Abstract
Expression of the gene encoding transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) was examined in developing rat embryos by using a cloned TGF alpha cDNA as a hybridization probe. Northern blot analysis of RNA isolated from whole fetuses revealed that TGF alpha mRNA was present at relatively high levels in 8- through 10-day-old embryos and then declined to the low or undetectable level, which is characteristic of adult tissues before birth. The level of TGF alpha mRNA present during early gestation was similar to that present in retrovirus-transformed cells in culture, suggesting that TGF alpha expression is not highly localized in the embryo. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that TGF alpha plays a role in development, possibly as a fetal growth factor.
Full text
PDFImages in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Anzano M. A., Roberts A. B., Meyers C. A., Komoriya A., Lamb L. C., Smith J. M., Sporn M. B. Synergistic interaction of two classes of transforming growth factors from murine sarcoma cells. Cancer Res. 1982 Nov;42(11):4776–4778. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chirgwin J. M., Przybyla A. E., MacDonald R. J., Rutter W. J. Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease. Biochemistry. 1979 Nov 27;18(24):5294–5299. doi: 10.1021/bi00591a005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Derynck R., Roberts A. B., Winkler M. E., Chen E. Y., Goeddel D. V. Human transforming growth factor-alpha: precursor structure and expression in E. coli. Cell. 1984 Aug;38(1):287–297. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90550-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Glisin V., Crkvenjakov R., Byus C. Ribonucleic acid isolated by cesium chloride centrifugation. Biochemistry. 1974 Jun 4;13(12):2633–2637. doi: 10.1021/bi00709a025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gregory H. Isolation and structure of urogastrone and its relationship to epidermal growth factor. Nature. 1975 Sep 25;257(5524):325–327. doi: 10.1038/257325a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ibbotson K. J., D'Souza S. M., Ng K. W., Osborne C. K., Niall M., Martin T. J., Mundy G. R. Tumor-derived growth factor increases bone resorption in a tumor associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Science. 1983 Sep 23;221(4617):1292–1294. doi: 10.1126/science.6577602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ibbotson K. J., Twardzik D. R., D'Souza S. M., Hargreaves W. R., Todaro G. J., Mundy G. R. Stimulation of bone resorption in vitro by synthetic transforming growth factor-alpha. Science. 1985 May 24;228(4702):1007–1009. doi: 10.1126/science.3859011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee D. C., Rose T. M., Webb N. R., Todaro G. J. Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for rat transforming growth factor-alpha. Nature. 1985 Feb 7;313(6002):489–491. doi: 10.1038/313489a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marquardt H., Hunkapiller M. W., Hood L. E., Todaro G. J. Rat transforming growth factor type 1: structure and relation to epidermal growth factor. Science. 1984 Mar 9;223(4640):1079–1082. doi: 10.1126/science.6320373. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marquardt H., Hunkapiller M. W., Hood L. E., Twardzik D. R., De Larco J. E., Stephenson J. R., Todaro G. J. Transforming growth factors produced by retrovirus-transformed rodent fibroblasts and human melanoma cells: amino acid sequence homology with epidermal growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Aug;80(15):4684–4688. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.15.4684. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marquardt H., Todaro G. J. Human transforming growth factor. Production by a melanoma cell line, purification, and initial characterization. J Biol Chem. 1982 May 10;257(9):5220–5225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nexø E., Hollenberg M. D., Figueroa A., Pratt R. M. Detection of epidermal growth factor-urogastrone and its receptor during fetal mouse development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 May;77(5):2782–2785. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.5.2782. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Slamon D. J., Cline M. J. Expression of cellular oncogenes during embryonic and fetal development of the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984 Nov;81(22):7141–7145. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.22.7141. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Todaro G. J., Fryling C., De Larco J. E. Transforming growth factors produced by certain human tumor cells: polypeptides that interact with epidermal growth factor receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Sep;77(9):5258–5262. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.9.5258. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Twardzik D. R., Ranchalis J. E., Todaro G. J. Mouse embryonic transforming growth factors related to those isolated from tumor cells. Cancer Res. 1982 Feb;42(2):590–593. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Twardzik D. R., Todaro G. J., Reynolds F. H., Jr, Stephenson J. R. Similar transforming growth factors (TGFs) produced by cells transformed by different isolates of feline sarcoma virus. Virology. 1983 Jan 15;124(1):201–207. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90307-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- de Larco J. E., Todaro G. J. Growth factors from murine sarcoma virus-transformed cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Aug;75(8):4001–4005. doi: 10.1073/pnas.75.8.4001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]