Increasing protein production by directed vector backbone evolution

Abstract

Recombinant protein production in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms was a key enabling technology for the rapid development of industrial and molecular biotechnology. However, despite all progress the improvement of protein production is an ongoing challenge and of high importance for cost-effective enzyme production. With the epMEGAWHOP mutagenesis protocol for vector backbone optimization we report a novel directed evolution based approach to increase protein production levels by randomly introducing mutations in the vector backbone. In the current study we validate the epMEGAWHOP mutagenesis protocol for three different expression systems. The latter demonstrated the general applicability of the epMEGAWHOP method. Cellulase and lipase production was doubled in one round of directed evolution by random mutagenesis of pET28a(+) and pET22b(+) vector backbones. Protease production using the vector pHY300PLK was increased ~4-times with an average of ~1.25 mutations per kb vector backbone. The epMEGAWHOP does not require any rational understanding of the expression machinery and can generally be applied to enzymes, expression vectors and related hosts. epMEGAWHOP is therefore from our point of view a robust, rapid and straight forward alternative for increasing protein production in general and for biotechnological applications.

Introduction

Development of cloning and expression technologies to produce recombinant proteins in prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms enabled the production of numerous enzymes for diagnostic and industrial applications such as food, leather, textile or detergent industry (Kirk et al. 2002; Rai and Padh 2001). Recombinant production of proteins in prokaryotic hosts is commonly increased by optimization of cultivation or fermentation conditions (temperature, aeration, media composition and/or the fermentation type, such as batch, fed-batch or continuous), codon optimization (Gustafsson et al. 2004; Li et al. 2003), co-expression of chaperones (Thomas et al. 1997), increasing the lifetime of mRNA (Terpe 2006), exchanging/modifying promoters and/or signal peptides (Caspers et al. 2010; Degering et al. 2010; Xue et al. 1997), optimizing the distance between promoter and gene (Brosius et al. 1985), protein fusion technology (e.g. NusA, maltose-binding protein [MBP] or glutathione S-transferase [GST]) (Cabrita et al. 2006), or by metabolic engineering (Heyland et al. 2011; Kabisch et al. 2012).

Directed evolution has become a standard approach to tailor enzyme properties such as activity, solubility, temperature or organic solvent resistance to often non-natural requirements in industrial production. In directed enzyme evolution campaigns enzyme production is often unexpectedly increased in initial rounds (Tee and Schwaneberg 2007). A typical directed evolution experiment comprises three iterative steps of (1) diversity generation, (2) screening to identify improved variants out of a large pool of variants, and (3) isolating the genes encoding for improved variants (Shivange et al. 2009). The screening system plays a pivotal role for reliably identifying improved enzyme variants. Among the screening formats, 96-well microtiter plates are commonly used in directed evolution experiments with throughputs of a few thousand variants per round (Tee and Schwaneberg 2007). Recent developments in high throughput screening technologies comprise throughputs of 10⁶-10⁸ based on flow cytometry (Ruff et al. 2012; Tu et al. 2011) and microfluidics (Fallah-Araghi et al. 2012; Kintses et al. 2012). In this work we report a novel strategy to increase enzyme production in bacterial hosts (E. coli and B. subtilis), which is based on the ‘megaprimer PCR of whole plasmid method’ (MEGAWHOP) (Miyazaki 2003; Miyazaki 2011). In our modified error-prone MEGAWHOP method (epMEGAWHOP) mutated vector backbone libraries were generated by amplification under error-prone PCR conditions using non-mutated genes as megaprimers, and subsequently screened for increased activity. The general applicability of the developed strategy was proven by using three enzymes (CelA2, BSLA and subtilisin Carlsberg) in three different vector-systems (pET28a(+), pET22b(+) and pHY300PLK) and two different and industrially important expression hosts (E. coli (Baneyx 1999; Jana and Deb 2005 and B. subtilis (Terpe 2006; Westers et al. 2004)). In all three cases an increased enzyme production was obtained with optimized vector backbones.

Materials and methods

All chemicals were of analytical-reagent grade or higher quality and were purchased from Carl Roth GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany), Sigma-Aldrich (Hamburg, Germany) and AppliChem (Darmstadt, Germany). Enzymes were purchased from New England Biolabs (Beverly, USA) and Fermentas (St. Leon-Rot, Germany). Oligonucleotides were purchased from Eurofins MWG Operon (Ebersberg, Germany) in salt-free form. Plasmid extraction and PCR purification kits were purchased from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, Germany). Microtiter plates (Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany) were incubated in a Multitron II Infors shaker (Infors AG, Bottmingen, Switzerland). DNA concentrations were quantified using a NanoDrop photometer (ND-1000, NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, USA). A Mastercycler gradient (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) and thin-wall PCR tubes (Multi ultra-tubes; 0.2 mL; Carl Roth, Germany) were used in all PCRs.

Strains and plasmids

E. coli DH5α, E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3) (purchased from Agilent Technologies; Santa Clara, USA) and B. subtilis DB104 (Kawamura and Doi 1984) were used in this study as hosts for DNA manipulation and recombinant protein production. For construction of the expression vectors for the E. coli strains (DH5α; BL21-Gold (DE3)), and the plasmids pET28a(+) or pET22b(+) (Novagen; Darmstadt, Germany) were used. In case of B. subtilis DB104 the shuttle vector pHY300PLK (Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan) was employed. Chemically competent E. coli DH5α and E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3) cells with determined transformation efficiencies of 3 × 10⁷ and 3 × 10⁶ cfu/μg pUC19, respectively, were prepared in-house using the rubidium chloride method (Hanahan 1983). Transformation of B. subtilis DB104 was performed using a recently developed method which is based on natural competence (Vojcic et al. 2012).

Gene cloning, construction of expression vectors, and sequencing

CelA2

The parent celA2 (GenBank: JF826524.1; (Lehmann et al. 2012)) was ordered as a synthetic gene from GeneArt (Regensburg, Germany) with an optimized codon usage for E. coli (GenBank submission number ID1624106) flanked by an NcoI and an EcoRI restriction site. Additionally, celA2 contains an N-terminal His-tag, followed by a TEV-protease sequence. After double digestion with NcoI and EcoRI, the fragment was subcloned into pET28a(+). The generated construct, named pET28a(+)-CelA2, was transformed into E. coli DH5α and sequenced to exclude mutations.

Bacillus subtilis lipase A (BSLA)

After double digestion of the parent Bacillus subtilis lipase A (BSLA) (GenBank: JX048066.1) with NdeI and XhoI, the fragment was subcloned using T4 DNA ligase into pET22b(+). The resultant recombinant plasmid, named pET22b(+)-BSLA, contains a C-terminal His-tag and a pelB leader sequence. The plasmid construct was transformed into E. coli DH5α and sequenced to exclude mutations.

Subtilisin Carlsberg

After double digestion of a subtilisin Carlsberg variant (GenBank: HM147766.1, harboring the silent mutations C479G, T480C, G482A, G869A, T1052C and G1055C) with BamHI and XmaI, the gene was subcloned into pHY300PLK using T4 DNA ligase. The resulting recombinant plasmid, named pHYscarlsberg was transformed into E. coli DH5α and sequenced to exclude mutations.

DNA sequencing of all three recombinant plasmids was conducted at Eurofins MWG Operon (Ebersberg, Germany) and Clone Manager 9 Professional Edition (Sci-Ed software, Cary, USA) was used for all sequence alignments.

Generation of error-prone MEGAWHOP libraries

Megaprimers for each target gene were generated by PCR under standard conditions. The amplification of celA2 and BSLA was performed using unmodified DNA primers 5’-GTTATTGCTCAGCGGTGGCAGCAGC-3’ and 5’-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGGAATTGTGAGCGG-3’ (5 μM each) binding in the T7 promoter and terminator region. The amplification of the subtilisin Carlsberg gene includes promoter, pre- and pro-sequence and was performed using unmodified DNA primers 5’-CAGATTTCGTGATGCTTGTCAGG-3’ and 5’-CGTTAAGGGATCAACTTTGGGAG-3’ (5 μM each). For the PCR (98°C for 30 sec, one cycle; 98°C, 15 sec/63°C, 15 sec/68°C, 2 min (celA2) or 30 sec (BSLA, subtilisin Carlsberg), 25 cycles; 68°C for 10 min, one cycle), PfuS DNA polymerase (2.5 U), dNTP mix (10 mM), template (pET28a(+)-CelA2, pET22b(+)-BSLA and pHYscarlsberg: 30 ng/μL) were used. The PCR products (megaprimers) were purified using a PCR purification kit.

For the epMEGAWHOP PCR (72°C for 5 min, one cycle; 94°C for 90 sec, one cycle; 94°C, 45 sec/60°C, 45 sec/72°C, 5 min, 25 cycles; 72°C for 10 min, one cycle), Taq DNA polymerase (2.5 U), dNTP mix (10 mM) together with plasmid template (pET28a(+)-CelA2, pET22b(+)-BSLA or pHYscarlsberg: 120 ng), megaprimer (pET28a(+)-CelA2, pET22b(+)-BSLA or pHYscarlsberg: 550 ng) and 0.05 mM Mn²⁺ were used. Following the epMEGAWHOP PCR, DpnI digestion (20 U) of the template was performed overnight at 37°C. The epMEGAWHOP PCR product was transformed into E. coli DH5α. All colonies from the agar plates were used for plasmid isolation and subsequently transformed into their expression host. The plasmids pET28a(+)-CelA2 and pET22b(+)-BSLA were transformed in E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3) and pHYscarlsberg was transformed in B. subtilis DB104.

Indicator plates for pre-screening

In all three screening systems a halo formation can be used to semi-quantify enzymatic activity as indicator for enzyme production.

Detection of cellulolytic activity

Azo-CarboxyMethyl-Cellulose (Azo-CM-Cellulose, Megazyme, Bray, Ireland) was used as substrate for determining cellulolytic activity (Hughes et al. 2006). LB agar plates supplemented with 0.125% (w/v) Azo-CM-Cellulose, 50 μg/mL kanamycin and 0.1 mM isopropyl-thio-β-D-galactoside (IPTG) were used as indicator plates for pre-screening.

Detection of lipolytic activity

Tributyrin was used as substrate for lipolytic activity detection (Alquati et al. 2002). LB agar plates supplemented with 100 μg/mL ampicillin, 1.5% (v/v) tributyrin, 0.15% (w/v) gum arabic were used as indicator plates for pre-screening.

Detection of proteolytic activity

Skim milk was used as substrate for proteolytic activity detection (Sokol et al. 1979). LB agar plates supplemented with 1% (w/v) skim milk and 15 μg/mL tetracycline were used as indicator plates for pre-screening.

Expression in microtiter plates

Growth conditions and expression of CelA2 in 96-well microtiter plates

Colonies displaying cellulolytic activity in the indicator agar plates were transferred into 96-well microtiter plates (flat-bottomed, polystyrene plates). Cultivation and enzyme expression in microtiter plates was performed as previously described (Lehmann et al. 2012) and supernatants of lysates were subsequently used for kinetic characterization.

Growth conditions and expression of BSLA in 96-well microtiter plates

Colonies displaying lipolytic activity in the indicator agar plates were transferred into 96-well microtiter plates (flat-bottomed, polystyrene plates) containing 200 μL LB medium supplemented with 50 μg/mL ampicillin and incubated (pre-culture; 37°C, 900 rpm, 24 h, 70% humidity). An expression plate contained 150 μL auto-induction medium (1.2% (w/v) casein hydrolysate, 2.4% (w/v) yeast extract, 0.5% (w/v) glycerol, 0.05% (w/v) glucose, 0.02% (w/v) lactose and potassium phosphate buffer (90 mM; pH 7.0) was inoculated with the pre-culture (10 μL) and incubated (main culture; 37°C, 900 rpm, 16 h, 70% humidity). After expression, the microtiter plates were centrifuged (4000 g, 20 min, 4°C) to separate the cells from the culture supernatant. Using the expression vector pET22b(+) including pelB sequence, the activity of BSLA can be detected in the culture supernatant (Funke et al. 2003; Khushoo et al. 2004; Yedavalli and Rao 2013). Culture supernatant, including the BSLA was transferred after centrifugation into a 96-well microtiter plate for further analysis.

Growth conditions and expression of subtilisin Carlsberg in 96-well microtiter plates

Single colonies of B. subtilis DB104 which show proteolytic activity on LB skim milk agar plates were transferred into flat-bottom microtiter plates (pre-culture plates) containing buffered LB medium (200 μL; 1% (w/v) tryptone, 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract and 1% (w/v) sodium chloride, 17 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 72 mM dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 15 μg/mL tetracycline) and incubated (37°C, 900 rpm, 18 h, 70% humidity). The volume of 10 μL pre-culture was used to inoculate the main culture (150 μL buffered LB, 37°C, 900 rpm, 24 h, 70% humidity). After expression, the microtiter plates were centrifuged (4000 g, 20 min, 4°C) to separate cells from secreted protease. The supernatant was transferred into a microtiter plate for further analysis.

Analysis of the lacI repressor system

Performance of the lacI repressor system used in the above described growth and assay conditions was analyzed for each pET expression system. CelA2 and BSLA production was performed in TB_kan- or LB_amp-medium without supplementing IPTG or the induction components glucose and lactose.

Screening systems

Fluorometric assay for determining cellulolytic activity of CelA2

Cellulolytic activity was measured using 4-Methylumbelliferyl-ß-D-cellobioside (4-MUC) as a fluorogenic substrate (Boschker and Cappenberg 1994; Chernoglazov et al. 1989). The cultivation and enzyme reaction was performed as recently reported (Lehmann et al. 2012).

Colorimetric assay for determining lipolytic activity of BSLA

The lipolytic activity of BSLA in the supernatant was determined using p-nitrophenyl butyrate (pNPB) (Shirai et al. 1982). The final reaction contained 0.5 mM p-nitrophenyl butyrate dissolved in 10 μL acetonitril, 180 μL triethanolamin buffer (50 mM; pH 7.4) and 10 μL of five times diluted supernatant. The release of p-nitrophenolate was continuously monitored at 410 nm in a microtiter plate reader (Tecan Infinite M1000 Pro) for quantifying the BSLA production.

Colorimetric assay for determining proteolytic activity of subtilisin Carlsberg

Proteolytic activity was determined in a microtiter plate using the synthetic peptide substrate succinyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Pro-L-Phe-p-nitroanilide (suc-AAPF-pNA) (DelMar et al. 1979). Proteolytic reaction of subtilisin Carlsberg was started by supplementing 10 μL of the 1:20 diluted supernatant to Tris/HCl (100 μL; 100 mM, pH 7.5) containing 1 mM suc-AAPF-pNA. The release of p-nitroaniline was continuously monitored at 410 nm in a microtiter plate reader (Tecan Infinite M1000 Pro) and the determined activity was used for protease quantification.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)

The SDS-PAGE for CelA2 was performed using a stacking gel (5% (w/v) acrylamide) and a separating gel (15% (w/v) acrylamide) (Laemmli 1970). Proteins in the supernatant (including BSLA or subtilisin Carlsberg) were precipitated with trichloroacetic acid (TCA; 30% (v/v); 15 min on ice), resuspended after washing with acetone in Tris/HCl (100 mM; pH 8.0). The proteins in the supernatant after centrifugation of cell lysate (CelA2) as well as the precipitated and resuspended proteins from the cell culture supernatant (BSLA and subtilisin Carlsberg) were loaded and separated by SDS-PAGE. Subsequently, the SDS-PAGE gel was stained with Coomassie brilliant blue.

Results

In the first sections the development of the epMEGAWHOP protocol is described and the screening for increased activity of the selected cellulase, lipase and protease. Subsequently, the obtained variants showing increased activity were analyzed in detail to validate the epMEGAWHOP method.

Library generation screening

Figure 1 shows the scheme of the developed epMEGAWHOP protocol starting from the generation of megaprimers by PCR (Step I). Followed by an amplification of the whole plasmid under error-prone conditions (0.05 mM Mn²⁺) (Step II) and digestion of the methylated template. In (Step III) the resulting circular DNA is transformed into E. coli DH5α cells. The plasmids are subsequently isolated from E. coli DH5α and transformed into the expression host (E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3) or B. subtilis DB104) and grown on indicator plates (Step IV). Colonies showing halos are transferred into microtiter plates for quantification of enzymatic activity (Step V). Table 1 summarizes the expression constructs used for epMEGAWHOP development.

Figure 1.

The five epMEGAWHOP steps to increase protein production by vector backbone mutagenesis. Step I: megaprimer generation, Step II: amplification of the vector backbone under error-prone conditions (0.05 mM Mn²⁺), Step III: transformation into E. coli DH5α and isolation of plasmids. The expression hosts (E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3) or B. subtilis DB104) were transformed subsequently with the isolated plasmids, Step IV: agar plate pre-screening with selection based on halo formation, and Step V: screening in microtiter plate format to quantify increase in enzyme production.

Table 1.

Overview of the expression systems used for developing and validating the epMEGAWHOP method

Expression host	Plasmid	Enzyme	Location of expressed enzyme
E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3)	pET28a(+)	Cellulase (CelA2)	Intracellular
E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3)	pET22b(+)	Lipase A (BSLA)	Periplasmatic
B. subtilis DB104	pHY300PLK	Protease (subtilisin Carlsberg)	Extracellular

Approximately 1000 CFU were pre-screened using the corresponding agar plate detection systems for all three expression systems. Ninety promising variants were selected based on halo formation and rescreened more precisely in 96-well microtiter plate format. The most promising candidates (one cellulase, one lipase and one protease) were analyzed in detail to confirm that the increased production can be attributed to an optimized vector backbone. For the latter the wild-type genes (CelA2, BSLA and subtilisin Carlsberg) were cloned into the mutated backbone as described under Materials and Methods with subsequent rescreening in three 96-well microtiter plate measurements in which each construct was expressed 8 times per plate.

Activity and expression analysis

The activity of the three identified variants compared to their parents is shown in Figure 2a. Mutagenized vector backbones of pET28a(+)M1-CelA2 and pET22b(+)M1-BSLA showed compared to the respective ‘wild-type’ a 2-fold increased lipolytic and cellulolytic activity. These activity increases can be correlated to the amount of expressed enzyme which is visualized within a SDS-PAGE in Figure 2b. The mutated vector backbone of pHYM1-scarlsberg showed the highest increase in secreted subtilisin Carlsberg production (4-fold increased proteolytic activity). The increased proteolytic activity correlates well with the increase in the protease content (see SDS-PAGE analysis Figure 2a, b; the whole SDS-PAGE picture is available in the Additional file 1: Figure S1).

Figure 2.

Activity studies and SDS-PAGE visualization of produced CelA2, BSLA, subtilisin Carlsberg wild type. a) Activity measurements are performed with not optimized (left column) and mutagenized vector backbones (right column) in 96-well microtiter plate. Constructs with an M1 label habor an epMEGAWHOP optimized vector backbone; b) Visualization of production levels of CelA2 (proteins in supernatant of lysate), BSLA and subtilisin Carlsberg (proteins in culture supernatant after precipitation) by SDS-PAGE in combination with Coomassie brilliant blue staining. The reported relative activity values are the average of three 96-well microtiter plate measurements in which each construct was expressed 8 times per plate. Deviations are calculated from the corresponding mean values.

Analysis of the lacI repressor system

Expression under inducing and non-inducing conditions was performed to analyze whether the lacI repressor contributes to increased production levels. The constructs pET28a(+)-CelA2 and pET22b(+)-BSLA are under the control of lacI repressor. Figure 3 shows under non-induced conditions a significant difference in activity/lipase production in the pET22b(+)-BSLA expression vector: the mutated backbone yielded 0.34 U/mL compared to 0.04 U/mL of the ‘parent’ pET22b(+). The latter result proves that lacI influences lipase production in pET22b(+)M1-BSLA. Sequencing results confirmed two mutations in lacI (see Table 2). An opposite results was found for the pET28a(+)-CelA2 and the pET28a(+)M1-CelA2 expression systems in which under non-induced conditions only very low cellulase activities could be determined (<0.02 U/mL). These results prove that the lacI is an effective repressor even in the optimized vector backbone. Sequencing results confirmed that there are no mutations in the lacI within the pET28a(+)M1-CelA2 expression system (Table 2). In all four constructs the lacI repressor is functional as confirmed by IPTG induction (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Functional study of the lacI repressor under induced (left bars) and non-induced (right bars) conditions employing pET28a(+)-CelA2, pET28a(+)M1-CelA2, pET22b(+)-BSLA and pET22b(+)M1-BSLA expression systems. Constructs with an M1 label harbor an epMEGAWHOP optimized vector backbone. Enzyme activity levels were determined with the corresponding screening systems in 96-well microtiter plate formats for CelA2 and BLSA. The reported values are the average of three 96-well microtiter plate measurements in which each hydrolase was expressed 8 times per plate and deviations are calculated from the corresponding mean values.

Table 2.

Sequencing results of vector backbones that were subjected to epMEGAWHOP optimization

pET28a(+)-CelA2					pET22b(+)-BSLA					pHY-scarlsberg
bp	Substitution			Region	bp	Substitution			Region	bp	Substitution			Region
	wt	-	M1			wt	-	M1			wt	-	M1
488	A	-	T	f1 origin	123	T	-	C	T7 term	209	A	-	G	Tet
850	G	-	C	Kan	2007	A	-	G	na	684	A	-	G	Tet
2233	T	-	C	pBR322 ori	3701	A	-	G	Tet	1584	T	-	C	pTet
2396	T	-	C	na	4563	T	-	C	lacI	3238	T	-	C	pAMP
3170	T	-	C	na	4794	C	-	T	lacI	4221	T	-	C	na
5193	A	-	T	T7 prom						4332	A	-	-	ori-177

The positions of the mutations in the corresponding vector backbones are based on the sequenced vector backbone prior epMEGAWHOP. Alignments of all three vector systems to the corresponding ‘parents’ are included in Additional file 1: Figure S1. Nucleotide position 1 is the base after the stop codon (ATT, TAA) of the inserted genes.

na: no corresponding function of the gene sequence could be assigned.

Kan/Tet: Kanamycin/Tetracyclin resistance gene.

pTET/pAMP: promoter region Tetracyclin/Ampicilin resistance gene (identified with a promoter prediction tool (Reese 2001)).

Sequence analysis

Sequence analysis was performed by sequencing the vector backbones and inserts. An average mutation frequency of 1.00-1.25 mutations per 1 kb plasmid DNA was obtained (Additional file 1: Figure S2) and all inserts did not contain a mutation. Table 2 summarizes positions of mutations in the vector backbones and assigns mutations to functional regions. Interestingly, the antibiotic resistance is mutated in all three vector systems, and functional regions such as the origin of replication (in pET28a(+)M1-CelA2; pHYM1-scarlsberg), promoter (pET28a(+)M1-CelA2), repressor (pET22b(+)M1-BSLA), and terminator (pHYM1-scarlsberg).

Discussion

The MEGAWHOP method is commonly used for cloning random mutagenesis libraries via whole plasmid PCR into the desired expression vector containing the parent gene (Miyazaki 2011). In general enzyme properties such as activity, substrate specificity or stability are improved in directed evolution experiments employing MEGAWHOP (Agudo et al. 2012; Martinez et al. 2013; Sass et al. 2012). The developed epMEGAWHOP does not aim to improve enzymes properties. epMEGAWHOP aims to increase the enzyme production without altering its properties through vector backbone mutagenesis. The error-prone (ep-) label was placed in front of the MEGAWHOP term to point out the main difference that the vector amplification is performed under error-prone conditions.

epMEGAWHOP strategy is a novel strategy to increase enzyme production by optimizing a vector backbone through mutagenesis and high-throughput screening. The epMEGAWHOP method (Figure 1) was validated by employing three different vector constructs with three different enzymes (cellulase: pET28a(+)-CelA2; lipase: pET22b(+)-BSLA; protease: pHY-scarlsberg). A single round of vector backbone mutagenesis and screening yielded significantly increased production levels for all three enzymes (~2-fold for CelA2, ~2-fold for BSLA and ~4-fold for subtilisin Carlsberg). Control experiments through subcloning and sequencing confirmed that only the vector backbones were mutated with an average mutation frequency of ~1.25 mutations per kb. The increase in cellulase, lipase and protease production demonstrate from our point of view that epMEGAWHOP is likely a general method for increasing enzyme production. This is supported by the selection of common expression systems which cover cytosolic (cellulase), periplasmatic (lipase), and extracellular production (protease) in combination with two industrially attractive bacterial hosts (E. coli and B. subtilis). The main goal of this report is to validate the epMEGAWHOP protocol for vector backbone optimization and not to elucidate in depth the interplay in the complex protein production machinery from the expression to the produced enzyme. The effect of randomly introduced mutations in the vector backbone has to our best knowledge not been investigated in a systematic manner.

Table 2 shows that functional regions such as antibiotic resistance, promoter, repressor or origin of replication were mutated. The mutations can be classified into three groups according to the region in the expression vector: 1) in the kanamycin/tetracycline resistance cassette; 2) once in the promoter and terminator region and 3) twice in the origin of replication. It is known that through the introduction of an expression vector into E. coli or other hosts for recombinant protein production, the native cell functions at many levels can be perturbed (e.g. ribosome functions, RNA turnover as well as energy and intermediary metabolism of the cell) (Bailey 1993; Hoffmann et al. 2002; Lin-Chao et al. 2006). This effect is very difficult, however, to predict or attribute to a specific change in the host metabolism, due to the complexity of the system. For example, a reduced but sufficient expression of the resistant marker could allow spending more metabolic resources into expressing the recombinant enzyme. On the other hand, a higher resistance marker expression could allow a higher specific growth rate of the cells which directly correlates with the rate of recombinant protein synthesis (Hoffmann and Rinas 2004).

Elucidating the influence of each mutation and each region on the cellulase, lipase, and protease production would include the introduction of the individual mutations in the parental vector backbones to gain a deeper understanding on the complex machinery from expression system to produced enzyme.

A main prerequisite for a successful epMEGAWHOP experiments is a reliable high-throughput screening system which allows an identification of improved expression variants. It is likely that the mutational load has to be optimized depending on the vector size; an average mutation frequency of 1.25 mutations per 1 kb prove to be efficient to increase enzyme production and all three sequenced vector backbones contained five to six mutations.

In essence, we developed a novel method to increase recombinant protein production based on the random mutagenesis of vector backbones (epMEGAWHOP). The general applicability of epMEGAWHOP was validated by increasing the protein production after one round of directed evolution for E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3)/pET28a(+)-CelA2, E. coli BL21-Gold (DE3)/pET22b(+)-BSLA and B. subtilis DB104/pHY-scarlsberg. The main advantage of epMEGAWHOP is that it doesn’t require a rational understanding of the expression machinery and can generally be applied to enzymes, expression vectors and related hosts. Changing expression vector or promoter systems to achieve higher enzyme yields often requires re-optimization of media composition, induction times and cell densities, together with expression and harvest time, in contrast to epMEGAWHOP. Overall, epMEGAWHOP is a robust, rapid and straight forward alternative and can be used for increasing recombinant protein production.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Supplementary Material

Additional file 1: Figure S1

SDS-PAGE of produced cellulase (CelA2), lipase (BSLA) and protease (subtilisin Carlsberg). EV: empty vector control; WT: non-optimized vector constructs; M1: epMEGAWHOP optimized vector constructs. Red arrows indicate the bands of target proteins. Figure S2: Sequencing results: Alignments of all three vector systems compared to the corresponding ‘parents’: pET28a(+)-CelA2 & pET28a(+)M1-CelA2.

Acknowledgements

Authors thank Prof. Wolfgang Streit for providing the CelA2 amino acid sequence. This work was supported by the German Government through the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (FKZ 0315487A and FKZ 0315035A).