Skip to main content
PMC home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1984 Aug;81(15):4736–4740. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.15.4736

Small fragments of herpesvirus DNA with transforming activity contain insertion sequence-like structures.

D A Galloway, J A Nelson, J K McDougall
PMCID: PMC391565  PMID: 6087345

Abstract

A 737-base-pair fragment of herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA with morphological-transforming ability was identified by transfecting into rodent cells deleted fragments of the left-hand end of the Bgl II N fragment region (map position 0.58-0.625), which were constructed in vitro. The transforming sequences lie within the coding region for a Mr 61,000 protein, but the fragment itself does not appear to specify a viral polypeptide. Contained within the transforming fragment are sequences that can be drawn as a stem-loop structure flanked by direct repeats, similar to an insertion sequence-like element. An insertion sequence-like structure was also found in a small fragment of human cytomegalovirus DNA that has transforming activity. Possible mechanisms of herpesvirus transformation are discussed.

Full text

PDF
4740

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Albrecht T., Rapp F. Malignant transformation of hamster embryo fibroblasts following exposure to ultraviolet-irradiated human cytomegalovirus. Virology. 1973 Sep;55(1):53–61. doi: 10.1016/s0042-6822(73)81007-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Benoist C., Chambon P. In vivo sequence requirements of the SV40 early promotor region. Nature. 1981 Mar 26;290(5804):304–310. doi: 10.1038/290304a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Breathnach R., Chambon P. Organization and expression of eucaryotic split genes coding for proteins. Annu Rev Biochem. 1981;50:349–383. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.002025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Camacho A., Spear G. Transformation of hamster embryo fibroblasts by a specific fragment of the herpes simplex virus genome. Cell. 1978 Nov;15(3):993–1002. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90283-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Copple C. D., McDougall J. K. Clonal derivatives of a herpes type 2 transformed hamster cell line (333-8-9): cytogenetic analysis, tumorigenicity and virus sequence detection. Int J Cancer. 1976 Apr 15;17(4):501–510. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910170413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Davis D. B., Kingsbury D. T. Quantitation of the viral DNA present in cells transformed by UV-irradiated herpes simplex virus. J Virol. 1976 Mar;17(3):788–793. doi: 10.1128/jvi.17.3.788-793.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Docherty J. J., Subak-Sharpe J. H., Preston C. M. Identification of a virus-specific polypeptide associated with a transforming fragment (BglII-N) of herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA. J Virol. 1981 Oct;40(1):126–132. doi: 10.1128/jvi.40.1.126-132.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Duff R., Rapp F. Oncogenic transformation of hamster cells after exposure to herpes simplex virus type 2. Nat New Biol. 1971 Sep 8;233(36):48–50. doi: 10.1038/newbio233048a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Duff R., Rapp F. Oncogenic transformation of hamster embryo cells after exposure to inactivated herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol. 1973 Aug;12(2):209–217. doi: 10.1128/jvi.12.2.209-217.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Flannery V. L., Courtney R. J., Schaffer P. A. Expression of an early, nonstructural antigen of herpes simplex virus in cell transformed in vitro by herpes simplex virus. J Virol. 1977 Jan;21(1):284–291. doi: 10.1128/jvi.21.1.284-291.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Frenkel N., Locker H., Cox B., Roizman B., Rapp F. Herpes simplex virus DNA in transformed cells: sequence complexity in five hamster cell lines and one derived hamster tumor. J Virol. 1976 Jun;18(3):885–893. doi: 10.1128/jvi.18.3.885-893.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Fried M., Griffiths M., Davies B., Bjursell G., La Mantia G., Lania L. Isolation of cellular DNA sequences that allow expression of adjacent genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1983 Apr;80(8):2117–2121. doi: 10.1073/pnas.80.8.2117. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Galloway D. A., Copple C. D., McDougall J. K. Analysis of viral DNA sequences in hamster cells transformed by herpes simplex virus type 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Feb;77(2):880–884. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.2.880. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Galloway D. A., Goldstein L. C., Lewis J. B. Identification of proteins encoded by a fragment of herpes simplex virus type 2 DNA that has transforming activity. J Virol. 1982 May;42(2):530–537. doi: 10.1128/jvi.42.2.530-537.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Galloway D. A., McDougall J. K. The oncogenic potential of herpes simplex viruses: evidence for a 'hit-and-run' mechanism. Nature. 1983 Mar 3;302(5903):21–24. doi: 10.1038/302021a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Galloway D. A., McDougall J. K. Transformation of rodent cells by a cloned DNA fragment of herpes simplex virus type 2. J Virol. 1981 May;38(2):749–760. doi: 10.1128/jvi.38.2.749-760.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Galloway D. A., Swain M. A. Organization of the left-hand end of the herpes simplex virus type 2 BglII N fragment. J Virol. 1984 Mar;49(3):724–730. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.3.724-730.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gelb L. D., Huang J. J., Wellinghoff W. J. Varicella-zoster virus transformation of hamster embryo cells. J Gen Virol. 1980 Nov;51(Pt 1):171–177. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-51-1-171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Graham F. L., van der Eb A. J. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology. 1973 Apr;52(2):456–467. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90341-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gruss P., Dhar R., Khoury G. Simian virus 40 tandem repeated sequences as an element of the early promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Feb;78(2):943–947. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.2.943. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Hampar B., Boyd A. L., Derge J. G., Zweig M., Eader L., Showalter S. D. Comparison of properties of mouse cells transformed spontaneously by ultraviolet light-irradiated herpes simplex virus or by simian virus 40. Cancer Res. 1980 Jul;40(7):2213–2222. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Huszar D., Bacchetti S. Is ribonucleotide reductase the transforming function of herpes simplex virus 2? Nature. 1983 Mar 3;302(5903):76–79. doi: 10.1038/302076a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Jariwalla R. J., Aurelian L., Ts'o P. O. Tumorigenic transformation induced by a specific fragment of DNA from herpes simplex virus type 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Apr;77(4):2279–2283. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.4.2279. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Kuff E. L., Feenstra A., Lueders K., Rechavi G., Givol D., Canaani E. Homology between an endogenous viral LTR and sequences inserted in an activated cellular oncogene. Nature. 1983 Apr 7;302(5908):547–548. doi: 10.1038/302547a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Laimins L. A., Khoury G., Gorman C., Howard B., Gruss P. Host-specific activation of transcription by tandem repeats from simian virus 40 and Moloney murine sarcoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Nov;79(21):6453–6457. doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.21.6453. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Lewis J. G., Kucera L. S., Eberle R., Courtney R. J. Detection of herpes simplex virus type 2 glycoproteins expressed in virus-transformed rat cells. J Virol. 1982 Apr;42(1):275–282. doi: 10.1128/jvi.42.1.275-282.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Maxam A. M., Gilbert W. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 1980;65(1):499–560. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(80)65059-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Minson A. C., Thouless M. E., Eglin R. P., Darby G. The detection of virus DNA sequences in a herpes type 2 transformed hamster cell line (333-8-9). Int J Cancer. 1976 Apr 15;17(4):493–500. doi: 10.1002/ijc.2910170412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Nelson J. A., Fleckenstein B., Galloway D. A., McDougall J. K. Transformation of NIH 3T3 cells with cloned fragments of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169. J Virol. 1982 Jul;43(1):83–91. doi: 10.1128/jvi.43.1.83-91.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Nelson J. A., Fleckenstein B., Jahn G., Galloway D. A., McDougall J. K. Structure of the transforming region of human cytomegalovirus AD169. J Virol. 1984 Jan;49(1):109–115. doi: 10.1128/jvi.49.1.109-115.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Rechavi G., Givol D., Canaani E. Activation of a cellular oncogene by DNA rearrangement: possible involvement of an IS-like element. Nature. 1982 Dec 16;300(5893):607–611. doi: 10.1038/300607a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Reed C. L., Cohen G. H., Rapp F. Detection of a virus-specific antigen on the surface of herpes simplex virus-transformed cells. J Virol. 1975 Mar;15(3):668–670. doi: 10.1128/jvi.15.3.668-670.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Reyes G. R., LaFemina R., Hayward S. D., Hayward G. S. Morphological transformation by DNA fragments of human herpesviruses: evidence for two distinct transforming regions in herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and lack of correlation with biochemical transfer of the thymidine kinase gene. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1980;44(Pt 1):629–641. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1980.044.01.066. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Schlehofer J. R., Hausen J. Z. Induction of mutations within the host cell genome by partially inactivated herpes simplex virus type 1. Virology. 1982 Oct 30;122(2):471–475. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90247-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Schreier P. H., Cortese R. A fast and simple method for sequencing DNA cloned in the single-stranded bacteriophage M13. J Mol Biol. 1979 Mar 25;129(1):169–172. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(79)90068-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Suh M., Kessous A., Poirier N., Simard R. Immunoprecipitation of polypeptides from hamster embryo cells transformed by herpes simplex virus type 2. Virology. 1980 Jul 30;104(2):303–311. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90335-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Swain M. A., Galloway D. A. Nucleotide sequence of the herpes simplex virus type 2 thymidine kinase gene. J Virol. 1983 Jun;46(3):1045–1050. doi: 10.1128/jvi.46.3.1045-1050.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Weiher H., König M., Gruss P. Multiple point mutations affecting the simian virus 40 enhancer. Science. 1983 Feb 11;219(4585):626–631. doi: 10.1126/science.6297005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES