Mapping of RNA by a modification of the Berk-Sharp procedure: the 5' termini of 15 S beta-globin mRNA precursor and mature 10 s beta-globin mRNA have identical map coordinates. Nucleic Acids Res. 1979 Nov 10;7(5):1175–1193. doi: 10.1093/nar/7.5.1175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Weiher H., König M., Gruss P. Multiple point mutations affecting the simian virus 40 enhancer. Science. 1983 Feb 11;219(4585):626–631. doi: 10.1126/science.6297005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Wigler M., Silverstein S., Lee L. S., Pellicer A., Cheng Y. c., Axel R. Transfer of purified herpes virus thymidine kinase gene to cultured mouse cells. Cell. 1977 May;11(1):223–232. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(77)90333-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. de Villiers J., Olson L., Tyndall C., Schaffner W. Transcriptional 'enhancers' from SV40 and polyoma virus show a cell type preference. Nucleic Acids Res. 1982 Dec 20;10(24):7965–7976. doi: 10.1093/nar/10.24.7965. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Molecular and Cellular Biology are provided here courtesy of Taylor & Francis

RESOURCES