A checklist of helminth parasite fauna in anuran Amphibia (frogs) of Nagaland, Northeast India

R Imkongwapang; D B Jyrwa; P Lal; V Tandon

doi:10.1007/s12639-012-0180-6

. 2012 Nov 7;38(1):85–100. doi: 10.1007/s12639-012-0180-6

A checklist of helminth parasite fauna in anuran Amphibia (frogs) of Nagaland, Northeast India

R Imkongwapang ¹, D B Jyrwa ², P Lal ¹, V Tandon ^2,^✉

PMCID: PMC3909583 PMID: 24505185

Abstract

An exhaustive exploratory survey on helminth parasite fauna of anuran frogs was carried out in several localities falling under 5 districts of western region of Nagaland state. Altogether 34 parasite species were recovered from a total of 29 host species surveyed. The parasite spectrum (represented in all the localities by at least one or more parasite species) comprises 2 monogenean, 15 trematode (13 adult and 2 metacercaria stages), 4 cestode (3 adult and 1 larval stages), 12 nematode and 1 acanthocephalan taxa. A checklist of both the parasite and host species with short remarks for each parasite species is provided herein.

Keywords: Anuran Amphibia, Helminth, Parasite, Monogenea, Trematoda, Cestoda, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Nagaland, Northeast India

Introduction

Among the native populations of Nagaland and Meghalaya (Northeast India), like in many Far-East countries, frogs are used as a food item and for treatment of various ailments (Kiyasetuo 1986). Their involvement in several zoonotic infections has been reported by many workers, particularly among the populations in Southeast Asian countries, where eating of frogs and treatment of wounds with raw flesh of frogs is customary (Suzuki et al. 1982; Shen 1988; Bodri 1994; Arora 1994). Highly endemic foci of Amphibia-borne zoonoses, sparganosis in particular, are known to occur among populations in the region (Mastura et al. 1995).

The first study pertaining to a survey of amphibian hosts occurring in Northeast India was carried out and limited to Meghalaya state only (Diengdoh 1989); it revealed the endemism and species richness of both anuran Amphibia and their sustained parasite fauna of the region (Diengdoh and Tandon 1991). In view of the commonality of sociocultural and culinary practices in the northeastern region with the neighbouring near-eastern countries, and also the fact that the region is known for its endemism (Chanda 1994), a preliminary study pertaining to the spectrum of helminth parasites of Anura was extended to Nagaland state; the survey results revealed a considerably high diversity and prevalence of helminth infections from all study areas of the region, with newer host and locality records for several helminth species (Imkongwapang 1997). The study also recorded a high intensity and prevalence of plerocercoid (sparganum) infection from several host species examined, all of which are used in traditional medicine and local cuisine among the natives of Nagaland (Tandon and Imkongwapang 1999; Tandon et al. 2001).

In Nagaland region, a rich diversity of anuran Amphibia, comprising as many as 32 species, has been reported (Ao et al. 2003). Since the earlier study covered only 13 species, a survey by furthering the study area and anuran host range was expected to bring out more and newer information of the hosts and their sustained parasite fauna in the region. In the present paper we provide a complete checklist of helminth parasites recorded till date from frog hosts in Nagaland, Northeast India.

Materials and methods

Study area

The study area comprised five major districts in the state of Nagaland. As a whole the state lies approximately between 26°6′–27°4′N and 93°20′–95°15′, with an altitude ranging from 110 to 3,820 m ASL; the summer and winter temperatures vary from 0 to 29 °C in hill areas and in the foot hills, from 12 to 36 °C. The climate of the region is “modified tropical monsoon type” with an average annual rainfall of 250 cm (Husain 1988).

Host/parasites collections and identifications

Exhaustive surveys were conducted at many localities in the study area during the period March to November for exploration and collection of anuran frog hosts (Fig. 1). A total of 29 host species falling under 15 genera represented by 5 families of anuran hosts were collected and examined for helminth infection, of which 7 host species (3 species of Philatus, 1 of Theloderma, 2 of Rana and 1 of Fegervarya) seem to be different from the known species in the respective genus, hence new to science. Therefore, these host forms could be identified till the level of genus only. Since a large number of anuran frog species are edible, they are collected from nature and sold in local markets by natives of Nagaland; therefore, many frog species were bought from the market and some were caught by making frequent field excursions throughout the season. Collections were carried out preferably at nightfall with the assistance of local people in different spots of the mentioned localities, either with a net or bare hand by following the croaking sounds of males or by locating the nest constructed by the female (Cochran 1961) or by following the native ways of catching frogs.

Fig. 1 — *Map* of Nagaland state, showing the survey area (*shaded-districts*) and collection sites (*dots*). 1 Dimapur, 2 Kohima, 3 Zunheboto, 4 Mokokchung, 5 Tuensang

Immediately after the catch, frogs were put in a container and prepared for autopsy and their various organs examined. The number of anuran species caught per field trip from a single spot was a maximum of five species on a particular night. The anuran hosts were identified following Chanda (1994), Chanda et al. (2001), Dutta (1997) and Ao et al. (2003).

Standard methods were followed in fixing and processing the parasite for examination. Identification of parasites is based on Yamaguti (1958, 1959, 1961, 1963a, b, 1971), Prudhoe and Bray (1982), Khalil et al. (1994), Jones et al. (2005), Pandey and Agarwal (2007), and CIH Keys to the Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates Nos. I–X (1974–1983).

Host species examined for helminth parasites in Nagaland

FAMILY	PELOBATIDAE	Xenophrys glandulosa (Boulenger, 1890)
FAMILY		X. wuliangshanensis (Ye et Fei, 1995)
FAMILY	HYLIDAE	Hyla annectans (Jerdon, 1870)
FAMILY	MICROHYLIDAE	Microhyla ornata (Duméril et Bibron, 1841)
FAMILY	RHACOPHORIDAE	Rhacophorus maximus (Günther, 1858)
		R. bipunctatus (Ahl, 1927)
		R. gongshanensis (Yang et Su, 1984)
		Chirixalus vittatus (Boulenger, 1887)
		Philautus annandalii (Boulenger, 1906)
		Philautus sp. 1
		Philautus sp. 2
		Philautus sp. 3
		Polypedates leucomystax (Graventhorst, 1829)
		P. megacephalus (Hallowell, 1861)
		P. taraiensis (Dubois, 1987)
		Theloderma asperum (Boulenger, 1886)
		Theloderma sp.
FAMILY	RANIDAE	Rana khare (Kiyasetuo et Khare, 1986)
		R. danielii (Pillai and Chanda, 1977)
		Rana sp. 1
		Rana sp. 2
		Eburana chloronota (=Rana livida) (Blyth, 1855)
		Amolops marmoratus (Blyth, 1855)
		Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799) Dubois, 1922
		Fejervarya limnocharis (Graventhorst, 1829)
		Fejervarya sp.
		Haplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin, 1803)
		H. crassus (Jerdon, 1853)
		Paa mokokchungensis (Das et Chanda, 2000)

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Helminth parasite spectrum in anuran Amphibia

PLATHYHELMINTHES

Monogenea

Order
Polyopisthocotylea Odhner, 1912
Superfamily
Polystomatoidea Price, 1936
Family
Polystomatidae Gamble, 1896
- Subfamily
  Polystomatinae Gamble, 1896
- Genus
  Polystoma Zeder, 1800
1.
Polystoma indicum Diengdoh and Tandon, 1991
2.
Neoriojatrema mokokchungensis Imkongwapang and Tandon, 2010

Trematoda: Digenea

Family
Gorgoderidae (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1901
- Subfamily
  Gorgoderinae Looss, 1899
- Genus
  Gorgoderina Looss, 1902
3.
Gorgoderina ellipticum Dwivedi, 1968
Family
Paramphistomidae Fischoeder, 1901
- Subfamily
  Diplodiscinae Cohn, 1904
- Genus
  Diplodiscus Diesing, 1836
4.
Diplodiscus amphichrus Tubangui, 1933
5.
Diplodiscus mehrai Pande, 1937
Family
Hemiuridae Looss, 1899
- Subfamily
  Halipeginae Ejsmont, 1931/Poche, 1926
- Genus
  Halipegus Looss, 1899
6.
Halipegus mehransis Srivastava, 1933
Family
Mesocoeliidae Dollfus, 1929
- Subfamily
  Mesocoeliinae (Faust, 1924) Dollfus, 1929
- Genus
  Mesocoelium Odhner, 1910
7.
Mesocoelium monas (Rudolphi 1819) Freitas, 1958
Family
Batrachotrematidae Dollfus et Williams, 1966
- Subfamily
  Opisthioparorchinae
- Genus
  Opisthioparorchis Wang, 1980
8.
Opisthioparorchis indica Tandon et al., 2005
9.
Opisthioparorchis yunnanse Li, 1996
- Genus
  Batrachotrema Dollfus et Williams, 1966
10.
Batrachotrema nagalandensis Tandon et al., 2005
Family
Pleurogenidae Looss, 1899
- Subfamily
  Prosotocinae Yamaguti, 1959
- Genus
  Mehraorchis Srivastava, 1934
11.
Mehraorchis ranarum Srivastava, 1934
- Genus
  Prosotocus Looss, 1899
12.
Prosotocusinfrequetum Gupta and Arora, 1979
- Genus
  Pleurogenoides Travassos, 1921
13.
Pleurogenoides gastroporus (Lühe, 1901) Travassos, 1921
Family
Lecithodendridae Lühe, 1901
- Genus
  Ganeo Klein, 1905
14.
Ganeo tigrinum Mehra et Negi, 1928
Family
Haematoloechidae Dayal et Lent, 1939
- Subfamily
  Haematoloechinae Freitas and Lent, 1939
- Genus
  Haematoloechus Looss, 1899
15.
Haematoloechus almorai (Pande, 1937) Freitas and Lent, 1939
Family
Cathaemasiidae Fuhrmann, 1928, emended Baer, 1932
- Genus
  Cathaemasia Looss, 1899
16.
Cathaemasia sp. (Metacercaria)
Family
Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936
- Genus
  Proalarioides Yamaguti, 1933
17.
Proalarioides sp. (Metacercaria)

Cestoda

Order
Cyclophyllidea van Beneden in Braun, 1900
Family
Nematotaeniidae Lühe, 1910
- Genus
  Cylindrotaenia Jewell, 1916
18.
Cylindrotaenia baeri (Hsu, 1935) (Baerietta baeri Hsu, 1935) Jones, 1987
- Genus
  Nematotaenioides Ulmer et James, 1976
19.
Nematotaenioides sp.
Order
Proteocephalidea Mola, 1928
Family
Proteocephalidae La Rue, 1911
- Genus
  Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858
20.
Proteocephalustigrinus Woodland, 1925
Order
Pseudophyllidea Carus, 1863
21.
Plerocercoid larva

NEMATODA: Secernentea

Superfamily
Oxyuroidea
Family
Pharyngodonidae Travassos, 1919
- Genus
  Pharyngodon Diesing, 1861
22.
Pharyngodon sp.
Superfamily
Cosmocercoidea
Family
Cosmocercidae (Railliet, 1916) Travassos, 1925
- Subfamily
  Cosmocercinae Railliet, 1916
- Genus
  Aplectana Railliet et Henry, 1916
23.
Aplectana agubernaculum Gupta, 1960
- Genus
  Oxysomatium Railliet et Henry, 1916
24.
Oxysomatiummacintoshii (Stewart, 1914) Karve, 1927
- Genus
  Cosmocercella Steiner, 1924
25.
Cosmocercella sp.
- Genus
  Paracosmocerca Kung et Wu, 1945
26.
Paracosmocercamucronata Kung et Wu, 1945
Superfamily
Rhabditoidea
Family
Rhabdiasidae Railliet, 1916
- Genus
  Rhabdias Stiles et Hassel, 1905
27.
Rhabdias ranae Walton, 1929
Superfamily
Trichostrongyloidea
Family
Molineidae (Skrjabin et Schultz, 1973) Durette-Desset et Chabaud, 1977
- Subfamily
  Molineinae Skrjabin et Schultz, 1973
- Genus
  Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917
28.
Oswaldocruzia goezi Skrjabin et Schulz, 1952
Superfamily
Ascaridoidea
Family
Ascarididae Baird, 1853
- Subfamily
  Angusticaecinae Skrjabin et Karokhin, 1945
- Genus
  Ophidascaris Baylis, 1920
29.
Ophidascaris sp.
- Genus
  Amplicaecum Baylis, 1920
30.
Amplicaecum sp.
Superfamily
Filaroidea
Family
Onchocercidae (Leiper, 1911) Anderson et Bain, 1976
- Subfamily
  Icosiellinae Anderson, 1958
- Genus
  Icosiella Seurat, 1917
31.
Icosiella sp. 1
32.
Icosiella sp. 2
Superfamily
Diaphanicephaloidea
Family
Diaphanicephalidae Travassos, 1920
Genus
Kalicephalus Molin, 1861
33.
Kalicephalus sp.

ACANTHOCEPHALA

Order
Echinorhynchida Petrochenko, 1956
Family
Echinorhynchidae Cobbold, 1879
- Subfamily
  Echinorhynchinae Travassos, 1920
- Genus
  Acanthocephalus Koelreuter, 1771
34.
Acanthocephalus bufonis (Shipley, 1903) Southwell et Macfie, 1925

Monogenea

Order
Polyopisthocotylea Odhner, 1912
Superfamily
Polystomatoidea Price, 1936
Family
Polystomatidae Gamble, 1896
Subfamily
Polystomatinae Gamble, 1896

Genus: Polystoma Zeder, 1800

Polystoma indicum Diengdoh et Tandon, 1991

Material:
115 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 6.732–16.614 × 2.222–5.641 mm in size.
Host:
R. maximus (=R. nigropalmatus), R. bipunctatus, T. asperum, P. megacephalus, P. leucomystax, H. annectans
Location:
Urinary bladder, ureter, body cavity
Locality:
Kohima, Mokokchung and Zunheboto (Nagaland)

Remarks:

The present report constitutes three new host records from Nagaland, i.e., R. bipunctatus, T. asperum and P. megacephalus and Zunheboto, as a new locality record for P. indicum. As the first representative of the genus Polystoma from the Indian subcontinent, P. indicum was originally described from R. maximus of Meghalaya by Diengdoh and Tandon (1991). R. bipunctatus, P. leucomystax and H. annectans are other host species recorded for this species (Dutta 1995; Tandon et al. 2001).

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-MA 1.1–1.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Genus: Neoriojatrema Imkongwapang et Tandon, 2010

2.
Neoriojatrema mokokchungensis Imkongwapang et Tandon, 2010

Material:
13 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 6.969–13.34 × 3.795–7.82 mm in size.
Host:
X. glandulosa
Location:
Urinary bladder
Locality:
Mokokchung, Tuensang (Nagaland)

Remarks:

N. mokokchungensis was established as a new monogenean genus and species recorded from the country.

Generic diagnostic characters:

Larger width of body than opisthaptor, pharynx not cylindrical and not constricted in middle but round and bulbous, caeca not extending into opisthaptor and uniting, vitellaria not extending into opisthaptor, genital crown with 11–12 spines.

Holotype No.: W9247/1, deposited in Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata

Paratypes No.: 1.1–1.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Trematoda: Digenea

Family
Gorgoderidae (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1901
Subfamily
Gorgoderinae Looss, 1899

Genus

Gorgoderina Looss, 1902

(Syn. Microlecithus Ozaki, 1926)

3.
Gorgoderina ellipticum Dwivedi, 1968

Material:
12 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 2.72–2.92 × 1.28–1.33 mm in size.
Host:
E. cyanophlyctis, A. marmoratus
Location:
Urinary bladder
Locality:
Kohima, Mokokchung, Dimapur (Nagaland)

Remarks:

Originally G. ellipticum was described from E. cyanophlyctis (=Rana cyanophlyctis) in Madhya Pradesh. Diengdoh (1989) reported this species from the same host and also from Fejervarya limnocharis (=Rana limnocharis) in Meghalaya. The species was also reported from the same host and locality (E. cyanophlyctis, Dimapur) by Tandon et al. (2001). Mokokchung is a new locality record and A. marmoratus, a new host record for G. ellipticum from the region.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-TA 4.1–4.2, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Family
Paramphistomidae Fishchoeder, 1901
Subfamily
Diplodiscinae Cohn, 1904

Genus: Diplodiscus Diesing, 1836

4.
Diplodiscus amphichrus Tubangui, 1933

(Syn. D. sinicus Li, 1937; D. amphichrusmagnus Srivastava, 1934)

Material:
52 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 4.83–6.34 × 1.46–1.89 mm in size.
Host:
R. maximus, P. leucomystax, Rana sp. 2, C. vittatus
Location:
Intestine and rectum
Locality:
Mokokchung (Nagaland)

Remarks:

D. amphichrus has been reported from many localities all across India such as Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala etc. (Agarwal 1966; Mukherjee and Ghosh 1972; Nama and Khichi 1973; Pandey 1969; Singh 1977). From Northeast India, this species was first reported by Diengdoh (1989) in Meghalaya and by Tandon et al. (2001) in Nagaland from two hosts, P. leucomystax and R. maximus. The hosts, Chirixalus vittatus and an unidentified species of Rana (designated herein as Rana sp. 2) are new host records for this amphistomid fluke.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-TA 6.1–6.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

5.
Diplodiscus mehrai Pande, 1937

(Syn. D. amphichrus (Tubangui, 1933) Singh, 1954)

Material:
71 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 1.66–2.64 × 0.85–1.13 mm in size.
Host:
E. cyanophlyctis, Rana sp. 1, H. tigerinus, H. crassus, Fejervarya sp.
Location:
Rectum
Locality:
Kohima, Dimapur (Nagaland)

Remarks:

D. mehrai was earlier described from Kumaon Hills (Pande, 1937a) and Kashmir from E. cyanophlyctis, Bufo viridis and Rana sp. It was reported for the first time from Northeast India by Tandon et al. (2001) in Nagaland from Rana sp. 1 and E. cyanophlyctis. In the present study H. tigerinus and H. crassus from Dimapur and Fejervarya sp. from Mokokchung are reported as new host records.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-TA 14.1–14.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Family
Hemiuridae Lühe, 1901
Superfamily
Halipeginae Ejsmont, 1931

Genus: Halipegus Looss, 1899

6.
Halipegus mehransis Srivastava, 1933a

(Syn. H. mehransis minutus Srivastava, 1933a; H. spindale Srivastava, 1933a)

Material:
12 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimens 3.98–4.24 × 1.17–1.19 mm in size.
Host:
E. cyanophlyctis
Location:
Stomach
Locality:
Dimapur (Nagaland)

Remarks:

Originally described from E. cyanophlyctis by Srivastava (1933a), this species was reported from Shillong (Meghalaya) by Diengdoh (1989). Other locality records of this species include Rajasthan (Gupta 1970), Maharashtra (Mukherjee and Ghosh 1972), Bihar (Sinha and Prasad 1974), Tamil Nadu and Kerala (Singh 1977), Meghalaya (Diengdoh 1989) and Nagaland (Tandon et al. 2001). Besides E. cyanophlyctis and H. tigerinus the species has also been reported from a reptilian host in Andhra Pradesh (Sinha 1958).

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-TA 7.1–7.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Family
Brachycoelidae (Looss, 1899) Johnston, 1912
Subfamily
Mesocoeliinae (Faust, 1924) Dollfus, 1929

Genus: Mesocoelium Odhner, 1910

7.
Mesocoelium monas (Rudolphi, 1819) Freitas, 1958

(Syn. Distoma monas Rudolphi, 1819; D. sociale Lühe, 1901; M. mesembrinum Johnston, 1912; M. oligoon Johnston, 1912; M. micron Nicolis, 1914; M. carli Andre, 1915; M. incognitum Travassos, 1921; M. megittii Bhalerao, 1927; M. monadi Dollfus, 1929; M. americanum Hardwood, 1932; M. burti Fernando, 1933; M. marrsi Fernando, 1933; M. leiperi Bhalerao, 1936; M. waltoni Pereira and Cuoculo, 1940; M. travassosi Pereira and Cuoculo, 1940; M. schwetzi Dollfus, 1950; M. marcoccanum Dollfus, 1951; M. macrebense Dollfus, 1954; M. brachyenteron Dollfus, 1954; M. sociale Odhner, 1910).

Material:
137 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 2–2.57 × 0.66–0.84 mm in size.
Host:
P. leucomystax, P. taraiensis, P. annandalii, H. annectans, E. chloronota

(=R. livida), E. cyanophlyctis, H. tigerinus, A. marmoratus (=A. afghanus).
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Mokokchung, Kohima, Tuensang, Dimapur

Remarks:

Species of Mesocoelium have been reported from different localities and a variety of amphibian and reptilian hosts in the Indian subcontinent or erstwhile British India. Sewell (1920) described M. sociale from Bufo melanostictus in Kolkata. This species has also been reported from West Bengal (Mukherjee and Ghosh 1972), Kerala and Tamil Nadu (Singh 1977). M. meggitti, which was described by Bhalerao (1927) from lizards from Burma (Myanmar), was also reported to occur in toads and frogs of India (Meggit 1927; Bhalerao 1936). Diengdoh (1989) and Tandon et al. (2001) reported M. monas from P. leucomystax from Balphakram (Meghalaya) and Nagaland, respectively. Other species described in the genus Mesocoelium from India include M. varunae (Baugh 1956) from B. melanostictus and M. thapari (Gupta and Jahan 1976) from H. tigerinus.

The anuran species, i.e., P. taraiensis, P. annandalii, H. annectans, E. chloronota (=Rana livida), E. cyanophlyctis and A. marmoratus are new hosts record from the Indian subcontinent and Dimapur forms a new locality record for M. monas.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-TA 7.1–7.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Family
Batrachotrematidae Dollfus et Williams, 1966

Genus: Opisthioparorchis Wang, 1980

8.
Opisthioparorchis indica Tandon et al., 2005

Material:
76 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 1.80–2.33 × 0.89–1.08 mm in size.
Host:
A. marmoratus
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Mokokchung (Nagaland)

Remarks:

The genus Opisthioparorchis was erected by Wang (1980) for an intestinal fluke of Rana spinosa in Fujian Province, China. At present the genus includes six species, all described from China: O. ranae Wang, 1980 (type species) from Rana spinosa; O. pleurogenitus Wang, 1980 from the host and locality as those of the type; O. boheansis Wang, 1980 from Strurois wuyiensis, also from Fujian; O. megaloonis Liang and Ke, 1988 and O. meixianensis Liang and Ke, 1988—both from R. spinosa in Changsha (Meixian, Guangdong Province) and O. yunnanse Li, 1996 also from Yunnan Province. O. indica is reported herein from a new host A. marmoratus Nagaland, Northeast India and is a new lecithodendriid fluke species recorded from the country.

Specific diagnosis:

Intestinal caeca extending much beyond ventral sucker up to anterior level of testes, ventral sucker almost equal to oral sucker in size, genital pore in level with anterior margin of oral sucker, vitellaria extending beyond testes posteriorly, confluent medially in pre-and posttesticular regions.

Holotype No.: W 8341/1; Paratype No.: W 8342/1, 8343/1, deposited in Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata 700 053, India.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-TA 12.1–12.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

9.
Opisthioparorchis yunnanse Li, 1996

Material:
10 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 2.5–1.94 mm in size.
Host:
P. mokokchungensis (=Rana liebigii)
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Kohima (Nagaland)

Remarks:

O. yunnanse was originally described from Rana spinosa from Yunnan Province, China. The present report from P. mokokchungensis of Kohima (Nagaland) forms a new host and locality record from Northeast India.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-TA 13.1–13.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Genus: Batrachotrema Dollfus et Williams, 1966

10.
Batrachotrema nagalandensis Tandon et al., 2005

Material:
16 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 2.38–3.89 × 0.80–1.27 mm in size.
Host:
A. marmoratus, R. khare
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Mokokchung

Remarks:

Originally, B. nagalandensis was reported for the first time from A. marmoratus and R. khare of Nagaland, Northeast India (Tandon et al. 2001). In the present study B. nagalandensis was not encountered in new host species or other localities, except from A. marmoratus of Mokokchung.

Specific diagnosis:

Body unspined, fusiform, testes located in middle third of body; cirrus sac long, extending beyond ventral sucker posteriorly, ovary rounded.

Holotype No.: W8338/1; Paratype No: W8339/1, W8340/1, deposited in Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata 700 053, India.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-TA 11.1–11.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Family
Pleurogenidae Looss, 1899

Genus: Mehraorchis Srivastava, 1934

11.
Mehraorchis ranarum Srivastava, 1934

Material:
44 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 2.41–3.10 × 1.77–2.23 mm in size.
Host:
H. tigerinus
Location:
Gall bladder and bile duct
Locality:
Dimapur

Remarks:

Originally described by Mukherjee and Ghosh (1970a, b), in West Bengal from H. tigerinus (=Rana tigrinus), this species was also reported from Dimapur, Nagaland, by Tandon et al. (2001).

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-TA 8.1–8.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Genus: Prosotocus Looss, 1899

12.
Prosotocus infrequentum Srivastava, 1933b

Material:
17 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 0.93–1.34 × 0.73–0.89 mm in size.
Host:
H. tigerinus
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Dimapur

Remarks:

Originally P.infrequentum was described by Srivastava (1933b) in Sitapur (Uttar Pradesh) from E. cyanophlyctis. The description of the parasites in the present collection tallies with the original description of the species, with a few minor variations in the size and shape of the body and its organs. Dimapur (Nagaland) Northeast India is a new locality record and H. tigerinus a new host for P. infrequentum.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-TA 9.1–9.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Genus: Pleurogenoides Travassos, 1921

13.
Pleurogenoides gastroporus (Lühe, 1901) Travassos, 1921

(Syn. Pleurogenes gastroporus Lühe, 1901; P. (Pleurogenes) gastroporus (Lühe, 1901) Mehra et Negi, 1928; P. (Pleurogenes) gastroporus var equalis Mehra et Negi, 1928; Pleurogenes orientalis Srivastava, 1934; Pleurogenes sawanensis Gupta, 1954a)

Material:
105 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 1.21–1.33 × 0.95–0.99 mm in size.
Host:
A. marmoratus (=A. afghanus), H. tigerinus, H. crassus, Rana khare, X. wuliangshanensis, Philautus sp. 1 and P. leucomystax
Location:
Intestine

Remarks:

Originally described from H. tigerinus in Uttar Pradesh by Mehra and Negi (1928), P. gastroporus has been recorded from H. tigerinus and E. cyanophlyctis from several localities in India such as Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala and Meghalaya (Gupta 1970; Mukherjee and Ghosh 1970a, b, 1972; Diengdoh 1989). Earlier from Northeast region, the species was reported from Nagaland with R. khare and A. marmoratus as new hosts by Tandon et al. (2001). In the present study three more hosts, H. crassus, Philautus sp. 1 and P. leucomystax were encountered, which constitute new host records from the region for this species.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-TA 2.1–2.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Family
Lecithodendridae Lühe, 1901

Genus: Ganeo Klein, 1905

14.
Ganeo tigrinum Mehra et Negi, 1928

(Syn. G. attenuatum Srivastava, 1933b; G. gastricus Srivastava, 1933b; G. kumaonensis Pande, 1937b; G. srinagarensis Kaw, 1950; G. govindis Dayal and Gupta, 1953; G. punjabensis Gupta, 1954b; G. bufonis Fotedar, 1959; G. lucknowensis Gupta and Jahan, 1976)

Material:
481 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 2.74–3.45 × 1.09–1.65 mm in size.
Host:
E. cyanophlyctis, H. tigerinus, H. crassus, F. limnocharis, Rana sp. 1, P. leucomystax and Fejervarya sp.
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Mokokchung, Kohima, Dimapur

Remarks:

Originally described from H. tigerinus at Allahabad by Mehra et Negi (1928), G. tigrinum has been reported from several other parts of the country, mainly represented in Rana and Bufo spp. (Mukherjee and Ghosh 1970a, 1972; Agarwal and Singh 1977), though its occurrence is also reported from reptilian and piscine hosts (Sinha 1958; Hafeezullah and Dutta 1985). Two more new hosts, i.e., H. crassus and Fejervarya sp. were encountered in the present study for G. tigrinum from Nagaland, Northeast India. Earlier it was reported from Meghalaya and Nagaland, by Diengdoh (1989) and Tandon et al. (2001), respectively.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-TA 1.1–1.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Family
Haematoloechidae Freitas et Lent, 1939
Subfamily
Haematoloechinae Freitas et Lent, 1939

Genus: Haematoloechus (Looss, 1899) Freitas et Lent, 1939

15.
Haematoloechus almorai (Pande, 1937b) Freitas et Lent, 1939

(Syn. Pneumonoeces almorai Pande, 1937b)

Material:
32 specimens
Measurements:
mature specimen 6.92–9.45 × 1.38–1.74 mm in size.
Host:
E. cyanophlyctis, H. tigerinus and Rana sp. 1
Location:
Lung
Locality:
Mokokchung, Kohima, Dimapur

Remarks:

Originally described from E. cyanophlyctis in Kumoan Hills by Pande (1937a), this species has been recorded from Meghalaya and Nagaland by Diengdoh (1989) and Tandon et al. (2001) from the hosts, E. cyanophlyctis and H. tigerinus, respectively. Together with these hosts, Rana species (designated herein as Rana sp. 1) was also recorded from the latter locality. H. almorai is well represented in many localities of India such as Kashmir (Kaw 1950), Andhra Pradesh (Khan and Mohiddin 1968), North India (Tickoo 1970; Mukherjee and Ghosh 1972), West Bengal, Maharashtra (Mukherjee and Ghosh 1970a, 1972), Tamil Nadu and Kerala (Singh 1977) from H. tigerinus.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-TA 3.1–3.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Family
Cathaemasiidae Fuhrmann, 1928

Genus: Cathaemasia Looss, 1899

16.
Cathaemasia sp.—Metacercaria

Material:
6 specimens
Measurements:
encysted metacercaria 1.64 × 0.76 mm in size.
Host:
E. cyanophlyctis
Location:
Liver, thigh muscle
Locality:
Kohima

Remarks:

Cathaemasia sp. is known to be parasites of birds and E. cyanophlyctis represents the second intermediate host for the fluke. The presence of this species was recorded from Nagaland in Kohima region by Tandon et al. (2001).

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-MC (A) 1.1–1.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Family
Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936

Genus

Proalarioides Yamaguti, 1933

(Syn. Travassosstomum Bhalerao, 1938)

17.
Proalarioides sp.—Metacercaria

Material:
73 specimens
Measurements:
encysted metacercaria 2.55 × 1.33 mm in size.
Host:
E. cyanophlyctis, H. tigerinus
Location:
Liver, body muscles
Locality:
Dimapur

Remarks:

A metacercaria representing the genus Proalarioides was reported for the first time from Northeast India by Tandon et al. (2001) in the host, E. cyanophlyctis. In the present study, the parasite was recovered from H. tigerinus at Dimapur, which thus constitute a new host and locality record for the species from the region. This metacercaria has earlier been reported from frog hosts in India from Bufo melanostictus, H. tigerinus and E. cyanophlyctis from several localities (Srivastava and Ghosh 1969; Karyakarte 1967; Mukherjee and Ghosh 1970a).

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-MC (A) 2.1–2.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Cestoda

Order
Cyclophyllidea Van Beneden In Braun, 1900
Family
Nematotaniidae Lühe, 1910

Genus: Cylindrotaenia Jewell, 1916

18.
Cylindrotaenia baeri (Hsu, 1935) Jones, 1987 (Syn: Baerietta baeri Hsu, 1935)

Material:
169 specimens
Measurements:
strobila 0.176–0.243 × 9.5–19.5 mm in size.
Host:
H. annectans, R. bipunctatus, P. annandalii, Philautus sp. 1, P. taraiensis, E. cyanophlyctis, F.limnocharis
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Kohima, Mokokchung

Remarks:

While revising the family Naematotaenioides, Jones (1987) considered the genus Baerietta (with two testes per proglottid) to be similar to Cylidrotaenia Jewell, 1916 (with one testis per proglottid), since this distinguishing character (of number of testes per proglottid) was not valid. Thus, Baerietta became a junior synonym of Cylidrotaenia, with B. baeri becoming a new combination, i.e., C. baeri (Hsu 1935).

The occurrence of Cylidrotaenia (=Baerietta) baeri in anuran Amphibia was reported for the first time from Meghalaya by Diengdoh (1989) and also by Dutta (1991). Originally described from Bufo asiaticus in China, this species was also reported from Kohima (Nagaland), a new locality record with a new host H. annectans by Tandon et al. (2001). The present study recorded its presence in yet another new locality, Mokokchung (Nagaland) with the addition of five more new anuran hosts, viz. R. bipunctatus, P. annandalii, Philautus sp. 1, P. taraiensis, F. limnocharis.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-CA 3.1–3.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Genus: Nematotaenioides Ulmer et James, 1976

19.
Nematotaenioides sp.

Material:
2 specimens
Measurements:
strobila 40–67 mm in length.
Host:
H. tigerinus, P. taraiensis
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Mokokchung, Dimapur

Remarks:

The report of Nematotaenioides sp. from Nagaland forms a new locality record and H. tigerinus and P. taraiensis, new host records for the genus from the region.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-CA 4.1, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Family
Proteocphalidae La Rue, 1911

Genus: Proteocephalus Weinland, 1858

20.
Proteocephalustigrinus Woodland, 1925

Material:
1 mature specimen
Measurements:
strobila 15 mm in length.
Host:
H. tigerinus, P. megacephalus
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Dimapur

Remarks:

Originally described by Woodland (1925) from H. tigerinus (=Rana tigrina) from Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, P. tigrinus was redescribed by Gupta and Arora (1979) from the same host from Punjab. Dimapur (Nagaland) and P. megacephalus constitute a new locality and a new host record, respectively for P. tigerinus.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-CA 5.1, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Order
Pseudophyllidea Carus, 1863
- 21.
  Plerocercoid larva

Material:
The collection comprised numerous specimens
Measurements:
50.2–75.1 mm in length.
Host:
E. cyanophlyctis, H. tigerinus, H. crassus, F. limnocharis, Fejervarya sp., Rana sp. 1, R. maximus, R. bipunctatus, P. leucomystax
Location:
Thigh and body muscles
Locality:
Kohima, Mokokchung, Dimapur

Remarks:

Plerocercoid larvae have been reported earlier from Northeast India by Diengdoh (1989) in Meghalaya and by Tandon and Imkongwapang (1999) in Nagaland from several hosts, namely, E. cyanophlyctis, H. tigerinus, F. limnocharis, R. bipunctatus of Meghalaya and H. tigerinus, Rana sp. 1, R. bipunctatus and P. leucomystax of Nagaland, respectively. In the present study, Zunheboto forms a new locality record from the region and H. crassus, F. limnocharis and Fejervarya sp. are new hosts for plerocercoid larvae.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-CA 2.1–2.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Nematoda: Secernentea

Oxyuroidea

Family
Pharyngodonidae Travassos, 1919

Genus: Pharyngodon Diesing, 1861

22.
Pharyngodon sp.

Material:
6 female specimens
Measurements:
body 4.163–7.521 mm in length and 0.230–0.414 mm in maximum width; eggs 0.131–0.133 × 0.032–0.037 mm in size.
Host:
P. annandalii, Theloderma sp.
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Mokokchung

Remarks:

On account of the characters evident in the female worms viz., vulva post-esophageal, directly below the excretory pore; eggs numerous, with thin membrane and elongated, the present form seems to belong to the genus Pharyngodon. However, species identification is difficult if not based on the characters such as the number of spicules, presence or absence of gubernaculums etc. in the male worm. Since the present collection comprised only female specimens, the species identification is being kept in abeyance pending collection of male specimens from the same hosts and locality. Nevertheless, the genus Pharyngodon is being reported herein for the first time from amphibian hosts and from the country.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-NA 9.1–9.3, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Cosmocercoidea

Family
Cosmocercidae (Railliet, 1916) Travassos, 1925
Subfamily
Cosmocercinae Railliet, 1916

Genus: Aplectana Railliet and Henry 1916

23.
Aplectanaagubernaculum Gupta, 1960

(Syn. Neorielletnema Ballesteros, 1945; Nyeraplectana Ballesteros, 1945; Neoxysomatoides Yamaguti, 1961)

Material:
>900 specimens
Measurements:
body 1.61–3.0 mm in length and 0.13–0.30 mm in maximum width (male); 6.46–7.06 × 0.47–0.49 mm (female); eggs 0.13–0.14 × 0.04–0.04 mm in size.
Host:
R. maximus, P. leucomystax, Philautus sp. 1, R. khare, Rana sp. 1, R. danielii, E. chloronota (=R. livida), E. cyanophlyctis, A. marmoratus (=A. afghanus)
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Mokokchung

Remarks:

Species of Aplectana are well distributed all over the world among the amphibians (Yamaguti 1961). Gupta (1960) described two species, A. agubernaculum and A. asiatica from H. tigerinus and B. melanostictus. Diengdoh (1989) reported the occurrence of Aplectana sp. in R maximus (=R. nigropalmatus) in Northeast India. Tandon et al. (2001) also reported the same form from Nagaland, constituting a new locality record and added five new hosts—E. chloronata (=R. livida), R. khare, E. cyanophlyctis, P. leucomystax and A. mamoratus for A. agubernaculum.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-NA 6.1–6.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Genus: Oxysomatium Railliet et Henry, 1913

24.
Oxysomatium macintoshii (Stewart, 1914) Karve, 1927

Material:
159 specimens
Measurements:
body 1.788–2.124 mm in length and 0.071–0.08 mm in maximum width (male); 2.21–3.4.5 × 0.122–0.198 mm (female); eggs 0.122–0.0203 × 0.066–0.152 mm in size.
Host:
P. leucomystax, E. cyanophlyctis, H. annectans
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Kohima, Mokokchung, Zunheboto

Remarks:

First described by Karve (1927) from India, this nematode species was earlier reported by Diengdoh (1989) from Meghalaya, Northeast India. In the present study Nagaland (Zunheboto, Mokokchung and Kohima) constitutes a new locality record for O. macintoshii and P. leucomystax, H. annectans, P. annandalii, R. gongshanensis and E. cyanophlyctis are new host records from the region for the species.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-NA 2.1–2.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Genus: Cosmocercella Steiner, 1924

25.
Cosmocercella sp.

Material:
1 male and 16 female specimens
Measurements:
body 3.61 mm in length and 0.161 mm in maximum width (male); 3.31–3.35 × 0.13–0.14 mm (female); eggs 0.151–0.153 × 0.100–0.102 mm in size.
Host:
R. maximus (=R. nigropalmatus), P. leucomystax
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Mokokchung

Remarks:

The representation of the genus Cosmocercella from Amphibia in Nagaland, Northeast India was first reported by Tandon et al. (2001) with R. maximus and P. leucomystax as new host species.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-NA 7.1, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Genus

Paracosmocerca Kung and Wu, 1945

(Syn. Nematoxys Schneider, 1866, partim; Ananconus Railliet and Henry, 1916)

26.
Paracosmocerca mucronata Kung and Wu, 1945

Material:
22 specimens
Measurements:
body 2.72–2.98 × 0.23–0.26 mm (male); 3.23–4.12 × 0.16–0.17 mm (female); eggs 0.27–0.34 × 0.27–0.34 mm in size.
Host:
P. leucomystax, X. wuliangshanensis, R. khare
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Kohima, Mokokchung

Remarks:

P. mucronata was originally described from Rana nigromaculata, R. günther, R. limnocharis, Bufo bufo and Microhyla ornata from China by Kung and Wu (1945). Gupta and Duggal (1980) added a new species, P. indica (from Rana sp. from Chandigarh) to the genus, describing it as the first representative of the genus from India and differentiating it from the type species in having three pairs of plectanes as against five pairs of plectanes in the latter. The present form, in having five pairs of plectanes definitely represents P. mucronata that is being recorded herein from a new locality (Northeast India) and three new host species.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-NA 8.1–8.3, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Rhabdisidoidea

Family
Rhabditoidae Railliet, 1916

Genus

Rhabdias Stiles et Hassel, 1905

(Syn. Ophiorhabdias Yamaguti, 1943; Shorttia Singh et Ratnamala, 1977)

27.
Rhabdias ranae Walton, 1929

Material:
1,151 female specimens
Measurements:
body 10.88–11.27 mm in length and 0.29–0.31 mm in maximum width; eggs 0.09–0.1 × 0.051–0.052 mm in size.
Host:
R. maximus, R. gongshanensis, R. bipunctatus, H. annectans, Theloderma sp., P. annandalii, Philautus spp (i.e., sp. 1, 2, 3), P. leucomystax, P. megacephalus, Rana khare, Rana sp. 2, R. danielii, H. tigerinus, E. cyanophlyctis, F. limnocharis, A. marmoratus, X. glandulosa and X. wuliangshanensis
Location:
Lungs
Locality:
Kohima, Mokokchung, Dimapur, Tuensang

Remarks:

The first reporting of R. ranae from Northeast India was by Diengdoh (1989) from various localities of Meghalaya. Tandon et al. (2001) also reported this species from Nagaland, with the addition of some new hosts such as H. annectans, R. bipunctatus, R. khare and E. cyanophlyctis from the region. In the present study numerous specimens of this form were collected from many host species, R. gongshanensis, Theloderma sp., P. annandalii, Philautus spp., P. megacephalus, Rana sp. 1, R. danielii, F. limnocharis, X. glandulosa and X. wuliangshanensis, all of which are recorded as new hosts for R. ranae.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-NA 1.1–1.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Trichostrongyloidea

Family
Molineidae (Skrjabin et Schultz, 1937) Durette-Desset et Chabaud, 1977
Subfamily
Molineinae Skrjabin et Schultz, 1937

Genus

Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917

(Syn. Oswaldocruzia (Bialata) Morishita, 1926)

28.
Oswaldocruzia goezi Skrjabin et Schultz, 1952

(Syn. Ascaris filiformis Goeze, 1782 partially; O. filiformis (Goeze, 1782) Travassos, 1917; O. indica Lal, 1942; O. melanosticti Gupta, 1960)

Material:
23 specimens
Measurements:
body 5.33–5.39 mm in length and 0.11–0.12 mm in maximum width (male); 11.5–11.8 × 0.21–0.23 mm (female); eggs 0.06–0.07 × 0.02–0.03 mm in size.
Host:
E. cyanophlyctis
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Kohima, Dimapur

Remarks:

Earlier O. goezei was reported from Meghalaya by Diengdoh (1989) and also from Kohima, Nagaland by Tandon et al. (2001). The present study reports Dimapur as a new locality from Nagaland for the species.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-NA 3.1–3.2, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Ascaridoidea

Family
Ascarididae Baird, 1855
Subfamily
Angusticaecinae Skrjabin et Karokhin, 1945

Genus: Ophidascaris Baylis, 1920

29.
Ophidascaris sp.

Material:
203 specimens
Measurements:
body 50.8–52.79 mm in length and 0.01–0.013 mm in maximum width (male); 51.73–76.2 × 0.01–0.02 mm (female); eggs 0.0004–0.0005 × 0.0003–0.0004 mm (eggs) in size.
Host:
A. marmoratus
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Mokokchung

Remarks:

Members of the genus Ophidascaris are mainly parasites of snakes and lizards, occasionally of amphibians. Two species, namely, O. gestri Parona, 1890 and O. ajaris Khera, 1956 have been reported from reptiles of India. Only O. labiadopapillosa Walton, 1927 has been recorded to be naturally occurring in Rana species in USA (Ash and Beaver 1963). This form was assigned to the genus Ophidascaris by Tandon et al. (2001).

In the present study numerous specimens of this form, both male and female, were collected from the same host, A. marmoratus, but never from any other host species collected from the same spot; hence the worm seems to maintain a specific host. The species identification is being kept in abeyance, due to pending examination of and comparison with the hitherto known species of the genus.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-NA 10.1–10.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Family
Heterocheilidae Railliet et Henry, 1915

Genus: Amplicaecum Baylis, 1920

30.
Amplicaecum sp.

Material:
13 female specimens without any eggs in the uterus
Measurements:
body 10.11–11.81 mm in length and 0.48.2–0.55 nn in maximum width.
Host:
H. tigerinus, H.crassus
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Dimapur

Remarks:

The occurrence of Amplicaecum sp. was for the first time reported from Nagaland (Northeastern India) by Tandon et al. (2001).

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-NA 13.1, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Filaroidea

Family
Onchocercidae (Leiper, 1911) Anderson et Bain, 1976
Subfamily
Icosiellinae Anderson, 1958

Genus: Icosiella Seurat, 1917

31.
Icosiella sp. 1 of Imkongwapang, 1997

Material:
49 specimens, all female
Measurements:
body 11.99–13.17 mm in length and 0.31–0.33 mm in maximum width; eggs 0.027–0.034 × 0.016–0.018 mm.
Host:
E. cyanophlyctis, P. leucomystax, Rana sp. 1
Location:
Intestine, stomach
Locality:
Dimapur

Remarks:

On account of having an oesophagus with a distinct anterior muscular and a posterior glandular region and the opening of vulva located in the glandular region of the oesophagus, the present form is relegated to the genus Icosiella. Since only female specimens were recovered during the study, their species status could not be ascertained. Hence, the species identification of this Icosiella has been kept in abeyance.

The genus Icosiella was reported for the first time from the Indian subcontinent by Imkongwapang (1997). E. cyanophlyctis, P. leucomystax, Rana sp. 1 are new host records for the genus. So far the members of this genus have been reported to occur in the connective, subcutaneous or intermuscular tissue of frogs. The present form, however, was recovered from the gastro-intestinal tract of the host.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-NA 14.1, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

32.
Icosiella sp. 2 of Imkongwapang, 1997

Material:
25 specimens
Measurements:
body 16.5–17.1 mm and 0.5–0.6 mm in maximum width (male); 18.4–28.2 × 0.98 mm (female).
Host:
A. marmoratus
Location:
Peritoneal wall, peritoneal cavity
Locality:
Mokokchung

Remarks:

In earlier survey and study of helminth parasites of anuran hosts in Northeast India, Imkongwapang (1997) had encountered Icosiella sp. 2 from peritoneal wall tissue of A. mamoratus from Mokokchung. The present form fully tallies in description with Icosiella sp. 2 of Imkongwapang (1997). The present observations also reconfirm the restricted distribution and host specificity of this filaroid nematode. However, since male specimens recovered were very fragile and getting disintegrated on handling and processing, good whole mounts of these specimens could not be prepared. Therefore, for want of more material of male specimens to be available for study, the species identification is being kept in abeyance.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-NA 11.1–11.5, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Diaphanicephaloidea

Family
Diaphanicephalidae Travassos, 1920

Genus: Kalicephalus Molin, 1861

33.
Kalicephalus sp.

Material:
30 female specimens
Measurements:
body 7.38–8.27 mm in length and 0.28–0.37 mm in maximum width; eggs 0.04–0.05 × 0.03–0.03 mm in size.
Host:
P. leucomystax, E. cyanophlyctis
Location:
Intestine, stomach
Locality:
Dimapur

Remarks:

The presence of two lateral jaws in the anterior extremity, absence of corona radiata, oesophagus with bulbous posterior and vulva closer to mid body than to anus in mature specimens and the amphidelphic condition of the female specimen confirm the placement of this form under the genus Kalicephalus.

For want of male specimens and also pending comparison with the hitherto known species of the genus, the identification of the present form up to the species level is being kept in abeyance. Nagaland forms a new locality record and P. leucomystax, a new host for Kalicephalus sp. from amphibians in Northeast India.

Paratypes No.: NEHU/Z-NA 12.1, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Family
Echinorhynchidae Cobbold, 1879
Subfamily
Echinorhychinae Travassos, 1920

Genus: Acanthocephalus Koelreuther, 1771

34.
Acanthocephalus bufonis (Shipley, 1903) Southwell and Macfie, 1925

(Syn. Echinorynchus bufonis Shipley, 1903; Acanthocephalus sinensis Van Cleave, 1937)

Material:
83 specimens (male and female)
Measurements:
body 8.82–14.53 mm in length and 0.98–1.56 mm in maximum width (male); 11.52–52.52 × 1.74–1.94 mm (female).
Host:
E. cyanophlyctis, H. tigerinus, Rana sp. 1, R. khare, E. chloronota (=R. livida), A. marmoratus, X. glandulosa, P. leucomystax, P. taraiensis
Location:
Intestine
Locality:
Kohima, Mokokchung, Dimapur

Remarks:

Acanthocephalus bufonis was earlier reported from H. tigerinus from Meghalaya by Diengdoh (1989) and from E. cyanophlyctis and P. leucomystax from Nagaland by Tandon et al. (2001). In the present study, P. taraiensis, R. khare, E. chloronota (=R. livida), A. marmoratus, and X. glandulosa constitute new host records for this acanthocephalan species.

Paratypes No: NEHU/Z-AA 1.1–1.4, in helminthological collection of Department of Zoology, NEHU, Shillong, India.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Heads of the Department of Zoology at both Nagaland University and North-Eastern Hill University for providing infrastructural support. Partial support from AICOPTAX Project (Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India) to VT is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to Dr. J. Meren Ao for assisting in identification of anuran hosts in the study.

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A checklist of helminth parasite fauna in anuran Amphibia (frogs) of Nagaland, Northeast India

R Imkongwapang

D B Jyrwa

P Lal

V Tandon

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and methods

Study area

Host/parasites collections and identifications

Fig. 1.

Host species examined for helminth parasites in Nagaland

Helminth parasite spectrum in anuran Amphibia

Acknowledgments

References

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PERMALINK

A checklist of helminth parasite fauna in anuran Amphibia (frogs) of Nagaland, Northeast India

R Imkongwapang

D B Jyrwa

P Lal

V Tandon

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and methods

Study area

Host/parasites collections and identifications

Fig. 1.

Host species examined for helminth parasites in Nagaland

Helminth parasite spectrum in anuran Amphibia

Acknowledgments

References

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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